Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Name the three parts of the sternum.
|
manubrium
body xiphoid process |
m
b x |
|
|
Which ribs are true ribs?
false ribs? floating ribs? and describe their characteristics. |
1-7 attach to sternum
8-12 have costal cartilages that don't attach to sternum 11-12 lack costal cartilage |
|
|
|
Which ribs are typical?
Describe the parts that make them typical. |
3-7
head tubercle shaft/body |
|
|
|
What does the head of the rib articulate w/?
the tubercle? |
The head articulates w/ the body of corresponding vertebra and the vertbra immediately superior
The tubercle articulates w/ the transverse process of corresponding vertebra. |
|
|
|
What does the inferior surface of the shaft or body house?
|
intercostal vein, artery & nerve
|
|
|
|
What makes the 1st rib atypical?
|
prominent scalene tubercle where anterior scalene muscle inserts on its superior surface
|
|
|
|
Which ribs are atypical?
|
1,2,8-12
|
|
|
|
Where does the 2nd rib attach?
|
attaches to the sternum @ sternal angle, the junction of manubrium
|
|
|
|
What makes the 2nd rib atypical? what attaches to it?
|
it has a scalene tubercle where the posterior scalene muscle attaches
|
|
|
|
What makes ribs 11 & 12 atypical? (4 things)
|
free
lack angle end posteriorly help protect kidneys |
|
|
|
What makes ribs 8-10 atypical?
|
costal cartilage extensions
|
|
|
|
What do ribs 8-10 create?
|
costal margin of the thoracic cage
|
|
|
|
Where do ribs typically break?
|
near their angle
|
|
|
|
Describe the cervical rib.
What can it lead to? |
elongation of the transverse process ossification center of the 7th vertebra
can compress brachial plexus nerves or subclavian artery associated w/ thoracic outlet syndromes |
where they originate from
compress what associated w/ what |
|
|
Discuss facets/demifacets
T1 T2-9 T11-12 |
T1-facet for rib 1
demifacet for head of rib2 T2-9 2 demis for rib heads T11-12 1 facet for resp rib heads |
|
|
|
The superior edge of the manubrium forms what?
What attaches to it? |
forms suprasternal (jugular notch)
clavicles, rib 1 and half of rib 2 attach |
|
|
|
What articulates w/ the body of the sternum?
|
manubrium
ribs 2-7 xiphoid process |
3 different things
|
|
|
What are 3 sternal anomalies?
Describe them |
pectus excavatum-sunken chest
pectus carinaum-pigeon chest sternal fistula-holes in sternum |
|
|
|
Discuss ossification of the sternum.
|
-it ossifies w/ age
-several centers of ossification -xiphoid process doesn't fuse until middle age |
|
|
|
What is the synovial joint between the head of the rib and body of vertebra at a facet or demifacet?
|
costovertebral joint
|
|
|
|
What is a synovial joint between tubercle of the rib and transverse process of the thoracic vertebra?
|
costotransverse joint
|
|
|
|
Describe the characteristic of costotransverse joints at T1-7?
T8-10? |
fairly curved joint (1-7)
fairly flat joint (8-10) |
|
|
|
What is a sternocostal joint?
|
A cartilaginous joint between 1st rib and manubrium
|
|
|
|
What is the union of rib bone w/ hyaline cartilage of the same rib?
|
costochondrial joint
|
|
|
|
What do external intercostal muscles do?
|
function to raise ribs during inspiration
|
|
|
|
What do internal intercostal muscles do?
|
interchondral portions anteriorly raise ribs and lateral fibers depress ribs
|
interchondral portions
lateral fibers |
|
|
What do innermost intercostal muscles to?
|
keep intercostal space from bulging during respiration
|
|
|
|
Which muscles are on the inner surface of the thoracic wall?
|
transverse thoracic muscles
subcostal muscles |
|
|
|
Where do the transverse thoracic muscles originate?
insert? |
on the inner surface of the sternum
insert onto inner anterior surface of ribs 2-6 |
|
|
|
What do the transverse thoracic muscles do?
|
depress ribs during exhaling
|
|
|
|
Where do subcostal muscles attach?
