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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the creamy substance secreted by the breast during the last trimester of pregnancy and during the initial episodes of nursing
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Colostrum
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The venous drainage of the breast is mainly to where?
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Axillary Vein and some drainage to the Internal Thoracic Vein
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Most lymph from the medial breast quadrant drain to where
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Anterior Pectoral Nodes
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Lymphs from the medial breast drain where?
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Parasternal Lymph Nodes or to the opposite breast
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Lymphs from the inferior quadrants drain to?
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Abdominal lymph nodes
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Lymph Nodes from the skin except the nipple and areola drain to>
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Ipsilateral Axillary
Inferior deep cervical Infraclavicular Parasternal Lymph Nodes |
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Lymph from Axillary Nodes drain into...
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Clavicular nodes and from there drain into the subclavian trunk
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Lymph from the parasternal Nodes enter the...
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Bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk
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The thoracic cavity is divided into three compartments...
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Right and left pulmonary cavities
contain lungs, occupy majority of the thoracic cavity A central Mediastinum |
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The pulmonary cavities are lined by...
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Pleural membranes
Visceral pleura covers the lungs Parietal pleura lines the cavity |
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Located in the pleural cavity, what lubricates the surfaces of the membranes that allows the layers to slide smoothly during respiration
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Serous Pleural fluid
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What are the four parts of the Parietal Pleura
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Costal
Mediastinal Diaphragmatic Cervical |
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what seperates the costal pleura from the internal surface of the thoracic wall?
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Endothoracic Fascia
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This ligament is a continuity between the parietal and visceral pleura in the lung
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Pulmonary Ligament
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What connects the diaphragmatic pleura with the muscular fibers of the diaphram?
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Phrenicopleural Fascia
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What covers the apex of the lung
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Cervical Pleura
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What reinforces the Cervical Pleura
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Suprapleural membrane
(Sibson Fascia) attaches to the internal border of the first rib and the transverse process of C7 |
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This is pleural lined grooves which surround the upward convexity of the diaphragm inside the thoracic wall
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Costodiaphragmatic Recesses
Part of the Parietal Pleura |
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When do the Inferior borders of the lungs move into the pleural recesses
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During deep inspiration but retreat during expiration
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What is the Presence of air in the pleural cavity, which can be from the wounds to the lungs and pleural sac at the base of the neck
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Pneumothorax
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Rupture of a pulmonary lesion in to the pleural cavity
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Bronchopulmonary fistula
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What can result in a collapse of the lung
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Pneumothorax from a bullet wound and Bronchopulmanary fistual
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Accumulation of a signifigant amount of fluid in the pleural cavity
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Hydrothorax
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escape of fluid into the pleural cavity
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Pleural Effusion
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With a chest wound, blood may also enter the pleural cavity
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Hemothorax
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Air and blood in the pleural cavity
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Hemopneumothorax
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Pleuritis
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Inflammation of the pleura, makes the lungs sound rough
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Inflamed surfaces causing the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura to adhere
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Pleural Adhesion
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What is the primary function of the lungs
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to oxygenate blood by bringing inspired air into close relation with the venus blood
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What do the Roots of the lung consist of
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Bronchi, Pulmonary Arteries, Superior and Inferior Pulmonary Veins, The pulmonary plexus of the nerves and lymphatic vessels
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Where is the root contained
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enclosed between an area of continuity between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura
also known as the pleural sleeve |
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What is the Hilum
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Wedge shaped are of the medial surface of each lung
Structures forming the root enter and leave the lung |
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How many lobes are in the right lung
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3 lobes
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How many lobes does the left lung have
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2
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What is the lingula
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Tongue like process of the superior lobe
Slides in and out of the costomediastinal recess during inspiration and expiration |
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What is the costal surface
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Large smooth convex
related to the costal pleura which separates it from the ribs, costal cartilages and the innermost intercostal muscles |
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What is included in the mediastinal surface
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Hilum
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What grooves are included in the left lung
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Arch of the Aorta
Descending Aorta Esophagus |
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What binds the Diaphragmatic Surface
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Inferior border
projects into the costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura |
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Anterior Border of Lung
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Costal and mediastinal surfaces meet and overlap the heart
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Inferior Border
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Circumscribes the diaphragmatic surface of the lung and separates this surface from the costal and mediastinal surfaces
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Posterior Border
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where Costal and mediastinal meet posteriorly
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What removes carbon from the gas exchange surfaces of the lung
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Lymph from the lungs carries special dust cells (phagocytes)
Deposit in the inactive connective tissue |
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What sounds are made when Auscultation is done
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Air filled- Resonant
Fluid filled- Dull solid- Flat sound |
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When can paralysis of the Hemidiaphragm occur>
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Lung cancer a phrenic nerve
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What nerve can be involved in apical lung cancer?
