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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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COGNITION
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ALL MENTAL PROCESESS ASSOCIATED WITH PROCESSING, REMEMBERING,AND COMMUNICATING MEMORIES
EX: IF YOU WENT TO A COGNITIVE THERAPIST FOR YOUR STEALING PROBLEM, HE WOULD TRY TO CHANGE YOUR MIND BY SAYING: "TRY WORKING FOR MONEY IF YOU LIKE IT INSTEAD OF STEALING IT" |
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CONCEPT
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A MENTAL GROUPING OF SIMILAR OBJECTS,EVENTS,IDEAS,OR PEOPLE
EX: WHEN MR. BARLOW TELLS YOU TO SIT IN YOUR CHAIR, YOU DO SO,EVEN THOUGH YOU KNOW YOU REALLY HAVE A DESK. YOU HAVE A CONCEPT FOR WHERE AND WHAT YOUR SEAT IS AND YOU KNOW HE WANTS YOU TO SIT IN IT. |
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PROTOTYPE
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A MENTAL IMAGE OR BEST EXAMPLE OF A CATEGORY
ex: OUR PROTOTYPE OF BIRDS -- THAT THEY HAVE 2 LEGS AND CAN FLY -- ALLOW US TO CLASSIFY A ROBIN AND A DOVE AS A BIRD -- WHICH HAVE 2 LEGS AND CAN FLY. |
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ALGORITHM
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A STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE THAT GUARANTEES A SOLUTION
EX: AN ALGEBRA PROBLEM, SUCH AS 2X+4=8,WILL ALWAYS HAVE A SOLUTION AND THE STEPS YOU WOULD TAKE ARE FIRST, SUBTRACT 4 FROM BOTH SIDES,THEN DIVIDE BY TWO TO GET YOUR SOLUTION OF 2. |
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HEURISTIC
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A SIMPLE STRATEGY THAT ALLOWS US TO COME TO SOLUTIONS EFFICIENTLY
EX: HARRY USED TO DO A ROLLING STOP AT A STOP SIGN, BUT THEN HE GOT CAUGHT BY THE COP AND GOT A TICKET, SO NOW HE COMES TO A COMPLETE STOP |
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INSIGHT
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A SUDDEN FLASH OF INSPIRATION TO SOLVE A PROBLEM
EX: INGRID FINALLY FIGURED OUT THE ANSWER TO QUESTION TO AS IT SUDDENLY POPPED INTO HER HEAD AS SHE WAS DRIVING HOME AFTER THE TEST |
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CONFIRMATION BIAS
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SEARCHING FOR INFO THAT CONFIRMS YOUR BELIEFS,RATHER THAN THE TRUTH OR SOLUTION
EX: CINDY'S TEACHER TREATED HER UNFAIRLY AND GIVE HER UNFAIR GRADES BECAUSE SHE HAD HER BROTHER, BOB, THE PREVIOUS YEAR,AND BOB WAS A VERY BAD KID. CINDY'S TEACHER ASSUMED THAT CINDY WAS JUST AS BAD AS BOB,AND DIDN'T BOTHER TO SEE CINDY AS A GOOD STUDENT.INSTEAD, SHE FOCUSED ON THE TIME WHEN CINDY WAS TARDY TO CLASS ONCE ALL SEMESTER |
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FIXATION
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INABILITY TO ADOPT A NEW SOLUTION TO A PROBLEM
EX: FRED REALIZED HIS NEW COLOGNE ATTRACTS A LOT OF GIRLS,SO THAT'S ALL HE DOES WHEN HE WANTS TO GET A GIRL.HE FAILS TO REALIZE THAT HIS SENSE OF HUMOR AND HIS PERSONALITY ALSO WORK BECAUSE HE IS SET ON USING HIS COLOGNE AS A WEAPON OF ATTRACTION |
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REPRESENTATIVE HEURISTIC
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judging likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
ex: we will assume that a short, slim person is a scholar because he fits our prototype of a professor, but in reality he could be an athlete |
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FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS
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THE TENDENCY TO THINK OF THINGS ONLY IN TERMS OF THEIR USUAL FUNCTIONS
EX: FIONA SEARCHED ALL OVER THE HOUSE FOR A HAMMER TO PUT UP HER PICTURE, WHILE SHE COULD'VE JUST USED A BRICK TO DO THE SAME JOB. |
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AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
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ELIMINATING THE LIKELIHOOD OF EVENTS BASED ON THEIR AVAILABILITLY IN MEMORY
EX: ASHELY WAS IN NYC WHEN 9/11 ATTACKS HAPPENED,SO NOW SHE WON'T GO BACK TO NEW YORK AGAIN. |
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MENTAL SET
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THE TENDENCY TO APPROACH SITUATIONS IN THE SAME WAY BECAUSE IT WORKED IN THE PAST
EX: WHEN A CHILD APPROACHES A DOOR, HE PUSHES IT TO OPEN IT, BUT THEN HE COMES TO A DOOR THAT YOU CAN ONLY OPEN BY PULLING...EXCEPT HE'LL TRY TO PUSH IT OPEN BECAUSE HE HAS A MENTAL SET FOR OPENING DOORS BY PUSHING THEM |
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OVERCONFIDENCE
