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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The thorax constitutes the _________ part of the body or trunk
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upper
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bounded by the upper part of the sternum, the first ribs, and the body of first thoracic vertebra, gives access to the root of the neck and is not closed off by any bony or muscular structure.
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superior thoracic aperture
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Anteriorly, part of the thoracic wall is the ______, which unites pairs of ribs from both sides.
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sternum
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_________ is a dome-shape floor and extends superiorly into the thoracic cavity thus provides space that accommodates some of the abdominal organs underneath it.
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diaphragm
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Most of the thoracic cavity is occupied by the
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two lungs
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enclosed by its pleura (see below), and the mediastinum which contains the heart.
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lungs
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important function of the bony thorax
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is that it serves as the expansive and hard walls of a bellows-like chamber
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protects heart and great vessels, lungs, etc.
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Thoracic cage
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provides attachment for intrinsic muscles of the chest as well as extrinsic muscles of the upper limb and the head and neck
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Thoracic cage
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How many Thoracic vertebrae?
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12
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______ pairs are attached to the sternum directly and are called true or sternal ribs, while ______ pairs are not and are called false or asternal ribs.
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Seven, five
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The ______ of the ribs has two articular surfaces or facets
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head
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The neck of the rib
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an eminence on the rib's posterior surface between the neck and the body. . It has both articular and non-articular portions.
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Tubercle
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Tubercle articulates with a _____ on the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae to which the ________ ______ articulates (i.e., same number).
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fovea, rib head
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the long, curved, thin and flat portion of the rib has an external surface and an internal surface
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shaft or body of rib
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The ____ _____ is the depression on the lower inner surface of the rib for the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve. Its distal end (sternal end) is cupped
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costal groove
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Sternum consists of three parts:
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(1) the manubrium; (2) the body of the sternum; and (3) the small, xiphoid process.
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Manubrium has named notches:
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Jugular notch (also termed suprasternal notch); Clavicular notch, for articulation with clavicle; Costal notch, for articulation with costal cartilage of first rib.
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manubrium articulates with the body of the sternum at the ____ ____, which is useful in locating the position of the second rib
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sternal angle
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dagger-like in shape, it is widest at its lower end; , it provides surfaces for the attachment of various costal cartilages; Second through seventh costal cartilages, thus 7 true or sternal ribs
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Body
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articulates with the sternal body. It is cartilaginous in youth and ossifies first at its proximal portion in the adult.
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Xiphoid process
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space between the two ribs
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Intercostal spaces
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each spans between one rib and the next down thus occupy each intercostal space
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Intercostal muscles
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begins just lateral to costovertebral joint and extends anteriorly up to costochondrial junction (where the bony rib becomes cartilage)
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External intercostal muscles
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Muscle fibers slant downward and forward, same as the external oblique abdominis
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External intercostal muscles
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begins at the sternum and extends posteriorly up to the costal angle and becomes internal intercostal membrane,
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Internal intercostal muscles
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their muscle fibers slant downward and backward, nearly perpendicular to those of the external intercostal muscles.
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Internal intercostal muscles
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internal to internal intercostal muscles, each of these muscles occupies the middle part of the length of the intercostal space.
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Innermost intercostal muscles
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muscle fibers slant the same way as those of the internal intercostal muscles, making it difficult to separate these two layers.
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Innermost intercostal muscles
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lying in the same layer as the innermost intercostal muscles but are found only in the anterior part of the wall. From the internal surface of the lower sternum, the muscles fan out to the costal cartilages spanning more than one intercostal space, up to three
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Transversus thoracis
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lying in the same layer as the innermost intercostal muscles and are found only in the posterior part of the wall. Muscle fibers span two intercostal spaces.
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Subcostal muscles
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deep fascia invests intercostal muscles externally as well as internally
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Investing fascia
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Intercostal nerves are found in the _____ along with the _______ _______ & _______
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plane between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles (b/w 2nd & 3rd layers of the wall); intercostal arteries & veins
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(near Latissimus Dorsi, External Abdominal Oblique and Serratus Anterior mm) emerge at the mid axillary line and divide into anterior and posterior branches
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Lateral Cutaneous Nerves
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nerves emerge from the lateral border of the sternum and give off medial and lateral branches
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Anterior Cutaneous
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Posterior Intercostal aa emanate from the
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Aorta
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emanate from the internal thoracic a., a pair of longitudinal artery from subclavian artery.
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Anterior Intercostal aa (much shorter)
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Terminal brs. of the internal thoracic a. are the ____ _____ (which will give rise to the lower intercostal aa) and the ____ ____ ____ passes on to the abdomen.
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musculophrenic artery; superior epigastric artery
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Thoracic cavity is occupied by____ membranous blind sacks
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three
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three membranous blind sacks of Thoracic cavity
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rith & left pleural sacks (each accommodates lung) and the pericardial sack (which invaginates the heart)
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The median area between the right and left pleural sacks is the_______.
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mediastinum
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The_______ is occupied by the third balloon, the pericardial sack which the heart invaginates.
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mediastinum
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Two portions of teh pleural sack are
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parietal & viceral
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outer layer of the pleural sack (balloon).
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parietal
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None
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This layer is pushed against the internal aspect of the thoracic wall thus line the cavity
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visceral
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None
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The parietal pleura is affixed to the inner surface of the thoracic cage by a loose connective tissue called _____ fascia.
