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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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presentation of lactic acidosis, neurological symptoms, increased alanine
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pyruvate dehygroenase deficiency
(prominent neurological defects) |
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medullary sponge kidney can be seen how on x-ray, associated with what
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calcifications of medullary pyramids
associated with hyperparathyroidism, |
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UVJ common place for what to get caught
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renal stones
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which kidnfey is taken during renal transplantation, why?
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left, because it has a longer renal vein
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plasma volume measured by?
extracellular volume measured by? |
plasma volume- by radiolabeled albumin
extracellular volume- by inulin |
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Plasma osmolality equation
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2X [Na+] + [glucose]/18 + [BUN]/2.8
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site of secretion of organic anions and cations, what is driving force for each
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Proximal convuluted tubule
anions driven by alpha-ketoglutarate secretion and reabsorption on plasma intersitium side cation secretion driven by 3Na/2K+ transporter on interstitial side |
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segment responsible for diluting urine
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thik ascending loop
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how is bicarb reabsorbed in lumen
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H+ secreted into lumen
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how are phosphate, AAs, lactose, glucose all reabsorbed?
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with Na cotrnasporter in PCT
ALL REABSORPTION IN PCT IS DRIVEN BY Na/K ATPase (though isotonic) |
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know relative concentration graph p 462
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look
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what specific substances are absorbed/secreted in 1st part of PCT? 2nd part? 3rd part?
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1st- bicarb reabsorption with Na/H+ exchanger in lumen and carbonic anhydrase
2nd- cl- reasbsorption with Na/K ATPase and passive follow 3rd- organic anion (using alphaketoglutarate) and cation secretion |
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Calcium is reabsorbed under influence of PTH in what part of nephron?
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early Distal Convoluted Tubule
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2 types of intercalated cells
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A (secrete H+, A for acid)
B (secrete HC03, B for base) |
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what is aldosterone effect on intercalated cells?
what diuretics work on principle cells? what diuretics inhibit aldosterone binding? |
increases H+ secretion (A type), rest of effects on principle cells
K+ sparing diuretics (because principle cells secrete K+) only spironolactone and eplerenone |
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ethacrynic acid used when?
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as loop duretic when allergic to sulfonamides
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Furosemide side effects
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OH DANG
ototoxic hypokalemia! dehydration allergy (sulfa) Nephrotoxic (interstitial) Gout (hyperuricemia) |
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2 drugs that can cause a contraction metabolic alkalosis
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HCTZ, loops
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digoxin vs digitoxin maintenance is renal insufficiency
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must decrease digoxin dose (because excreted renally)
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hyperosmolarity does causes hypokalemia/hyperkalemia?
digitalis? heart failure? renal failure? |
hyperosmolarity- hyperkalemia (both up)
digitalis- hyperkalemia (can't pump back into cell) heart and renal failure cause hypokalemia (because on many diuretics) |
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what is most common cause of death in SLE?
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SLE nephropathy
diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (diffuse like SLE, has wire looping and granular appearance) |
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Nephritic syndromes:
lumpy-bumpy subendothelial mesangial deposits Split Basement Membrane |
lumpy-bumpy - poststreptococcal
subendothelial- diffuse proliferative (due to SLE) mesangial deposits- IgA nephropathy (after URI, gastroenteritis. can also present as H-S purpura) split basement membrane- Alport's |
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nerve disorders, deafness, ocular problems, nephritis
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Alports
(can't see, can't pee, can't hear) X-linked DOMINANT type 4 collagen |
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what is SLE's nephritis presentation? nephrotic presentation?
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nephritic- diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
nephrotic- MEMBRANOUS glomerulonphritis (spike and dome subepithelial deposits, can have deposits in subepithelium, subendothelial, mesangial) (SLE can also cause MPGN type 1, but Hep B more common) |
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minimal change disease has selective loss of
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albumin
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4 nephritic/nephrotic conditions associated with expansion of mesangium
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IgA glomerulopathy
Membranous glomerulonephritis Diabetic glomerulonephropathy Membranoproliferative glomerulonephropathy |
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2 glomerular structure changes seen in glomerulonephropathy?
why does GFR increase? |
increased Mesangium
thickened BM (from nonenzymatic glycosylation) GFR increases because of nonenzymatic glycosylation of efferent arteriole diabetic glomerulonephropathy IS NOT focal segmental glomerulosclerosis! |
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glomerulopathy:
glomerular sclerosis and hyalinosis seen in what patient population? |
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
seen in HIV PATIENTS (not diabetics) |
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4 nephropathies with granular appearance on IF
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membranous glomerulonephritis
(SLE nephrotic and tumors, infections, etc) diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (SLE nepritis and other causes) postreptococcal glomerulonephritis Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis |
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which nephropathy tied to Hep B? other associations?
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Membranoproliferative glomerulonephropthy type 1
"tram tacking" Hep C, SLE, bacterial endocarditis, cryoglobulinemia |
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3 nephropathies that cause hypocomplementemia
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lupus nephritis
MPGN type II poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis |
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nephropathy:
immune complex deposition with diffuse capillary thickening |
membranous glomerulonephritis
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nephropathy:
granular pattern of immune complex deposition, hypercellular glomeruli |
acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
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epithelial cell casts
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renal tubular damage
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fatty casts seen in
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nephrotic syndrome
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causes of calcium stones in kidney? (both particles)
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can be from calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate
calcium, cancer, high parathyroid activity, high vitamin D oxalate- high vitamin C intake, ethylene glycol |
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treat what 2 kidney stones with alkalinization?
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uric acid
cysteine |
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what kidney tumor has embryologic glomerular structures
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Wilm's tumor
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smoking is biggest risk factor for what two abdominal tumors
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Renal Cell Carcinoma
Transitional Cell Carcinoma |
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thyroidization of kidney occurs in what disease?
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chronic pyelonephritis
(because eosinophilic casts build up in tubules and distend them to look like colloid follicles |
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can present with blunting of calices and eosinophilic casts
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chronic pyelonephritis
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Acute Tubular necrosis causes:
3 drugs 1 doctor caused 1 breakdown |
aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, polymixins
IV contrast myoglobinuria |
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acetaminophen can cause what type of kidney damage
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renal papillary necrosis
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2 most common causes chronic renal failure
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HTN and diabetes
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3 substances highly raised in chronic renal failure
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hyperkalemia (most common cause of death in chronic kidney disease- arrhythmias from this)
uremia TGs (can cause pancreatits) |
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on sonogram, bilateral enlarged echogenic kidneys, absent or small bladder is what?
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Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
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transitional cell carcinoma risk factors
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Pee SAC
phenacitin smoking anilene cyclophosphamide |
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what chromosomal abnormality predisposes neonate to erythrocytosis at birth?
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Down syndrome
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what do eosinophils use to kill parasites?
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major basic protein
(this also damages bronchial epithelium in atopic asthma) |
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what are the A cells in joints?
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the macrophages of the joints
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