Thoracic Limb

Front 1

Humeral Joint

Back 1

Shoulder joint

Front 2

Cubital Joint

Back 2

Elbow joint

Front 3

Radioulnar joints

Back 3

Side to side articulations between the radius and the ulna, both proximal and distal

Front 4

Carpal joint

Back 4

Articulations between carpal bones themselves and with adjacent radius, ulna, and metacarpal bones

Front 5

Antebrachiocarpal Joint

Back 5

Articulation between antebrachial skeleton and proximal row of carpal bones

Front 6

Intercarpal joints

Back 6

articulations between the carpal bones themselves (side-to-side) and (end-to-end)

Front 7

Middle Carpal joint

Back 7

intercarpal joints between proximal and distal rows of carpal bones.

Front 8

Carpometacarpal joints

Back 8

articulations between distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpal bones. Numbered by metacarpal bone.

Front 9

Joing of the accessory carpal bone

Back 9

The articulation of the accessory carpal bone with the ulna, and ulnar carpal bone. Only ulnar carpal bone in ruminants

Front 10

Intermetacarpal joints

Back 10

The side to side articulations between adjacent metacarpal bones. May be synovial, fibrous, or osseous.

Front 11

Thoracic girdle

Back 11

includes scapula and clavicle

Front 12

The clavicle of the dog

Back 12

has no clinical significance

Front 13

The scapula is a

Back 13

flat, triangular-shaped, bone

Front 14

The scapula has

Back 14

corners or angles

Front 15

The ventral angle of the scapula articulates with the

Back 15

humerus

Front 16

The ventral angle of the scapula includes the

Back 16

glenoid cavity

Front 17

The glenoid cavity is a

Back 17

smooth, concave surface separated from the rest of the scapula by a constricted neck

Front 18

The supraglenoid tubercle

Back 18

proximal to the glenoid cavity on the cranial border of the scapula

Front 19

Coracoid process

Back 19

small prominence on the craniomedial aspect of the supraglenoid tubercle

Front 20

The cranial border of the scapula is

Back 20

thin and rounded

Front 21

Scapular notch

Back 21

the concavity near the ventral angle to form the neck.

Front 22

The cranial border

Back 22

Thickens dorsally and is continuous with the dorsal border

Front 23

Cranial angle

Back 23

where the cranial border and dorsal border meet

Front 24

The dorsal border is the

Back 24

shortest of the three borders

Front 25

The dorsal border is also

Back 25

straight and capped with a rim of cartilidge

Front 26

The dorsal border is continuous with the caudal border at the

Back 26

caudal angle

Front 27

Caudal border is

Back 27

thick and straight, roughened proximally, and distally

Front 28

Spine of the scapula is on the

Back 28

Lateral surface of the scapula

Front 29

The spine of the scapula divides the later surface into the

Back 29

supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa

Front 30

Acromion

Back 30

process on the ditsally extending ventral end of the spine of the scapula

Front 31

The medial or costal surface of the scapula is divided into

Back 31

serrated face and subscapular fossa

Front 32

Serrated face of the scapula is

Back 32

the dorsal-cranial portion of the medial surface.

Front 33

Subscapular fossa is

Back 33

smooth and has 3 lines that converge ventrally.

Front 34

Humerus

Back 34

bony component of the arm

Front 35

The humerus has

Back 35

2 extremities

Front 36

The proximal extremity includes

Back 36

an articular surface and 2 bony prominences

Front 37

The head of the humerus is the

Back 37

smooth rounded articular surface on the caudomedial aspect

Front 38

The proximal extremity of the humerus articulates with the

Back 38

scapula to form the humeral joint

Front 39

The distal extremity articulates with the

Back 39

radius and ulna to form the cubital joing

Front 40

The body of the humerus lies

Back 40

between the extremities of the humerus

Front 41

The head of the humerus articulates with the

Back 41

glenoid cavity of the scapula

Front 42

The greater tubercle of the the humerus is the

Back 42

large rounded ridge craniolateral to the head.