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Recurrent Laryngeal nerve
This usually results in hoarseness owing to paralysis of a vocal cord because the laryngeal |
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At the larynx, the walls of the airway are supported by?
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Horseshoe rings of hyaline cartilage
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What constitutes the tracheobronchial tree
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Sub-laryngeal airway
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Where is the trachea located?
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Mediastinum
Consist of the trunk of the tree Branches at the sternal angle one to each lung to enter the lungs at the hila |
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Right main Bronchus
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Wide runs more vertically
passes directly to the hilum of the lung |
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Left Main Bronchus
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passes inferolaterally, inferior to the arch of the aorta, and anterior to the esophagus and thoracic aorta to reach the hilum
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What is the Bronchus divided
into? |
Main---->Lobar Bronchi - 2 on the left, 3 on the right
Lobar----> Segmental Bronchi (Tertiary) that supply the bronchopulmonary segments |
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What do Terminal Bronchioles give rise to
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Respiratory Bronchioles which provide 2-11 ducts
The ducts give rise to 5-6 alveolar sacs lined by alveoli |
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Where do most foreign bodies become lodged?
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The right bronchus because it is wider
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What Major arteries and veins supply and drain blood
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Large Pulmonary Artery supply blood
2 Pulmonary veins Drain blood from the lungs |
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Where do the pulmonary arteries arise from?
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Pulmonary trunk at the level of the sternal angle and carry poorly oxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation
Becomes part of the hilum but also gives off a root |
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How do the Arteries Divide and move in the lung
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Artery descends posterolateral to the main bronchus and divides into lobar and segmental arteries
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Where do the pulmonary veins carry blood
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Carry from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Starting at the pulmonary capillaries the veins united into larger and larger vessels |
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Where do the veins from the visceral pleura drain
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into the pulmonary veins
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What do the bronchial arteries do
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Supply blood for nutrition of structures making up the roots of the lungs, supporting tissues of the lungs and the visceral pleura
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Where do the Bronchial arteries arise from
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Left- Thoracic aorta
Right- Directly from the aorta can rise indirectly from upper posterior intercostal arteries or from common trunk with the left superior bronchial artery |
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What arteries supply the parietal pleura
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Arteries supply the thoracic wall
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Where is blood drained from the lungs that has not been drained by the bronchial veins
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Pulmonary veins
specifically the blood returning from the visceral pleura |
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Where do the right bronchial veins drain
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Azygos veins
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Where do the left bronchial veins drain
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Accessory hemiazygos vein
Left superior intercostal vein Bronchial veins also receive some blood from esophageal veins |
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Pulmonary Embolism
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Forms when blood clot, fat globule, or air bubble travels into the lungs from a leg vein
Embolus passes through the right side of the heart to a lung through a pulmonary artery |
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What carries all of the blood that has been returned to the right heart via the vena cava system
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Pulmonary arteries
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Acute Respiratory Distress
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not enough oxygen getting into the blood
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Acute cor Pulmonale
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volume of blood arriving from the systemic circuit cannot be pushed through the pulmonary circuit
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Pulmonary Infarct
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area of necrotic (dead) lung tissue
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Collateral Circulation
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indirect accessory blood supply to prevent infarction
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What is pain from the parietal pleura
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Cutaneous distribution of the intercostal nerves to the thoracic wall
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Bronchogenic Carcinoma
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Lung cancer
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Sputum
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saliva-borne matter
malignant cancer cells can be detected here |
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Hematogenous
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spreading through the blood
common sites from bronchogenic carcinoma- brain, bones, lungs and suprarenal (adrenal) glands |
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How do tumor cells enter the systemic circulation
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invading the wall of a sinusoid or venule in a lung
transported through the pulmonary veins, left heart, and aorta to these structures |
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Supraclavicular Lymph nodes
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enlargement alerts doctors to the possibility of malignant disease in the thoracic or abdominal regions
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What covers the heart and the beginning of its great vessels
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Pericardium
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What is the pericardium composed of?
