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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How many pairs of ribs are there?
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12 pairs
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Which ribs are "true" ribs?
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True Ribs 1-7
-Attached to STERNUM by COSTAL CARTILAGE |
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Which ribs are "false" ribs?
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False Ribs 8-10
-Attached to costal cartilage ABOVE them & form anterior costal margin (DON"T attach to sternum) |
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Which ribs are "floating" ribs?
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Floating ribs 11-12
-Connected only to vertebrae |
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What rib is sometimes present that articulates with C7 & can compress the inferior trunk of brachial plexus & subclavian artery --> pain, numbness, tingling of upper limb
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Cervical Rib
Thoracic outlet syndrome-- compression of brachial plexus causing pain, numbness, tingling, weakness of upper arm |
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Which ribs are atypical?
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1-2
10 11-12 |
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What are the 3 parts of the sternum?
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1. Manubrium
2. Body 3. Xiphoid process |
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Which articulation of the thorax has a fibrocartilaginous articular surface & contains 2 synovial cavities?
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Sternoclavicular joint
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Which joint of thorax has saddle-type synovial joint but has ball & socket joint movements?
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Sternoclavicular joint
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Which joints are synchondroses in the thorax?
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1. Sternocostal joints
2. Costochondral joints |
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Sternocostal (sternochondral) joints are?
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Synchondroses where sternum attaches to first 7 costal cartilages
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Costochondral joints are?
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Synchondroses where ribs articulate w/ respective costal cartilages
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What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscles?
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1. External intercostals
2. Internal intercostals 3. Innermost intercostals |
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What is the action of the external intercostals?
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Elevate ribs during forced inspiration
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What is the action of the internal intercostals?
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Depress ribs during forced respiration
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What is the action of the innermost intercostals?
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Depress ribs
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Which replaces the innermost intercostals anteriorly?
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Transversus thoracis
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What replaces the innermost intercostals posteriorly?
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Subcostals
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The intercostal muscles are all innervated by which nerve?
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Intercostal nerve
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Which nerves form the intercostal nerves?
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Ventral (anterior) primary rami
T1-T11 form intercostal nerves |
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Ventral (anterior) primary ramus is which nerve?
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T12 = SUBCOSTAL NERVE
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Where are the intercostal nerves found?
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Between internal & innermost layers of muscles -- intercostal veins & arteries above
VAN = Veins, Arteries, Nerves |
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The anterior (ventral) primary rami of the thorax all run superior to the corresponding rib except?
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Subcostal nerve (T12) runs inferior to 12th rib
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The internal thoracic artery arises from?
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1st part of subclavian artery
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Anterior intercostal arteries branch from which artery?
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Internal thoracic artery
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The axillary artery gives rise to what other arteries in the thoracic cavity? (3)
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Axillary artery:
1. Thoracodorsal artery 2. Lateral thoracic artery 3. Thoracoacromial arteries |
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The posterior intercostal arteries are branches from?
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Aorta
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Subcostal arteries are branches from?
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Aorta
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11 pairs of intercostal veins & subcostal veins drain to?
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Azygos system or internal thoracic veins
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What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperature (inlet)?
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1. Sternum
2. 1st Ribs 3. 1st Thoracic vertebra |
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What are the contents of the superor thoracic aperature? (7)
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1. Trachea
2. Esophagus 3. Branches from aorta 4. Brachiocephalic veins 5. Phrenic nerve 6. Vagus nerve 7. Thoracic duct |
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What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperature (outlet)?
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1. T12
2. 12th ribs 3. Costal cartilages 4. Xiphisternal joint |
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What are the contents of the inferior thoracic aperature (outlet)?
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Diaphragm covers opening
1. Inferior Vena Cava (T8) 2. Esophagus (T10) 3. Aorta (T12) |
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The pleura of the thorax consists of? (2)
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1. Parietal pleura
2. Visceral pleura |
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What are the regions of the parietal pleura? (4)
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1. Costal pleura
2. Diaphragmatic pleura 3. Cervical pleura (cupula) 4. Mediastinal pleura |
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Which pleura intiimately invests lungs & dips into all of the fissures?
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Visceral pleura
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Which type of pleura is more sensitive to pain?
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Parietal pleura --> pain
Visceral pleura --> stretch |
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What is the potential space between the parietal & visceral pleura called?
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Pleural cavity
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Which 2 recesses are part of the pleural cavity?
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1. Costodiaphragmatic recess
2. Costomediastinal recess |
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What will cause the pleural cavity to convert from a potential space to an actual space?
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Collage of lung
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What is the two-layered vertical fold of mediastinal pleura which extends along mediastinal surface of each lung from hilus to base & ends in a free falciform border?
