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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bones of the Thoracic Girdle
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Clavicle, Scapula
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In which animal is the suprascapular nerve more prone to injury? Why?
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The horse - it has no acromion to lie over and protect the nerve.
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Muscle originating on the coracoid process
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Coracobrachialis
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Head of the Humerus
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Portion of the humerus articulating with the scapula.
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Intertubular / Bicipital groove
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Where tendon of origin of biceps brachii attaches.
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Deltoid tuberosity
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Where the Deltoid muscle attaches to the humerus.
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Tricipital Line
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On the humerus: point of attachment for the lateral had of the triceps and the teres minor muscle.
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Humeral Condyle
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At the distal end of the humerus. "Condyle" - "like a knuckle."
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Trochlea of the Humerus
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Medial surface oh the humeral condyle. Articulates with radius and ulna.
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Capitulum of the Humerus
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Lateral portion of the humeral condyle. Articulates with the radius.
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Supratrochlear Foramen
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Passes through the humeral condyle of the dog.
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Supracondylar Foramen
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Present medially, just above the humeral condyle in CATS only. The brachial artery and median nerve pass through here.
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Fovea Capitis
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A depression on the head of the radius.
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Trochlea of the Radius
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The distal part of the radius
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Styloid Process of the Radius
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Projection on the medial side of the radial trochlea.
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Olecranon
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The head of the elbow - large proximal extremity of the ulna.
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Anconeal Process
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A process pointing cranially from the olecranon.
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Trochlear Notch
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Large notch in the ulna that articulates with the human trochlea.
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Styloid Process of the Ulna
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Process at the distal end of the ulna.
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In which species are the radial and intermediate carpal bones fused?
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Carnivores (dogs and cats)
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Which species have 4 completely separate distal carpal bones?
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Dogs, cats, pigs
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How many distal carpal bones are in equines? Bovines?
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Eq: 3 (2, 3, 4), Bo: 2 (2+3, 4)
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How many metacarpal bones are present in the carnivore?
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5
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How many metacarpal bones are present in the equine?
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3 (2, 3, and 4)
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How many metacarpal bones are present in the bovine?
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2 (Fused 3 and 4, 5)
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How many metacarpal bones are present in swine?
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4 (2 - 4)
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How are metcarpal bones numbered?
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From medial to lateral (1 - 5)
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Phalanges
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The toe bones
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How many phalanges are present in each non-vestigial digit?
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3
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How can problems involving the joints be evaluated?
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Radiologic exam, synovial fluid analysis, synovial membrane biopsy, exploratory arthrotomy or arthroscopy
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Flexion
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When an angle between two or more bones decreases.
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Extension
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When the angle between two or more bones increases.
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Shoulder Joint
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Ball and socket joint between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus. Capable of movement in every direction, but chiefly flexes and extends.
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Glenohumeral ligaments
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Present medially and laterally to reinforce the joint capsule of the shoulder.
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Elbow Joint
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Consists of the humero-radial joint, humero-ulnar joint, and proximal radio-ulnar joints.
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Elbow joints involved in flexion
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humero-radial joint, humero-ulnar joint
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Elbow joint involved in extension
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Proximal radio-ulnar joint
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Collateral Ligaments of the elbow
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Stabilize the elbow joint medially and laterally.
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In some species, the carpal joints all have communication through the joint capsule. In which species does this NOT occur?
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In the horse - the antebrachiocarpal joint does NOT communicate with the middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints.
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Muscles innervated by the axillary n. in dogs.
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deltoideus, teres minor, teres major
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Muscles innervated by the suprascapular n. in dogs.
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infraspinatus, supraspinatus
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Muscles innervated by the subscapular n. in dogs.