Front 43

The lesser tubercle of the humerus lies

Back 43

medial to the head.

Front 44

The groove between the greater and lesser tubercle is called

Back 44

the intertubercular groove

Front 45

Tricipital line

Back 45

The ridge running distally from the juncion of the greater tubercle and the humeral head.

Front 46

Crest of the greater tubercle

Back 46

poorly defined ridge extending distally from teh cranila end of the greater tubercle.

Front 47

Teres major tuberosity

Back 47

roughened area on the medial side of the humerus at the junction of the proximal and middle thirds.

Front 48

Humeral condyle

Back 48

distal extremity of the humerus

Front 49

The trochlea lies

Back 49

medial to the capitulum

Front 50

The trochlea is

Back 50

larger than the capitulum

Front 51

The trochlea articulates with

Back 51

the radius and ulna

Front 52

The capitulum lies

Back 52

lateral to the trochlea

Front 53

The capitulum articulates with the

Back 53

radius only

Front 54

Epicondyles

Back 54

roughened surface on either side of the humeral condyle

Front 55

The lateral epicondyle is

Back 55

smaller and rounded

Front 56

The medial epicondyle is

Back 56

larger and squared off caudally

Front 57

The body of the humerus is

Back 57

concave caudally

Front 58

Brachial groove

Back 58

smooth surface starting just distal to the head on the lateral aspect of the bone, curving craniodistally

Front 59

supracondylar crest

Back 59

ridge starting in the distal third of the humerus running distally on the caudal surface to the lateral epicondyle

Front 60

Olecranon fossa

Back 60

depression on the caudal surface of the humerus between the supracondylar crest and the medial crest

Front 61

radial fossa

Back 61

small depression on the cranial distal extremity of the humerus

Front 62

Supratrochlear foramen is an

Back 62

opening in the bone between the radial and olecranon fossa

Front 63

antebrachium

Back 63

forearm

Front 64

antebrachium includes the

Back 64

radius and ulna and soft tissue that surrounds them.

Front 65

Radius is a

Back 65

slightly curved bone with few prominences or landmarks

Front 66

On cross section the radius is

Back 66

oval shaped

Front 67

Radius consists of

Back 67

2 extremities and a body

Front 68

Head of radius

Back 68

proximal extremity

Front 69

Fovea capitis

Back 69

articular surface of the radial head

Front 70

The fovea capitis articulates with the

Back 70

capitulum and trochlea of the humerus.

Front 71

The articular circumference

Back 71

band of articular surface on the caudal surface of the radius

Front 72

The articular circumference contacts the

Back 72

radial notch of the ulna

Front 73

Neck of radius

Back 73

narrowing just distal to the head

Front 74

Trochlea of radius

Back 74

distal extremity

Front 75

Trochle of radius articulates with the

Back 75

carpal bones distally and the ulna laterally.

Front 76

styloid process of the radius

Back 76

pointed projection on the medial side

Front 77

ulnar notch

Back 77

on caudolateral border

Front 78

The ulnar notch is

Back 78

smooth surface that articulates with the distal end of the ulna

Front 79

Most medial cranial groove on radius contains the

Back 79

abductor pollicis longus m.
runs obiquely over styloid process

Front 80

The middle groove of radius contains the

Back 80

extensor carpi
longest and widest groove

Front 81

Most lateral groove of radius contains the

Back 81

tendon of the digital extensor muscle

Front 82

The body of the radius has

Back 82

cranial and caudal surfaces and meidal and lateral borders.

Front 83

The roughened caudolateral surface of the radius

Back 83

is where the interosseous ligament attaches - runs between the radius and ulna.