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Pulmonary ligament
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What is the point of entry/exit of structures forming the root of the lung?
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Hilum
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What are the lobes of the right lung?
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1. Superior lobe
2. Middle lobe 3. Inferior lobe |
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What fissures are on the right lung?
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1. Oblique fissure
2. Transverse (horizontal) fissures |
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What is the tongue shaped portion of the upper lobe that corresponds to the middle lobe of the right lung?
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Lingula (found on left lung)
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What are the lobes & fissures of left lung?
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Upper & lower lobes
Oblique fissure |
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Which bronchus is more susceptible to entrance of inhaled foreign bodies due to its more vertical angle & wider diameter?
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Right bronchus
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What structures have a close relation w/ the right lung? (5)
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1. Superior vena cava
2. Azygos vein 3. Heart 4. Trachea 5. Esophagus |
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What structures have a close relation w/ the left lung? (5)
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1. Aorta
2. Trachea 3. Esophagus 4. Subclavian artery 5. Heart |
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How many lobar (secondary) bronchi does each lung have?
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Lobar (secondary) bronchi:
Right lung --- 3 Left lung --- 2 |
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What arteries supply the lung tissue & visceral pleura, main bronchi & branches as far as respiratory bronchi?
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Bronchial arteries
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Bronchial arteries arise from?
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Descending thoracic aorta
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Lymph vessels of the lung drain to?
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Pulmonary nodes --> Bronchopulmonary nodes --> Tracheobronchial nodes --> Tracheal (paratracheal) nodes, bronchomediastinal nodes --> thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct
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Where are lymph nodes not present in lungs?
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Walls of pulmonary alveoli
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The pulmonary plexus receives afferent & efferent parasympathetics from?
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Vagus nerve
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The pulmonary plexus receives sympathetic postganglionics from?
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Sympathetic trunk & Cardiac plexus
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What are the boundaries of the superior mediastinum?
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Lateral = pleural sacs
Inferior = Sternal angle, T4 Superior = Thoracic inlet |
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What are the contents of the superior mediastinum? (11)
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1. Thymus
2. Brachiocephalic vein 3. Inferior thyroid vein 4. Arch of aorta (Relations on right & left) 5. Ligamentum arteriosum 6. Phrenic nerve 7. Vagus nerve 8. Sympathetic chain (cervicothoracic -stellate- ganglion) 9. Trachea 10. Esophagus 11. Thoracic duct |
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Where does the arch of the aorta begin & end?
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Arch of aorta
Begins at sternal angle Ends at T4 |
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What relations are found on the left of the arch of the aorta in the superior mediastinum? (4)
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1. Left phrenic nerve
2. Left vagus/recurrent laryngeal 3. Left superior intercostal vein 4. Cardiac nerves |
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What relations are found on the right of the arch of the aorta in the superior mediastinum? (6)
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1. Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
2. Bifurcation of trachea 3. Thoracic duct 4. Esophagus 5. Superior vena cava 6. Cardiac plexus |
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What branches from the aortic arch are found in the superior mediastinum? (3)
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1. Briachocephalic artery
2. Left common carotid 3. Left subclavian |
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What are the boundaries of the posterior mediastinum?
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-Posterior = Vertebral column
-Anterior = Pericardial sac - Superior = T4/Sternal angle -Inferior = Diaphragm |
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What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum? (6)
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1. Esophagus
2. Vagus nerve 3. Thoracic aorta 4. Thoracic duct 5. Azygos system 6. Sympathetic chain |
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What branches of the thoracic aorta are found in the posterior mediastinum? (4)
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1. Posterior intercostals
2. Bronchial arteries 3. Esophageal arteries 4. Pericardial branches |
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What is the venous drainage of the esophagus in the posterior mediastinum? (3)
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1. Infterior thyroid vein
2. Azygos system 3. Left gastric vein |
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What is the blood supply to the esophagus in the posterior mediastinum? (4)
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1. Inferior thyroid arteries
2. Esophageal branches of aorta 3. Superior & inferior phrenic arteries 4. Left gastric artery |
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Where is the middle mediastinum located?
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Between right & left pleural cavities
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Rami communicantes contain which type of fibers?
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Sympathetic fibers
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White rami communicantes contain which type of fibers?
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Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Cell bodies located in: General visceral efferent--> lateral horn General visceral afferent --> dorsal root ganglia |
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Gray rami communicantes contain which type of fibers?
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Postganglionic Sympathetic fibers
Cell bodies located in sympathetic trunk |
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What is the sympathetic trunk composed of?
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Ascending & descending preganglionic sympathetics & visceral afferent fibers & cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetics
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The cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglionic is formed by?
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Fusion of inferior cervical ganglion w/ first thoracic ganglion
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