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subscapularis
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Muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous n. in dogs
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Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis
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Muscles innervated by the ulnar n. in dogs
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Deep digital flexor, flexor carpi ulnaris
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Muscles innervated by the median n. in dogs
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Flexor carpi radialis, superficial digital flexor, pronator quadratus, pronator teres, deep digital flexor
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Muscles innervated by the radial n. in dogs
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tensor fascia antebrachii, triceps brachii, anconeus, extensor carpi radialis, common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, extensor carpi ulnaris/ulnaris lateralis, supinator, abductor policis longus
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Muscles supplied by the axial n. cause the shoulder to…
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flex
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Muscles supplied by the suprascapular n. cause the shoulder to…
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extend.
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Muscles suppled by the subscapular and musculocutaneous nn. cause the shoulder to...
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adduct and extend.
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Which nerve innervates all caudal arm muscles? What is the action of these muscles?
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The radial nerve; all these muscles extend the elbow.
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The key nerve of the thoracic limb
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The radial nerve
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What is the action of the long head of the triceps on the shoulder joint?
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It flexes the shoulder joint - preventing the leg from collapsing in a standing animal.
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Which nerve innervates all cranial arm muscles? What is the action of these muscles?
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The musculocutaneous nerve. Both muscles (the biceps brachii and the brachialis) flex the elbow.
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What is the action of the biceps brachii on the soulder?
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To extend the shoulder.
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Muscles arising from the lateral epicondyle and its associated crest
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extensor carpi radialis, common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, extensor carpi ulnaris/ulnaris lateralis, supinator
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Muscles arising from the medial epicondyle
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flexor carpi radialis, superficial digital flexor, flexor carpi ulnaris, deep digital flexor, pronator teres, pronator quadratus
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Clinical presentation of loss of radial nerve function
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Animal stands with joints uncharacteristically flexed.
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Clinical presentation of loss of musculocutaneous nerve function
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Loss of ability to flex the elbow joint. Ability to stand is unaffected.
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Effect of axillary nerve damage on gait
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No great effect - other muscles can also flex the shoulder.
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"Shoulder Slip" (aka "Sweeney")
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Loss of suprascapular nerve function (affects supraspinatous and infraspinatous muscles.) Causes lateral deviation of the shoulder and noticeable atrophy with time.
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How does damage to the median or ulnar nerve affect the gait?
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Damage to either one alone does not affect the gait much because their motor distribution overlaps.
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Ossification centers of the scapula
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body and neck, cranial part of glenoid cavity, supraglenoid tuberosity, coracoid process, tuber spinae of horse (may contain separate center)
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In which species is an intermediate ridge present in the biciptal groove of the humerus?
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Horse
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Primary centers of ossification of the humerus
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proximal extreme (epiphysis), distal epiphysis, shaft (diaphysis)
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Secondary centers of ossification of the humerus
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greater tubercle, deltoid tuberosity, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle
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Which species' thoracic limbs are in a permanently pronated position?
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horses and ruminants
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Centers of ossification for the radius
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proximal epiphysis, distal epiphysis, diaphysis
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Centers of ossification for the ulna
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shaft and part of olecranon, summit of olecranon, distal epiphysis
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When does complete closure of the distal radial epiphyseal plate occur in the horse?
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usually between 2 and 2.5 years of age, may take until almost 3 years.
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Transverse humeral retinaculum
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a collagenous thickening bridging over the tendon of the biceps femorisas it travels through the bicipital groove/sulcus.
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Bicipital bursa
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In ruminants and equines: bicipital bursa deep to the bicipital tendon in the intertubercular groove - can become inflamed and lead to lameness.
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Which joint makes up the "knee" in horses and cattle?
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The carpus
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What are the splint bones of horses?
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They are small metacarpal bones (#2 and #4)
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Which digit does the horse walk on?
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The third digit
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Long pastern bone
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The proximal phalanx (P1) of horses
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Short pastern bone
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The middle phalanx (P2) of horses
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Coffin Bone
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The distal phalanx (P3) of horses
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Parietal surface of the coffin bone
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Dorsal surface of the coffin bone
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Solar surface of the coffin bone
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The lower surface of the coffin bone (more distal/palmar)
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Which species do not have distal sesamoid bones?