|
to inner surface of the lower ribs on posterior portion of thoracic wall
|
inner/posterior
|
|
|
What do the subcostal muscles do?
|
elevate ribs
|
|
|
|
Which muscles are on the back/posterior/external surface of thoracic wall?
|
serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior levator costarum |
3
|
|
|
Origination and insertion of serratus posterior superior?
|
originate-nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T3
inserts-superior posterior border of ribs 2-5 |
|
|
|
What is the function of the serratus posterior superior?
|
raise ribs during inspiration
|
|
|
|
Origination and insertion of serratus posterior inferior?
|
originate-spinous process of T11-12
insert-inferior posterior border of ribs 9-12 |
|
|
|
What is the function of serratus posterior inferior?
|
depress ribs during experation
|
|
|
|
Origination and insertion of levator costarum?
|
originate-transverse process of C7-T11
insert-upper posterior edge of the rib just inferior |
|
|
|
What is the function of levator costarum?
|
elevate ribs during inspiration
|
|
|
|
What are the muscles superior to the thoracic cage (neck muscles)?
|
anterior scalene muscle
middle scalene muscle posterior scalene muscle |
3
|
|
|
What is the fuction of the scalene muscles?
|
elevate ribs during inspiration
|
|
|
|
Where does the anterior scalene muscle originate and insert?
|
originate-transverse process of C3-C6
insert-scalene tubercle of 1st rib |
|
|
|
Where does the middle scalene muscle originate and insert?
|
originate-transverse process of C2-C7
insert-1st rib posterior to subclavian artery groove |
|
|
|
Where does the posterior scalene muscle originate and insert?
|
originate-transverse process of C5-C7
insert-upper surface of 2nd rib |
|
|
|
Which muscles are responsible for raising ribs during inhalation?
|
external intercostal muscles
subcostal muscles serratus posterior superior levator costarum anterior scalene muscle middle scalene muscle posterior scalene muscle |
7
|
|
|
Which muscles are responsible for depressing ribs during exhalation?
|
transverse thoracic muscles
serratus posterior inferior |
2
|
|
|
Name the muscles of the upper extremity that attach to the thoracic cage.
|
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor serratus anterior |
|
|
|
Origination and insertion of pectoralis major.
|
originate-costal margin, sternum and medial clavicle
insert-crest of greater tubercle of the humerus |
|
|
|
What is the function of pectoralis major?
|
flex, adduct and medially rotate the arm
|
|
|
|
Origination and insertion of pectoralis minor.
|
originate-outer surface of ribs 3-5
insert-caracoid process of scapula |
|
|
|
What is the function of the pectoralis minor?
|
pulls scapula down and anteriorly
|
|
|
|
Origination and insertion of serratus anterior.
|
originate-upper, outer surface of ribs 1-8
inserts onto medial angle, vertebral boarder, and inferior angle of scapula (undersurface of scapula) |
|
|
|
What is the function of the serratus anterior?
|
pulls scapula forward
|
|
|
|
Where are intercostal nerves located?
|
between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles, partially under the groove of the superior rib
|
|
|
|
Name the two branches of the intercostal nerves and where they branch to.
|
lateral cutaneous branches to the skin
anterior cutaneous branch near the sternum |
|
|
|
Which nerve is associated w/ T12?
T1-11? |
subcostal nerve (12)
intercostal nerves |
|
|
|
What is located in the intercostal space?
|
nerve
artery vein |
VAN
|
|
|
Where do intercostal arteries come from?
|
thoracic aorta
|
|
|
|
Where are intercostal nerve blocks generally injected?
|
-near the intercostal nerve and its collateral brances
-towards the top and bottom of each intercostal space |
|
|
|
What can coarctation of the aorta lead to?
|
increased blood flow within the intercostal arteries
|
stenosis of the aorta
|
|
|
What characteristic of coarctaion (stenosis) of the aorta can be seen on AP chest films?
|
costal notching of the under surface of the ribs due to engorgement of the intercostal arteries
|
|
|
|
Which dermatomes are common sites of eruption of shingles?
|
thoracic and lumbar, some on face
|
|
|
|
What route does shingles take to get to the dorsal root ganglia?