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endothoracic
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invaginated (pushed inward) portion of the pleural sack tightly covering the invaginating lung (the fist).
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Visceral pleura
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The space between the visceral and parietal pleura (the inside of the invaginated balloon) is the
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pleural cavity (There is nothing (not even air) in this space other than a small amount of serous fluid that lubricates the inner surface of the cavity)
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remain continuous with one another at the root of the lung (the wrist of the fist that is pushed in to the balloon)
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Parietal and visceral
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Which pleura (lining the thoracic cage) follows the inner surface of the thoracic cavity
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Parietal pleura (lining the thoracic cage)
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The portion of the pleura lining the rib cage is called the ______
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costal pleura
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the pleura covering the diaphragm is called the _______ ______
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diaphragmatic pleura
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the pleura in contact with pericardial sack is called the ____ ____
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mediastinal pleura
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the dome-shaped superior part that technically plugs the thoracic aperture is celled the
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cupula
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The line of reflection of the parietal pleura from the costal to diaphragmatic part is referred to as the
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costodiaphragmatic recess
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line of reflection of the parietal pleura from the costal to mediastinal part is called the
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costomediastinal recess
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the area between the right and left pleural sacks
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mediastinum
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Each lung has the following:
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costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic surfaces; Two margins; Apex; Fissures; Lobes; Ten bronchopulmonary segments in each lung; Root of the lung; Pulmonary aa. vv.
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Three surfaces of the lung:
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costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic surfaces
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Two margins of the lung:
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a relatively sharp anterior margin and a round posterior margin
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extends into the root of the neck of the lung. Anteriorly, it protrudes approximately one inch above the level of the clavicle. Posteriorly, it remains below the level of the first rib.
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apex
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Fissures of the lung
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aRight lung - an oblique and a horizontal fissure, forming three lobes. b)Left lung - an oblique fissure only, forming two lobes.
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None
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The fissures [do/do not] completely subdivide the lungs.
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do not; Near the hilar area there is continuity of lung tissue between lobes.
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Lobes of the lung
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a) Right lunga) Right lung: 3 lobes – superior, middle and inferior b) Left lung: 2 lobes – superior and inferior. below the cardiac notch is the lingula
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None
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is the smallest unit of the lung at the gross level and can be removed in the event of cancer or TB without seriously disturbing the rest of the lung.
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Ten bronchopulmonary segments in each lung
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this is the wrist of the fist in the model and in real it is where arteries and veins come in and go out and the primary bronchus enters the lung.
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Root of the lung
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mouth aka
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oral cavity
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Nose aka
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nasal cavity
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In the______, respiratory flow and alimentary flow cross.
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pharynx
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During the________ action, at one point, the respiratory channels is completely blocked from the alimentary channel.
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swallowing
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allows for vocalization
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Larynx
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below the inferior border of the larynx; a tube composed of cartilaginous rings, C-shaped rings with a muscle in the back.
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Trachea
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Trachea ends by bifurcating into
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left and right primary bronchi (The right bronchus is straighter than the left.)
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each primary bronchus, once in the lung, divides into lobar bronchi, which then further divide into segmental bronchi. 10 Bronchopulmonary segments in each lung.
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Bronchi
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Thoracic portions of Respiratory System function to
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exchange gases
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Pathway of cartilaginous airways
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Trachea -> Primary Bronchi -> Secondary (lober) Bronchi -> Tertiary (segmental) Bronchi-> Bronchioles (no cartilage) -> Alveoli (only site of gas exchange).
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Pulmonary vessels branch with airways and enter lungs at the
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root (a.k.a. the Hilus)
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Lung Innervation provided by
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Vagus Nerve (10th Cranial Nerve) and Sympathetic Nerves
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Diaphragm contracts (it lowers like a piston pulled in syringe) to increase the volume of pleural cavities.
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Resting Inspiration
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Utilizes Diaphragm plus rib cage (bellows) to greatly increase volume
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Forced Inspiration
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Diaphragm relaxes (it rises) and the volume decreases.
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Passive Expiration
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Contraction of abdominal mm pulls rib cage down quickly
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Active (Forced) Expiration
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if the alveoli become inflamed and flooded with fluid for various causes (e.g. Pneumonia).
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Gas Exchange at the alveoli may be disturbed
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the mediastinum, and is divided into four regions
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superior, anterior, middle, and posterior portions.
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Mediastinum Superiorly -
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the heart is suspended in the rib cage by the great vessels.
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Mediastinum Anteriorly
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the heart is related to: -part of the thymus & sternum
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Mediastinum Anterolaterally, laterally, posterolaterally
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the heart is related to the lung and its pleura
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Mediastinum Inferiorly
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the diaphragmatic portion of the pericardium is firmly fused with the central tendon of the diaphragm, with the inferior vena cava penetrating it on the right side.
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Mediastinum Posteriorly
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the heart is related to: a)part of the right lung; b)part of the left lung; c) the esophagus; d) the aorta
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From the embryonic tube-like heart it becomes highly twisted upon itself and soon, from the original single passage, 4 chambers evolve. They are:
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Ho Heart & Pleural cavity drawing
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a small space filled with fluid for lubrication during heart contraction.
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Pericardial cavity
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The heart is suspended, at its base, by
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the great vessels
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It occupies an asymmetrical position, with its apex pointing anteriorly, inferiorly and towards the left.
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Heart
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