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close sac made of 2 layers
Fibrous layer blends with the diaphram Internal surface lined with serous pericardium |
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What is mesothelium
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Single layer of flattened cells forming an epithelium that lines both the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium and external surfaces of the heart
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Fibrous pericardium
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continues superiorly with the tunica adventitia of the great vessels entering and leaving the heart and with the pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia
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What attaches the fibrous pericardium
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sternopericardial ligaments anteriorly
loose connective tissue posterior mediastinum |
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Pericardiacophrenic ligament
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fibrous pericardial sac is firmly attached and confluent centrally with the central tendon of the diaphram
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What is the pericardial cavity
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potential space between opposing layers of the parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium
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What is the outermost layer of the heart wall
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epicardium- made up by the visceral layer
extends onto the beginning of the great vessels becoming continuous with the parietal layer of serous pericardium |
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What allows the heart to move and beat in a frictionless enviorment
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Thin film of fluid
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Transverse Pericardial sinus
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lies between where the aorta and pulmonary trunk leave the heart, and where the sup. vena cava, IVC, and pulm.veins enter the heart
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Oblique pericardial sinus
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reflection of serous pericardium around inferior to the transverse pericardial ligament
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Musculophrenic Artery
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terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery
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Bronchial, Esophageal, and Superior phrenic arteries
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Branches of the thoracic aorta
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Coronary Arteries
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Only in visceral layer of serous pericardium only
The first branches of the aorta |
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Venous drainage of the pericardium is from?
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Pericardiacophrenic veins
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Where does the nerve supply for the pericardium come from?
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Phrenic nerves C3-C5
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What role does the transverse pericardial play in surgery
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Allows surgeons to stop or divert circulation of blood
ex- coronary artery bypass grafting should be able to put finger through |
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After passing through the diaphragm, what is covered by pericardium
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Inferior vena cava
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What is pericarditis
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Inflammation of the pericardium
causes chest pain sounds like rustle of silk during auscultation |
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What is Pericardial Effusion
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passage of fluid from pericardial capillaries into the pericardial cavity, or accumulation of pus
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What is an effect of pericardial effusions
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fails to maintain blood circulation
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Cardiac Tamponade
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Heart compression
heart volume is increasingly compromised by the fluid outside the heart but inside the heart |
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Hemopericardium
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Blood in the pericardial cavity
produces cardiac tamponade heart in increasingly compressed and circulation fails veins of face and neck become engorged because of the backup of blood, beginning where the superior vena cava enters the pericardium |
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Pericardiocentesis
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drainage of the pericardial cavity
necessary to relieve cardiac tamponade needle inserted through the left 5th or 6th intercostal space near the sternum possible because of the cardiac notch in the left side of the lung |
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What side of the heart receives poorly oxygenated blood
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Right side through the SVC and IVC and pumps it through the pulmonary trunk to the lungs for oxygenation
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What side of the heart receives oxygenated blood
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Left side
through the lungs through the pulmonary veins and pumps it into the aorta for distribution to the body |
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How many chambers does the heart have
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4
right and left atria right and left ventricles |
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What is a receiving chamber
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Atria
Ventricles are discharging chambers |