Front 84

The ulna lies

Back 84

caudal to the radius in the proximal part of the antebrachium and lateral to the radius distally

Front 85

The large trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the

Back 85

radius

Front 86

the ulna distally articulates with the

Back 86

radius and carpal bones

Front 87

Olecranon

Back 87

proxiaml extremity of the ulna

Front 88

Olecranon functions as a

Back 88

lever arm for muscle attachment

Front 89

ruber olecrani

Back 89

proximal portion of the olecranon of the ulna

Front 90

Trochlear notch of ulna

Back 90

distal portion of the olecranon

Front 91

anconeal process

Back 91

sharp pointed process at proximal extent of of trochlear notch

Front 92

Medial and lateral coronoid process

Back 92

distal protion of the trochlear notch

Front 93

Medial coronoid process is the

Back 93

larger process of the 2.

Front 94

Radial notch

Back 94

curved surface between medial and lateral coronoid process.

Front 95

Roughened cranial border of ulna

Back 95

holds attachment of interosseous ligament

Front 96

styloid process of the ulna

Back 96

narrow pointed distal extremity of the ulan.

Front 97

The styloid process of the ulna articulates with

Back 97

the radius and the distal most portion with the carpal bones.

Front 98

The arterial supply to the forelimb is derived from the

Back 98

subclavian artery

Front 99

As the subclavian passes around the ______ and out of the _______ _______ it becomes the ________

Back 99

first rib
thoracic cavity
axillary artery

Front 100

Once the ______ artery passes the insertion of the _____ ____ and ___ ___ it becomes the ___ ____

Back 100

brachial artery

Front 101

_____ to the elbow the _____ ____ becomes the _____ ____

Back 101

brachial artery
median artery.

Front 102

The right subclavian gives off __ branches which supply the _______.

Back 102

First three dorsal and the ventral intercostal spaces, and deep and superficial stuctures of the neck

Front 103

Artery that arises from the subclavian artery and travels caudally on the dorsal surface of the sternum.

Back 103

Internal Thoracic Artery

Front 104

The first 2 branches of the axillary artery supply the

Back 104

superficial pectoral m. and cutaneus trunci m.

Front 105

The last major branch of the axillary artery is the

Back 105

subscapular artery

Front 106

The subscapular artery arises from the

Back 106

deep surface of the axillary artery and travels between the subscapularis and teres major muscles

Front 107

Branch of the subscapular artery

Back 107

thoracodorsal artery traveling caudally on the latissimus dorsi m.

Front 108

The ___ ____ ____ branches from the brachial artery on the _____ ______.

Back 108

deep brachial artery
caudal surface

Front 109

The deep brachial artery runs between the

Back 109

long and medial heads of the triceps brachii m.

Front 110

The deep brachial artery sends a branch, ___ ___ ___, to join the ____ ____.

Back 110

collateral ulnar artery
ulnar nerve

Front 111

The branch of the brachial artery that enters the interosseus space between radius and ulna is

Back 111

common interosseous artery

Front 112

The common interosseous artery branches into the

Back 112

cranial interosseous artery and caudal interosseous artery

Front 113

The cranial interosseous artery supplies the

Back 113

craniolateral muscles of the forearm

Front 114

The caudal interosseous artery supplies the

Back 114

palmar surface of the forepaw

Front 115

The median artery is the continuation of the ___ ____ after the ___ ____ ____ branches off.

Back 115

brachial artery
common interosseus artery

Front 116

The radial artery is a branch of the

Back 116

medial artery

Front 117

The radial artery travels along the _________ with the

Back 117

medial border of the radius
deep digital flexor muscle

Front 118

Distal to the carpus what 3 arteries join up?

Back 118

caudal interosseous, radial and median arteries and become the primary blood supply to the paw.

Front 119

The brachial plexus is the

Back 119

ventral branches of the 6th, 7th, and 8th cervical, and first 2 thoracic spinal nerves.

Front 120

The brachial plexus supplies the

Back 120

forearm

Front 121

The ____ ____ ___ innervates the superficial pectoral muscles

Back 121

cranial pectoral nerves

Front 122

What nerve innervates the deep pectoral muscle?

