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73 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12 pairs
Which ribs are "true" ribs?
True Ribs 1-7
-Attached to STERNUM by COSTAL CARTILAGE
Which ribs are "false" ribs?
False Ribs 8-10
-Attached to costal cartilage ABOVE them & form anterior costal margin
(DON"T attach to sternum)
Which ribs are "floating" ribs?
Floating ribs 11-12
-Connected only to vertebrae
What rib is sometimes present that articulates with C7 & can compress the inferior trunk of brachial plexus & subclavian artery --> pain, numbness, tingling of upper limb
Cervical Rib

Thoracic outlet syndrome-- compression of brachial plexus causing pain, numbness, tingling, weakness of upper arm
Which ribs are atypical?
1-2
10
11-12
What are the 3 parts of the sternum?
1. Manubrium
2. Body
3. Xiphoid process
Which articulation of the thorax has a fibrocartilaginous articular surface & contains 2 synovial cavities?
Sternoclavicular joint
Which joint of thorax has saddle-type synovial joint but has ball & socket joint movements?
Sternoclavicular joint
Which joints are synchondroses in the thorax?
1. Sternocostal joints
2. Costochondral joints
Sternocostal (sternochondral) joints are?
Synchondroses where sternum attaches to first 7 costal cartilages
Costochondral joints are?
Synchondroses where ribs articulate w/ respective costal cartilages
What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscles?
1. External intercostals
2. Internal intercostals
3. Innermost intercostals
What is the action of the external intercostals?
Elevate ribs during forced inspiration
What is the action of the internal intercostals?
Depress ribs during forced respiration
What is the action of the innermost intercostals?
Depress ribs
Which replaces the innermost intercostals anteriorly?
Transversus thoracis
What replaces the innermost intercostals posteriorly?
Subcostals
The intercostal muscles are all innervated by which nerve?
Intercostal nerve
Which nerves form the intercostal nerves?
Ventral (anterior) primary rami
T1-T11 form intercostal nerves
Ventral (anterior) primary ramus is which nerve?
T12 = SUBCOSTAL NERVE
Where are the intercostal nerves found?
Between internal & innermost layers of muscles -- intercostal veins & arteries above
VAN = Veins, Arteries, Nerves
The anterior (ventral) primary rami of the thorax all run superior to the corresponding rib except?
Subcostal nerve (T12) runs inferior to 12th rib
The internal thoracic artery arises from?
1st part of subclavian artery
Anterior intercostal arteries branch from which artery?
Internal thoracic artery
The axillary artery gives rise to what other arteries in the thoracic cavity? (3)
Axillary artery:
1. Thoracodorsal artery
2. Lateral thoracic artery
3. Thoracoacromial arteries
The posterior intercostal arteries are branches from?
Aorta
Subcostal arteries are branches from?
Aorta
11 pairs of intercostal veins & subcostal veins drain to?
Azygos system or internal thoracic veins
What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperature (inlet)?
1. Sternum
2. 1st Ribs
3. 1st Thoracic vertebra
What are the contents of the superor thoracic aperature? (7)
1. Trachea
2. Esophagus
3. Branches from aorta
4. Brachiocephalic veins
5. Phrenic nerve
6. Vagus nerve
7. Thoracic duct
What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperature (outlet)?
1. T12
2. 12th ribs
3. Costal cartilages
4. Xiphisternal joint
What are the contents of the inferior thoracic aperature (outlet)?
Diaphragm covers opening
1. Inferior Vena Cava (T8)
2. Esophagus (T10)
3. Aorta (T12)
The pleura of the thorax consists of? (2)
1. Parietal pleura
2. Visceral pleura
What are the regions of the parietal pleura? (4)
1. Costal pleura
2. Diaphragmatic pleura
3. Cervical pleura (cupula)
4. Mediastinal pleura
Which pleura intiimately invests lungs & dips into all of the fissures?
Visceral pleura
Which type of pleura is more sensitive to pain?
Parietal pleura --> pain
Visceral pleura --> stretch
What is the potential space between the parietal & visceral pleura called?
Pleural cavity
Which 2 recesses are part of the pleural cavity?
1. Costodiaphragmatic recess
2. Costomediastinal recess
What will cause the pleural cavity to convert from a potential space to an actual space?
Collage of lung
What is the two-layered vertical fold of mediastinal pleura which extends along mediastinal surface of each lung from hilus to base & ends in a free falciform border?
Pulmonary ligament
What is the point of entry/exit of structures forming the root of the lung?
Hilum
What are the lobes of the right lung?
1. Superior lobe
2. Middle lobe
3. Inferior lobe
What fissures are on the right lung?
1. Oblique fissure
2. Transverse (horizontal) fissures
What is the tongue shaped portion of the upper lobe that corresponds to the middle lobe of the right lung?
Lingula (found on left lung)
What are the lobes & fissures of left lung?
Upper & lower lobes
Oblique fissure
Which bronchus is more susceptible to entrance of inhaled foreign bodies due to its more vertical angle & wider diameter?
Right bronchus
What structures have a close relation w/ the right lung? (5)
1. Superior vena cava
2. Azygos vein
3. Heart
4. Trachea
5. Esophagus
What structures have a close relation w/ the left lung? (5)
1. Aorta
2. Trachea
3. Esophagus
4. Subclavian artery
5. Heart
How many lobar (secondary) bronchi does each lung have?
Lobar (secondary) bronchi:

Right lung --- 3

Left lung --- 2
What arteries supply the lung tissue & visceral pleura, main bronchi & branches as far as respiratory bronchi?
Bronchial arteries
Bronchial arteries arise from?
Descending thoracic aorta
Lymph vessels of the lung drain to?
Pulmonary nodes --> Bronchopulmonary nodes --> Tracheobronchial nodes --> Tracheal (paratracheal) nodes, bronchomediastinal nodes --> thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct
Where are lymph nodes not present in lungs?
Walls of pulmonary alveoli
The pulmonary plexus receives afferent & efferent parasympathetics from?
Vagus nerve
The pulmonary plexus receives sympathetic postganglionics from?
Sympathetic trunk & Cardiac plexus
What are the boundaries of the superior mediastinum?
Lateral = pleural sacs

Inferior = Sternal angle, T4

Superior = Thoracic inlet
What are the contents of the superior mediastinum? (11)
1. Thymus
2. Brachiocephalic vein
3. Inferior thyroid vein
4. Arch of aorta (Relations on right & left)
5. Ligamentum arteriosum
6. Phrenic nerve
7. Vagus nerve
8. Sympathetic chain (cervicothoracic -stellate- ganglion)
9. Trachea
10. Esophagus
11. Thoracic duct
Where does the arch of the aorta begin & end?
Arch of aorta
Begins at sternal angle
Ends at T4
What relations are found on the left of the arch of the aorta in the superior mediastinum? (4)
1. Left phrenic nerve
2. Left vagus/recurrent laryngeal
3. Left superior intercostal vein
4. Cardiac nerves
What relations are found on the right of the arch of the aorta in the superior mediastinum? (6)
1. Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
2. Bifurcation of trachea
3. Thoracic duct
4. Esophagus
5. Superior vena cava
6. Cardiac plexus
What branches from the aortic arch are found in the superior mediastinum? (3)
1. Briachocephalic artery
2. Left common carotid
3. Left subclavian
What are the boundaries of the posterior mediastinum?
-Posterior = Vertebral column

-Anterior = Pericardial sac

- Superior = T4/Sternal angle

-Inferior = Diaphragm
What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum? (6)
1. Esophagus
2. Vagus nerve
3. Thoracic aorta
4. Thoracic duct
5. Azygos system
6. Sympathetic chain
What branches of the thoracic aorta are found in the posterior mediastinum? (4)
1. Posterior intercostals
2. Bronchial arteries
3. Esophageal arteries
4. Pericardial branches
What is the venous drainage of the esophagus in the posterior mediastinum? (3)
1. Infterior thyroid vein
2. Azygos system
3. Left gastric vein
What is the blood supply to the esophagus in the posterior mediastinum? (4)
1. Inferior thyroid arteries
2. Esophageal branches of aorta
3. Superior & inferior phrenic arteries
4. Left gastric artery
Where is the middle mediastinum located?
Between right & left pleural cavities
Rami communicantes contain which type of fibers?
Sympathetic fibers
White rami communicantes contain which type of fibers?
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Cell bodies located in:
General visceral efferent--> lateral horn
General visceral afferent --> dorsal root ganglia
Gray rami communicantes contain which type of fibers?
Postganglionic Sympathetic fibers
Cell bodies located in sympathetic trunk
What is the sympathetic trunk composed of?
Ascending & descending preganglionic sympathetics & visceral afferent fibers & cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetics
The cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglionic is formed by?
Fusion of inferior cervical ganglion w/ first thoracic ganglion