|
peripheral sensory nerve
|
|
|
|
Blood within the intercostal arteries comes from what?
|
thoracic aorta
internal thoracic artery (internal mammary artery) |
2 things
|
|
|
Name three blood vessels that serve the thoracic cage.
|
subclavian artery
supreme intercostal artery axillary artery |
|
|
|
Describe the veins of the thoracic wall.
|
11 posterior intercostal vein
1 subcostal vein they drain into the azygos venous system, which returns blood to the superior vena cava |
|
|
|
Where does the nipple lie?
|
4th intercostal space for males and prepuberal females
|
|
|
|
Which muscles does the breast develop on?
|
pectoralis major (2/3)
serratus anterior (1/3) |
|
|
|
What attaches the breast to the skin?
|
suspensory ligaments
|
|
|
|
How many lobes of glandular tissue drain into corresponding lactiferous ducts?
|
15-20
|
|
|
|
What allows the breast to move independent of the underlying muscle?
|
retromammary space-loose areolar CT behind the breast on the deep perimysium
|
|
|
|
Which arteries supply blood to the breast?
|
-perforating braches of the internal thoracic (internal mammary)
-anterior and posterior intercostal -lateral thoracic branch of axillary artery (venous drainage is through the same named veins, w/ most into axillary) |
|
|
|
Where does lymphatic drainage of the breast go?
|
-75% to axillary lymph node (mainly pectoral nodes)
-medial quadrant drains to parasternal node |
|
|
|
Explain a breast exam.
What do you look for? How is it done? |
-look for thickening of skin, masses, dimpling & flattening
-raise & lower arms, press arms against hips, palpation |
|
|
|
What is polythelia?
polymastia? Where do they develop? |
-additional nipple
-additional breast along embryonic mammary ridge |
|
|
|
What is Gynecomastia?
What are the causes? |
-excessive development of the male mammary gland
-ductal proliferation and periductal edema, occurs at puberty and in obese males due to increased estrogen |
|
|
|
What is the superior thoracic aperture bound by?
What is its shape? |
-T1 vertebra, rib 1 and superior boarder of manubrium
-kidney bean shaped |
|
|
|
Name 2 thoracic outlet syndromes and describe their characteristics.
|
costoclavicular syndrome-coldness of upper arm caused by lack of blood flow due to compression of subclavian artery as it passes over 1st rib & under clavicle
Cervical rib syndrome-Compression of C8-T1 nerve roots as they pass over 1st rib |
|
|
|
What do the pleural cavities contain?
|
lung and pleural membranes
|
|
|
|
What does the mediastinum contain? (5 things)
|
heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus
|
|
|
|
Name 2 things the thoracic diaphragm is responsible for.
|
-separates thorax from abdomen
-principal muscle of inspiration |
|
|
|
What forms the thoracic diaphragm?
|
skeletal muscle and a central tendon
|
|
|
|
How high does the right dome of the diaphragm reach?
left? |
-4th intercostal space
-5th intercostal space liver on R side pushes diaphragm up |
|
|
|
What is the diaphragm derived from?
|
-septum transversum
-myoblast of 3rd, 4th, & 5th cervical myotomes (pleuroperitoneal fold) |
|
|
|
What keeps the diaphragm alive?
|
C3, 4, 5
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 major openings in the diaphragm?
|
T8-inferior vena cava hiatus (caval hiatus)
T10-esophageal hiatus (allows vagal trunks to enter abdomen) T12-aortic hiatus(allows thoracic duct and azygos vein to enter abdomen) |
|
|
|
What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?
|
medial & lateral arcuate ligament, sternal and postal part, lumbar part w/ 2 aponeurotic arches, L & R crura of the diaphragm on each side of vertebral bodies
|
|
|
|
What are the sensory parts of the diaphragm?
|
central phrenic nerve (C3,4,5); peripherally intercostal and subcostal nerves T5-12
|
|
|
|
What arteries supply the diaphragm?
|
-pericardiaophrenic artery, branches from internal thoracic artery near apex of thoracic cage=central supply
-musculophrenic artery-branches from internal thoracic artery near costal margin=anterior supply |
|
|
|
The pericardiaophrenic artery runs w/ which nerve?
|
phrenic
|
|
