"thought & Knowledge" Chap. 2: Memory

Front 1

Hypothetical Constructs

Back 1

Terms like learning, memory, and perception that are used as labels for the theoretical processes that underlie human thought and behavior.

Front 2

Thinking

Back 2

The manipulation or transformation of some internal representation.

Front 3

Acquisition

Back 3

Used to describe learning.. Also known as encoding, or putting information into memory.

Front 4

Retention Interval

Back 4

The time interval between the acquisition of new information (learning) and its retrieval.

Front 5

Retrieval

Back 5

The act of recalling or remembering information that had been previously acquired (learned).

Front 6

Episodic Memory

Back 6

Memory for events in which we can remember our own participation.

Front 7

Semantic Memory

Back 7

Memory for facts like word meanings and the multiplication tables.

Front 8

Declarative Memory

Back 8

Knowledge that can be verbalized easily.

Front 9

Motor Memory

Back 9

Memory for the performance of motor skills like swimming or riding a bicycle.

Front 10

Procedural Memory

Back 10

Memory for accomplishing some task such as using a slide rule or operating equipment.

Front 11

Automatic Memory

Back 11

Remembering that seems effortless such as the memory for the frequency of events.

Front 12

Effortful Memory

Back 12

Remembering that requires deliberate and conscious use of strategies such as memory for a series of dates.

Front 13

Intentional Learning

Back 13

Used to describe learning efforts and activities that are engaged in when a learning is deliberately trying to learn something so that it can be recalled later.

Front 14

Incidental Learning

Back 14

Learning that occurs without any deliberate effort, such as learning the plot of a television show or the habits of family members.

Front 15

Implicit Memory

Back 15

Memory about which we have little conscious knowledge.

Front 16

Explicit Memory

Back 16

Memory for information that can be discussed and described.

Front 17

Illusion of Truth

Back 17

When a message is forgotten and the name of a person (or an event) that was in the forgotten message is encountered at some time in the future, this person (or event) feel familiar. People look for reason why it would feel familiar and decide that the new message must be true. This illusion operates without conscious awareness.

Front 18

Cocktail Party Effect

Back 18

Information that is being attended to will be remembered, while information that is not being attended to will be forgotten or never learned.

Front 19

Advance Organizers

Back 19

Outlines of other summaries that are used before learning to assist with the process of acquisition.

Front 20

Inert Knowledge

Back 20

Knowledge that isn't recalled when it is needed.

Front 21

Encoding Specificity

Back 21

The cues that are available at learning (or encoding) will be useful if they are also available at retrieval.

Front 22

Interference Theory of Forgetting

Back 22

A theory of how we forget that attributes forgetting to "interference" or displacement of the to-be-remembered items by other material that had been previously or subsequently learned.

Front 23

Working Memory

Back 23

The "place" where knowledge is consciously manipulated or transformed. Thinking is constrained because working memory has a limited capacity.

Front 24

Chunking

Back 24

A memory process in which a number of related items are stored and retrieved as a unit in order to facilitate memory.

Front 25

Metamemory

Back 25

A person's knowledge about his or her own memory system; for example, knowing that you have to repeat a series of digits in order to maintain them in memory.

Front 26

Ease of Learning Judgments

Back 26

Individual estimates of how easy or difficult it will be to learn a skill or information. (Before)

Front 27

Quality of Learning Judgments

Back 27

How well the material is being learning. (During)

Front 28

Feelings of Knowing Judgments

Back 28

How well something is known. (After)

Front 29

Degree of Confidence Judgments

Back 29

Whether a particular response is correct. (Retrieval)

Front 30

Mnemonic Devices

Back 30

Memory aids or techniques that are utilized to improve memory.

Front 31

External Memory Aids

Back 31

The deliberation use of lists, timers, calendars, and similar devices to remind an individual to do something.

Front 32

Internal Memory Aids

Back 32

Mnemonic devices or memory aids that rely on plans or strategies to make retrieval easier and more likely.

Front 33

Keywords

Back 33

A mnemonic device or memory aid in which a previously learned list of words or rhymes serve as associates or "hooks" for the to-be-remembered items.

Front 34

Method of Places/Loci

Back 34

A familiar route is selected and the to-be-remembered items are imagined at intervals along the route. At recall, the individual "mentally traverses" the route to retrieve the items.

Front 35

First Letter Mnemonics

Back 35

The first letters of each word to be learned about combined into a single word or sentence.

Front 36

Prospective Memory

Back 36

Remembering to do something at some time in the future.

Front 37

Cognitive Interview

Back 37

A technique for recalling events that uses principles of cognitive psychology to guide the retrieval process.

Front 38

Encoding Goal

Back 38

Recognizing that you want to learning something - use strategies to promote learning.

Front 39

Retrieval Goal

Back 39

Recognizing that you want to recall something - use strategies for improving recall.

Front 40

Debiasing Goal

Back 40

A conscious attempt to recognize the ways in which memory can be biased and engaging in activities that are designed to minimize the bias such as continuing to search for additional information and reflecting on stereotypes.