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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Concept |
Mental representation of an object, event, or idea Categories: Clusters of interrelated concepts Process to form categories is categorization |
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Classical category
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Objects or events are categorized according to certain set of rules or by specific set of features
Graded membership: observation that some concepts appear to make better category members than others |
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Prototypes |
Categorization by comparison Def: mental representations of an average category member Ex: take average of 3 most familiar birds => prototypical bird Allow for classification by resemblance Main advantage => explain why some category members make better examples than others |
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Network and hierarchy: Semantic network |
Interconnected set of nodes (or concepts) and links that join them to form a category Similar items have more, stronger connection than unrelated items |
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Network and hierarchy: Hierarchy |
A structure moving from general levels to very specific levels Basic level category: most frequently use level both in thought and language Use most often in conversation Easiest of pronounce Level at which prototypes exist and most thinking occurs |
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Categorization and experiences |
Ability to form categories based on experiences Exposed to stimuli => instinctively try to organize them in groups based on similar physical and semantic features Process extend from childhood => adulthood Adult integrates new stimuli into categories based on past experiences |
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Categories and culture |
How we categorize objects depends to great extend on what we've learnt about those objects from others in our culture Linguistic relativity (Whorfian's hypothesis): theory that the language we use determine how we understand the world Language can influence the way we think, but it cannot entirely shape how we perceive the world |
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Problem solving |
Accomplishing the goal and the solution or the path to solution is unclear |
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Problem solving: Logical vs. intuitive approach |
Logical approach: objective, slower Intuitive approach: subjective, quicker |
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Logical approach: Algorithms |
Problem solving strategy based on series of rules |
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Intuitive approach: Heuristics |
Problem solving strategy that stem from prior experiences and provided educated guess as to what is the most likely solution |
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Cognitive obstacles |
When problem solving rules and strategies that you have established might actually get in the way of problem solving |
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Mental set |
A cognitive obstacle that occurs when an individual attempts to apply a routine solution to what is actually a new type of problem |
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Functional fixedness |
Occur when an individual identifies an object or technique that could potentially solve a problem, but can think of only its most obvious function |
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Representativeness heuristic |
Making judgement of likelihood based on how well an example represent a specific category |
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Availability heuristic |
Estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind |
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Anchoring effect |
Attempt to solve a problem involving numbers and use previous knowledge to keep the response within a limited range |
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Framing effect |
The way an issue is posed, can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
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Belief perseverance |
Having a belief and accepting only evidence that confirms the belief |
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Confirmation bias |
Search for only evidences that will confirm one's belief instead of information that might disconfirm them Confirmation bias is the search for a particular type of evidence, not a way of evaluating evidence that already exists (belief perseverance) |
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Creativity |
Ability to put ideas or materials in a new, culturally meaningful way Ability to produce new and valuable ideas Difficult to test creativity, measure by achievement (books, songs,...) |
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Expertise |
Extensive knowledge and skill in a specific field (> 10years) Have previous exp solving problems => can address problems more quickly and efficiently, can avoid and anticipate problems |
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Sternberg's components of creativity |
- Expertise
- Imaginative thinking skills - Venturesome personality - Intrinsic motivation - A creative environment |