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Carnivores
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Navicular bone
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The distal sesamoid bone of the horse. It is covered in cartilage that the deep digital flexor tendon runs along.
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Which species has dorsal sesamoids? Where are they located?
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The dog. They are on the dorsal aspect of each metacarpophalangeal joint.
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Where are the proximal sesamoid bones located?
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Located on the distal end, palmar surface of the metacarpal bones II - V in carnivores.
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Accesoriometacarpal ligament
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Runs from the accessory carpal bone to the metacarpus
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Intercarpal ligaments
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Tie the carpal bones to each other
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Annular ligament of the carpus
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Fibrous layer of the joint capsule. Wraps around the carpus like an ace bandage.
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Flexor retinaculum
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Projection of the joint capsule of the carpus from the tip of the accessory carpal bone to the palmar-medial aspect of the joint.
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Carpal tunnel
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A tunnel formed by the flexor retinaculum and the carpal bones through which flexor tendons, nerves, and blood vessels pass.
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Extensor retinaculum
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The dorsal portion of the fibrous joint capsule of the carpus that forms channe;s for the digital extensor muscles.
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Interosseous metacarpal ligaments
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Tie the metacarpal bones to each other where they articulate with the carpus
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Medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the fetlock
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In the horse. These pass from the distal extremity of the metacarpal bone to the proximal extremity of phalanx 1. They have a visible superficial layer and a stronger deep layer that is not visible.
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Sesamoidean ligaments (Eq)
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Secure the proximal sesamoid bones
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Intersesamoidean ligament (Eq)
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Pass transversely between the proximal sesamoids
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Collateral sesamoidean ligament (Eq)
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lateral and medial - Run from the abaxial surfaces dorsally and split in two to attach proximally to MC III and distally to P1.
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Palmar anular ligament (Eq)
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Passes superficially between the palmar tips of the proximal sesamoids.
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Suspensory ligament (Eq)
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Passes from palmar aspect of proximal end of MC III to bifurcate and attach abaxially to the two proximal sesamoid bones. Continues distally and dorsally on each side of P1 as the extensor branch to join the tendon of the digital extensor muscles at the level of the proximal interphalangeal joint. Corresponds with the interosseous muscle of the dog.
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Superficial distal sesamoiden ligament (Eq)
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Passes from the proximal sesamoid bones to the palmar aspect of the base of the middle phalanx. It is I shaped and called the straight or I ligament.
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Middle distal sesamoidean ligament (Eq)
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passes from the base of the proximal sesamoid to ridges on the palmar surface of the first phalanx. It is V shaped and called the oblique or V ligament.
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Deep Distal Sesamoidean Ligament (Eq)
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Passes from the base of each sesamoid with its two parts crossing each other to attach to the palmar aspect of the base of the proximal phalanx. X-shaped (cruciate or X ligament.)
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What ligaments tie the equine phalanges together?
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Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
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Proximal and distal annular ligaments (Eq)
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Help hold the flexor tendons close to the bones of the digits
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Proximal interdigital ligament (bovine)
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Passes between axial surfaces of P1 and P2 of the supporting digits.
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Distal interdigital ligaments (bovine)
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Passes from abaxial surface of proximal ends of P2 and attaches to the distal sesamoid of the opposite side.
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When is the parent of the axillary artery? When does it become the axillary artery?
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The subclavian artery. It becomes the axillary as it passes the first rib.
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Arterial supply of the brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, and trapezius muscles.
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Superficial cervical artery
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Arterial supply to the superficial pectoral muscles.
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External thoracic artery (branch off of the axillary a.)
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Arterial supply to the deep pectoral muscles.
