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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is the thorax?
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The region b/t the neck and abdomen.
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What are the contents of the thorax?
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-hearts
-lungs -structures that pass b/t the neck and abdomen |
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What is the shape of the thorax?
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A truncated cone with an inlet (superior thoracic aperture) and an outlet (inferior thoracic aperture) which is closed off by the respiratory diaphragm.
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What does the bony thorax consist of?
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-12 thoracic vertebrae
-12 pairs of costae (ribs and costal cartilages) -sternum |
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What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?
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-body of 1st thoracic vertebra posteriorly
-1st pair of costar laterally -manubrium anteriorly |
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What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture?
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-body of 12th thoracic vertebra posteriorly
-11th and 12th costae laterally -xiphoid process and costal cartilages 7-10 anteriorly |
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Where does the respiratory diaphragm rise to in the thorax?
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To the level of the 5th intercostal space on the right side and the 6th intercostal space on the left side.
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What are the parts of the sternum?
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-manubrium
-body -xiphoid process |
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What is the manubrium of the sternum?
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Articulates with:
-clavicles via sternoclavicular joints -1st pair of ribs -2nd pair of ribs at the sternal angle -body of the sternum at the sternal angle |
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What is the body of the sternum?
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It is composed of 4 fused sternebrae. Articulates with the manubrium, costal cartilages 2-7 and the xiphoid process.
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Describe the manubriosternal joint.
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Allows hinge-like movement of the body both anteriorly and posteriorly. Facilitates increased respiration by allowing expansion of the thoracic cavity.
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What is the difference between a male and female sternums?
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The male sternum has a greater angle (b/t manubrium and body), which makes the male thoracic cage larger. This helps to accommodate a larger heart and lungs, which allows greater respiratory cardiovascular capacity.
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What is the xiphoid process?
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Can have one tip or two tips. The xiphisternal joint at the level of T8 vertebrae (is easily palpated). The tip is palpated with discomfort. Length and shape of xiphoid is variable from person to person.
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What are the costae?
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The ribs. There are three kinds;
-true ribs (1-7) -false ribs (8-10) -floating ribs (11-12) |
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What are the true ribs?
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Ribs 1-7, have costal cartilages attached directly to the sternum.
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What are the false ribs?
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Ribs 8-10, have costal cartilages attached indirectly to the sternum.
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What are the floating ribs?
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Ribs 11-12, do not have any attachment to the sternum.
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What are the three intercostal muscles?
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-external intercostals
-internal intercostals -innermost intercostals |
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External intercostals
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Most superficial layer. Extends from tubercles of the ribs to the junction of the costal cartilages with the bony ribs. The fibers have an inferomedial orientation. When contracted, the ribs are elevated.
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Internal intercostals
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Middle layer. Extends from sternum to mid-axillary line. The fibers have an inferolateral orientation. When contracted, the ribs are depressed.
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Innermost intercostals
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Deepest layer. Extends from the angles of the ribs to just anterior of the mid-axillary line. The fibers have an inferolateral orientation. When contracted, the ribs are depressed.
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Transversus thoracis
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NOT an intercostal muscle. Extends from posterior surface of the lower half of the body of the sterum and the xiphoid process to the costochondral junction of ribs 3-6. Depresses the ribs.
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What are the intercostal nerves?
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The ventral primary rami of T1-T11. Innervate the intercostal muscles and the transverses thoracis. Lie b/t internal and innermost intercostal muscles.
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What do the cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves innervate?
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Provide sensory innervation to the skin on the lateral and anterior surfaces of the thorax.
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What is different about the branches of intercostal nerves T1-T7?
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They have branches that continue into the abdoinal wall to provide both motor and cutaneous branches to the muscles and skin in the region.
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Where are the posterior intercostal arteries?
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Branches of the descending aorta. Are located b/t the two deepest layers of intercostal muscles in intercostal spaces 3-11.
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What do the posterior intercostal arteries supply?
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Have muscular branches that supply the intercostal, pectoral and serratus anterior muscles. In females, the lateral branches in intercostal spaces 3-5 supply the breasts.
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What are the supreme thoracic arteries?
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Branches of the axillary a. Supply intercostal spaces 1-2.
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What are the supreme intercostal arteries?
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Branches of the costocervical trunk. Also supply intercostal spaces 1-2.
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What are the anterior intercostal arteries?
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Branches of the internal thoracic a. Are found in intercostal spaces 1-6. Supply skin, intercostal muscles, breast and thymus gland (located in the anterior mediastinum).
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What is the musculophrenic artery?
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A terminal branch of the internal thoracic a. Provides anterior intercostal arteries to intercostal spaces 7-9.
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What is the mediastinum?
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Separates the right and left pleural cavities from each other, is a 3D space b/t the pleural cavities.
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What are the pleurae?
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-parietal pleura
-visceral pleura -connecting layer |
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What is the parietal pleura?
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Lines the entire pleural cavity, external to the lung. Has several surfaces that are named for the structures it contacts.
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What are the different surfaces of the parietal pleura?
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-costal pleura
-mediastinal pleura -diaphragmatic pleura -cervical pleura |
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Where is the costal pleura?
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Attached to the ribs and intercostal spaces, inner surface of ribs.
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Where is the mediastinal pleura?
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Adheres to the mediastinum.
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Where is the diaphragmatic pleura?
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Adheres to the superior surface of the respiratory diaphragm.
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Where is the cervical pleura?
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Lines the pleural cavity above the level of the 1st ribgs, in the root of the neck.
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Where can you pierce the pleura without damaging the ribcage?
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In the cervical pleura, above the 1st ribs or in the vertebral angle b/t the 12th rib and vertebral column. Both can cause a collapsed lung. Pneumothorax.
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Where is the visceral pleura?
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Covers the surfaces of the lungs.
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What is the connecting layer?
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It surrounds the roots of the lungs like a sleeve. Covers the structures passing into the lungs (bronchi, pulmonary vessels, nerves and lymphatics)
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Reflections?
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Didn't talk about in class. Include?? :\
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What are pleural recesses?
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Occur where 2 layers of parietal pleura form an acute angle and are in direct contact with each other in the living person. Lungs do not occupy these recesses.
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What happens to these recesses with respiratory infection?
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Fluid, pus or dead cells can collect in these recesses and can be observed on a radiograph.
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What are the names of the pleural recesses?
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-right costodiaphragmatic recess
-left costodiagphragmatic recess -left costomediastinal recess |
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What are the pleural cavities?
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Spaces b/t the pleural layers that contain pleural fluid produced by pleural membranes.
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What does pleural fluid do?
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Lubricates the surfaces of pleural membranes, preventing adhesions.
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What are the pleural sacs?
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Contain the lungs, a space contained within the visceral pleura.
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Where are the lungs contained?
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In the pleural sac, NOT the pleural cavities.
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What provides sensory innervation of the parietal pleura?
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-intercostal nerves for pain and irritation to costal pleura and periphery of respiratory diaphragm
-phrenic nerves for pain and irritation to the mediastinal pleura and the diaphragmatic pleura |
