Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
define a subluxation
|
partial loss of contract between articular surfaces of a joint
|
|
|
what is osteochondrosis?
|
defect in endochondral ossificatoin: deepen layer of articular cartilage die
|
|
|
list 2 of 4 common sites of OC
|
a. #1 sholder
b. medial humeral condyle c. medial and lateral femoral condyle d. proximal medial trochlea |
|
|
what is osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD)?
|
osteochondrosis + dissected flap of cartilage
|
|
|
what is a joint mouse ?
|
calcified dissecting OCD flap- break off and floats in synovium
|
|
|
what can the cat's clavicle be mistaken for in a lateral radiograph?
|
bone in the esophagus
|
|
|
where is osteochondrosis of the elbow located?
|
medial condyle of the humerus
|
|
|
what is ununited anconeal process?
|
failure of anconeal process to unite with ulna
|
|
|
what is fragmented medial coronoid process?
|
improper development and fragmentation of cartilagenous precursor.
|
|
|
what is the most cranial aspect of the upper forelimb?
|
point of the shoulder
|
|
|
what palpable process seperates the lateral surface of the scapula?
|
spine of the scapula
|
|
|
what is the most cranial aspect of the upper forelimb
|
point of the shoulder
|
|
|
what is palpable distal end of the spine of the scapula just proximal to the point of the shoulder?
|
acromion
|
|
|
how is the joint distal to the shoulder located?
|
by flexing and extending it- elbow.
|
|
|
what is the palpable large process proximal and caudal to the elbow joint?
|
olecranon= point of elbow
|
|
|
how is the styloid processes of the radius palpated?
|
flex antebrachiocarpal joint and feel distal end of radius on medial side.
|
|
|
what is the projection of the palmar and lateral side of the carpus?
|
accessory carpal bone
|
|
|
what are the pads over the digital joints?
|
digital pads
|
|
|
what can the cat's clavicle be mistaken for in a lateral radiograph?
|
bone in the esophagus
|
|
|
what is the location of most fractures in the humerus?
|
shaft
|
|
|
what hinders retraction of the median nerve and brachial artery during surgery in the cat?
|
they pass through the supracondylar foramen
|
|
|
what can cause premature closure of a growth plate?
|
injury to physis (growth plate)
|
|
|
what is the quick that bleeds if horny claw is cut too short?
|
artery in the dermis over ungual process
|
|
|
how is cutting the quick prevented when trimming pigmented and unpigmented claws
|
unpigmented: don't cut into visible pink cone: pigmented; shave off layers until white area reached (just distal to the quick) then use 1st to judge the rest.
|
|
|
what must be removed ina declaw to prevent regrowth?
|
ungual crest
|
|
|
what two methods of declawing ensures removal of the ungual crest?
|
remove all to P3, or all (including ungual crest) but base of P3
|
|
|
how is a declaw operation performed basically?
|
guillotine nail clipper; blade in dorsal- distal interphalangeal joint and other distal to digital pad
|
|
|
what is a sequestrum?
|
piece of dead bone
|
|
|
what is osteochondrosis?
|
disturbance of endochondral ossification affecting articular cartilage
|
|
|
list the three sites of osteochondrosis in the dog
|
head of humerus
trochlea of the humerus medial coronoid process of the ulna medial trochlea of talus lateral condyle of the femur |
|
|
what is an unhealed fracture, having all the structures of a synovial joint?
|
false joint
|
|
|
what is an articular seperation called?
|
luxation, subluxation, or dislocation
|
|
|
what is the most common site of osteochondrosis?
|
shoulder- head of the humerus
|
|
|
what helps prevent luxation of the elbow of the dog?
|
anconeal process in the olecranon fossa
|
|
|
why is lateral luxation more likely of the dog's elbow?
|
lateral epicondyle is smaller than medial
|
|
|
when does the anconeal process united in a german shepard?
|
by 5 months
|
|
|
what can fragmented medial coronoid process cause?
|
degeneration of the elbow joint
|
|
|
what is the lateral coronoid process of the ulna used to determine in lateral radiographs?
|
subluxation of the elbow
|
|
|
what muscle is incised to open the elbow joint laterally?
|
anconeus
|
|
|
where are subcutaneous injections made?
|
though the skin into superficial fascia
|
|
|
how can pus move from one area to another?
|
along fascial plnaes
|
|
|
how can a neck infection spread to the thorax?
|
migrate down fascial planes to the thorax
|
|
|
how do you determine unilateral atrophy of shoulder muscles?
|
compare muscles on both sides by palpation
|
|
|
how do dogs do on three limbs?
|
most adapt well, larger the animal the harder
|
|
|
of what clinical importance are the superficial veins of the shoulder region?
|
must be retracted or ligated in superficial approaches to the shoulder
|
|
|
what is the easiest vein for venipuncture?
|
cephalic vein
|
|
|
where is venipuncture usually performed on the cephalic vein
|
in the forearm above the carpus; start distally so that if you "flub" you can move up the arm
|
|
|
to puncture the external jugular vein, first go through the _____ parallel to the vein and then angle and insert the needle gently into the vein.
|
skin
|
|
|
why can't a tourniquet be effectively used in the middle of the antebrachium?
|
caudal interosseous is protected from occlusion by deep position between bones.
|
|
|
how is the superficial cervical lymph node palpated in a dog?
|
retract arm and palpate Ln deep to brachiocephalicus and cranial to supraspinatous
|
|
|
how is the accessory axillary lymph node palpated if it is present?
|
lay hand flat on thorax caudal to arm and stroke caudally
|
|
|
why can a broken neck result in respiratory paralysis?
|
phrenic nerve to diaphragm arises from cervical and brachial plexuses
|
|
|
what is the panniculus (cutaneous trunci) response?
|
contraction of cutaneous trunci muscle in response to a pin prick of trunk
|
|
|
what is the reflex arch for the panniculus response
|
sensation from skin of trunk over thoracic and lumbar spinal nn. to spinal cord, up cord to lateral thoracic n., out to cutaneous trunci m.
|
|
|
clinically, what is the panniculus response used to evaluate?
|
level of thoracic spinal cord damage
|
|
|
what is a common serious injury of all nerves of the forelimb?
|
complete avulsion (tearing) of brachial plexus associated with HBC hit by car
|
|
|
what the signs of complete avulsion of the brachial plexus?
|
complete paralysis, extended flaccid limb, unable to support weight and draggin dorsum of paw.
|
|
|
does sensation to the caudolateral aspect of the arm rule out complete brachial avulsion, why?
|
No, because are innervated by the intercostobrachialis nn. which dosen't arise from the brachial plexus
|
|
|
what is Sweeny?
|
atrophy of supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm.= prominent scapular spine (suprascapular n. damage)
|
|
|
what is the most commone and clinically significant nerve problem of the forelimb?
|
radial paralysis
|
|
|
what are the two types of radial nerve paralysis?
|
high and low radial nerve injury
|
|
|
where are high and low radial nerve injuries located?
|
High: before triceps
Low: after triceps |
|
|
what are signs of high radial nerve paralysis?
|
inability to bear weight on limb, dropped elbow and knuckling over on digits.
|
|
|
to what common condition is low radial paralysis a sequela?
|
fracture of the humerus
|
|
|
what are two ways to tell if a nerve is damaged?
|
loss of skin sensation and loss of motor innervation (loss of function, spongy feel to muscles)
|
|
|
what sensory loss is diagnostic for radial nerve injury
|
loss of sensation to dorsal manus
|
|
|
how is loss of sensory neurons determined?
|
analgesia (loss of sensation)
|