Back 122

caudal pectoral nerve

Front 123

What nerve passes lateral between the supraspinatus, and subscapular muscle?

Back 123

suprascapular nerve

Front 124

Nerve that passes deep to the acromion and enters the infraspinatus

Back 124

suprascapular nerve

Front 125

damage to this nerve can occur after trauma to the distal scapula.

Back 125

suprascapular nerve

Front 126

The primary sign of damage to the suprascapular nerve is a

Back 126

prominent spine of the scapula

Front 127

What nerve enters the subscapularis muscle?

Back 127

subscapular nerve

Front 128

What nerve travels distally between the biceps brachii and coracobrachialis muscle?

Back 128

musculocutaneous nerve

Front 129

The musculocutaneous nerve has both

Back 129

motor and sensory fibers.

Front 130

Proximally, the musculocutaneous nerve gives off

Back 130

a branch to the median nerve

Front 131

the musculocutaneous nerve gives off a ___ ___ to the ____ m.

Back 131

motor branch
brachialis m.

Front 132

The musculocutaneous nerve also gives off a ____ ____ deep to the _____m.

Back 132

sensory branch
biceps brachii m.

Front 133

The sensory branch of the musculocutaneous nerve recieves information from

Back 133

skin of the forearm as far distally as the carpus.

Front 134

axillary nerve runs between the

Back 134

subscapularis and teres major muscles.

Front 135

The axillary nerve innervates the

Back 135

subscapularis, teres major and minor, and deltoideus muscles.

Front 136

thoracodorsal nerve travels

Back 136

caudally on the medial surface of the latissimus dorsi muscle

Front 137

The thoracodorsal nerve travels with the

Back 137

thoracodorsal artery

Front 138

The median and ulnar nerves arise from a

Back 138

common trunk

Front 139

The median and ulnar nerves run distally caudal to

Back 139

the brachial vessels

Front 140

At the middle of the brachium the ___ ___ runs caudally and distally with the

Back 140

ulnar nerve
collateral ulnar artery

Front 141

The ulnar nerve passes between the

Back 141

olecranon and the medial epicondyle of the humerus

Front 142

The ulnar nerve distally runs deep to the

Back 142

flexor carpi ulnaris m.

Front 143

The ulnar nerve gives off a sensory branch that serves the

Back 143

caudal surface of the forearm

Front 144

The see the ulnar nerve you have to

Back 144

reflect the flexor carpi ulnaris

Front 145

The median nerve travels distally with the

Back 145

brachial and then median arteries

Front 146

The median nerve passes through the _____ and supplies the _____

Back 146

carpal canal
palmar surface of the paw

Front 147

The median and ulnar nerves supply the

Back 147

caudomedial mesucles of the antebrachium

Front 148

The radial nerve is the _____ nerve of the brachial plexus

Back 148

largest

Front 149

The radial nerve passes laterally between the

Back 149

long and medial heads of the triceps brachii m.

Front 150

The radial nerve supplies the muscles that

Back 150

extend the cubital joints

Front 151

Deep to the lateral head of the riceps brachii muscle, the radial nerve gives off the ___ ___ which____

Back 151

superficial branch
receives sensory information from the lateral and cranial forearm and dorsal paw.

Front 152

The deep branch of the radial nerve supplies the

Back 152

craniolateral muscles of the forearm

Front 153

The radial nerve supplies what 3 groups of muscles

Back 153

those that extend the cubital joint, and extend the carpal and digital joints

Front 154

The radial nerve passes between the

Back 154

teres major and triceps muscles

Front 155

If damage to the radial nerve occurs distal to branches of the triceps muscle the dog will not be able to

Back 155

extend carpal and digital joints

Front 156

If damage to radial nerve is proximal to the superficial and deep branches

Back 156

a los of sensation to craniolateral antebrachium and dorsal paw will occur.

Front 157

if damage is proximal to the branches of the triceps brachii m. the dog will not be able to

Back 157

bear weight on the limb.