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TENDENCY TO BE MORE CONFIDENT THAN CORRECT
EX: CONNIE THOUGHT SHE WOULD DO OK ON HER MATH EXAM BECAUSE SHE SEEMED TO UNDERSTAND EVERYTHING IN CLASS...SO SHE DIDN'T BOTHER TO STUDY. THEN SHE FAILED. |
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FRAMING
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THE WAY A QUESTION OR STATEMENT IS WORDED BASED ON THE SITUATION AND MOOD
EX: YOUR PARENTS ARE HAPPY WITH YOU, AND THEY NEED YOU TO MOW THE LAWN. THEY COME UP TO YOUR ROOM AND GENTLY ASK "FRED, WILL YOU PLEASE DO US HUGE FAVOR AND MOW THE LAWN FOR US?" |
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BELIEF BIAS
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WHEN ONE'S PREEXISTING BELIEFS DISTORT LOGICAL REASONING
EX: "GOD IS LOVE,LOVE IS BLIND.RAY CHARLES IS BLIND SO RAY CHARLES IS GOD." |
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BELIEF PERSEVERANCE
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CLINGING TO ONE'S INITIAL CONCEPTION EVEN AFTER THE BASIS ON WHICH THEY WERE FORMED HAS BEEN DISCREDITED
EX: PATTY STILL BELIEVES THAT THE EARTH IS FLAT AND WON'T LET GO OF THIS IDEA EVEN WHEN THERE'S PLENTY OF EVIDENCE THAT IT IS ROUND |
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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THE SCIENCE OF DESIGNING COMPUTER SYSTEMS TO PERFORM OPERATIONS THAT ARE MIMIC HUMAN THINKING AND SO SMART THINGS
EX: PLAYING A GAME, SUCH AS CHECKERS,ONLINE WITH A COMPUTER... A COMPUTER IS MIMICKING THE WAY A HUMAN WOULD PLAY THIS GAME. |
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LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM
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OUR LANGUAGE DETERMINES THE WAY WE THINK
EX: LINDA IS A HOPI, SO THERE ARE SO WORDS IN THE PAST TENSE IN HER LANGUAGE, THEREFORE, LINDA DOESN'T SPEAK IN THE PAST, SO SHE CAN'T THINK OF THE PAST |
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thinking
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mental activities used to reason or reflect
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directed thinking
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includes thought processes like reasoning, decision making, and problem solving
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autistic thinking
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fantasizing and day dreaming
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mental representations
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representations of knowledge and thought
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analogical representations
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representation has some qualities of what it represents
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symbolic represention
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representation has none of the qualities of what is represents
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visual imagery
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representations of sensory experience that occurs in the brain, w/o the presence of sensory input
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concept formation
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mentally classifying objects and events based on common features
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concept
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class or category w/ individuals or subtypes (birds)
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prototype
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best example of a concept (sparrow)
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decision making
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the process of choosing between options
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framing
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the way a problem is posed affects the perception of how its solved
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reasoning
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determining the conclusions that can be drawn from examples of assertions
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inductive reasoning
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constructing conclusions from particular examples
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deductive reasoing
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deciding whether a conclusion can be drawn from premises or facts
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