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Lateral thoracic artery
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Branches of the subscapular artery
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Thoracodorsal artery, caudal circumflex humoral artery, main subscapular branch
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Arterial supply to latissimus dorsi muscle
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Thoracodorsal artery (branch of subscapular artery)
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Muscles supplied by the main subscapular branch of the subscapular artery
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Infraspinatous, supraspinatous, teres major
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Arterial supply to the triceps muscle
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Deep brachial artery, collateral ulnar artery
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Unpaired veins of the thoracic limb
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Accesory cephalic vein, cephalic ven, omobrachial vein, axillobrachial vein, median cubital vein
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Arterial supply of the cutaneous trunci
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Lateral thoracic artery in small animals, caudal continuation of thoracodorsal artery or external thoracic arteries in large animals.
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Muscles supplied by the caudal circumflex humeral artery
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deltoideus, teres minor, shoulder joint
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When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
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At the teres tuberosity of the humerus.
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Muscles supplied by the cranial circumflex humeral artrey
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coracobrachialis, proximal end of biceps brachii, medial aspect of the shoulder joint
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Muscles supplied by the common interosseous arteries
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carpal/digital flexors and extensors
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When does the brachial artery become the median artery?
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Distal to the common interosseous branch
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Describe the course of the axillobrachial vein.
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Branches from the cephalic vein about halfway up the brachium. Runs caudolaterally over the lateral head of the triceps brachii, wraps around the back of the arm to join the axillary vein.
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What is the most direct parent of the omobrachial vein?
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The axillobrachial vein.
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What is the name of the vein connecting the cephalic vein to the brachial vein?
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The median cubital vein.
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What percentage of a resting horse's body weight is carried on the forelimbs?
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55 - 60%
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What does the position of a horse's head have to do with diagnosing thoracic limb lameness?
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Horses will move the position of their head to alter their center of gravity. They will lift their head when the painful limb is off the ground and lower it when the painful limb bears weight. The horse will nod on the sound foot.
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Which bone is the cannon bone of the horse?
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Metacarpal 3
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What are the "buttons" on a horse's thoracic limb?
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The palpable distal ends of the splint bones.
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What is the cannon bone of the ruminant?
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The fused metacarpals 3 and 4.
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What is the fetlock?
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The metacarpophalangeal joint of the horse.
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What is the long pastern bone?
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The proximal phalanx (P1) of the horse.
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What is the name for P2 in the horse? P3?
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Short pastern, coffin bone
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Which species lack the pronator teres and supinator muscles?
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Ruminants and horses.
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Which species have subclavius muscles associated with the thoracic limb?
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Horses and pigs.
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What is the main artery to the digit and hoof of the horse?
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The medial palmar artery.
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Which palpable arteries pass over the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoid bones of the horse?
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The medial and lateral digital arteries.
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In ruminants, the median artery continues into the digits as the ____________.
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Common digital artery III
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Which four nerves innervate most of the structures distal to the equine carpus?
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medial and lateral palmar nerves, palmar and dorsal branches of the ulnar nerve
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Where does the medial palmar nerve become the medial digital nerve?
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Just above the fetlock.
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Palmar digital nerve blocks
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Nerves are blocked at the level of the pastern joint, just proximal to hoof cartilages. Desensitizes all structures in the hoof except the dorsal part of the coronary band
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Nerve block at the proximal sesamoid bones
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Target digital nerves and their dorsal branches. Desensitize the digit except the dorsal pastern.
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Distal metacarpal nerve block
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At the distal end of the splint bones. Targets palmar and palmar metacarpal nerves. Desensitizes digit including the fetlock.
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Proximal metacarpal nerve block
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Along the axial surface of the proximal end of the splint bone. Target medial and lateral palmar nerves, metacarpal nerves. Desensitize entire digit and most structures in the caudal metacarpus.
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Biceps Tendon
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Part of the equine stay apparatus. Prevents flexion of the shoulder joint. Goes from supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula to proximal radius.
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Lacertus Fibrosis
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Thick tendon running from the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle to the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis muscle. Part of the equine stay apparatus.
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How does the triceps brachii muscle differ between large animals and carnivores?
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Carnivores have an accessory head.
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Ulnaris Lateralis Muscle
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris. Flexes the carpus.
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Abductor Pollicis Longus
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Extensor Carpus Obliquus Muscle
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