Things To Know

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Thromboxanes

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(thromboxane A2 or TXA2 for short) are found in the platelet an facilitate platelet aggregation, which eventually leads to clot formation. thromboxanes also cause vessels to constrict

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Prostacyclins are found in

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are found in the secllls lining blood vessels (vascular endothelial cells) and inhibit platelet aggregation. THey also cause vasodilation.

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Prostanoids of the lung

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Prostanoids in the bronchioles have a protective function, and keep the airways open. They are bronchodilatory.

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prostionoids in the cells lining the stomach are

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cytoprotective- they protect the stomach lining from gastric acid

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drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system are useful in the therapy of

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hypertension, hypotension, angina, and arrhythmias. Most of the drugs prescribed are inhibitors of the sympathetic portion of the ANS, either directly or indirectly.

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Calcium channel blockers- These drugs have a variety of actions and are useful in the therapy of

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hypertension, angina,arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure. Depending on the class of calcium channel blocker, these drugs may incrase cardiac output and/or decrease the work of the heart.

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ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers

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decrease levels or activity of the potent vasoconstrictor angotensin II and are useful in congestive heart failure and hypertension.

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vasodilators

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dilate veins and increase myocardial perfusion. they are useful in the therapy af angina

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venodilators

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dialate veins and increase myocardial perfusion. THey are useful in the therapy of angina

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Inotropic agents

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increase the strength of contracion of the heart muscle and are used in congestive heart failure (CHF).

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Diuretics

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are agents that act at the level of the kidney to lower plasma (fluid) volume. They are useful in the therapy of hypertension, CHF, and angina.

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Drugs that affect the ANS include:

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Beta Receptor blockers;alpha receptor blockers; alpha receptor agonists; beta receptor agonists; muscarinic receptor antagonists; muscarinic receptor agonists

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alpha methyl dopa is termed an

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indirect agonist. It is a pro drug. It must be taken into the adrenegic nerve terminal and converted into alpha methyl norepinephrine,which is a potent alpha 2 receptor agonist.

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When the "gram stain" enters the cell wall ther bacteria is refered to as

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Gram Positive

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If the "gram stain" doesn't enter the cell wall the bacteria are classified as

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Gram negative

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Antibiotics are generally most effective against gram...

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Postitive organism organisms

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A drug that is effective against both G- and G+ orgnanisms is called

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Broad spectrum antibiotic

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Antibiotics that kill immediatley are refered to as

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bacteriocidal

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Viruses are

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very simple organisms that consist of a strand of DNA or RNA, inside of a protein shell or "coat" viruses have no means of generating energy or of self replicatioin. they must use a cellular host in order to replicate. Basically, the virus comes in contact with a suitable host cell, attaches to it, and "injects" its DNA or RNA into the cell. It then uses the organelles of the host cell to make new protein coats and DNA or RNA strands and as more and more of these small viruses (called "virions") are formed, the cell eventually bursts (lyses), releasing the viruses to the circulation. The newly formed viruses repeat the process, and a viral infection is begun.

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The AIDS virus is a very different kind of virus called a

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retrovirus. This virus attaches to specific receptors on its host cell, the T-lymphocyte. Like an ordinary virus, it attaches and injects its TNA into the cell. THe cell then makes viral DNA from the RNA, which then becomes incorporated into the DNA of the host cell. When the host cell replicates, the gene for the AIDS virus is replicated along with it.

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'Cell cycle specific chemotherapy agent

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Meaning that the activity of these agents occurs only in one specific phase of the cell cycle (prophase, if the drug interferes with the formation of DNA, metaphase if a drug inhibits the formation of mitotic spindles

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Chemotheraputic agents that are non-cell cycle specific

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may act at any place in the cell cycle. This results in increaed efficacy, as the drug can act of more cells.

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Cancer chemotherapeutics may often be administered

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through a catheter

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The encocrine system is a system of glands, which secrete chemical substances (hormones) into the blood. There are two classes of hormones

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Peptide hormones, whcih are essentially small proteins, and steroid hormones, whcih are lipid in nature. The majority of peptide hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary, with the exception of insulin and glucagon, which are secreted from islet cells in the pancreas

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Diabetes Mellitus results from a lack of insulin effects. It may arise from two causes:

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1. Lack of insulin. This is termed Type I diabetes and results from too little insulin being secreted. This condition can either result from chemical toxicity or have a genetic basis and is treated with daily injections of insulin

2. Type II diabetes results from a lack of functional insulin receptors. Insulin is secreted in response to a food stimulus. If a person secretes too much insulin, the receptors may compennsate by desensitizing or decreasing in number (:down regulation") with time. Teceptors may also be genetically defective. This type of diabetes is treated with drugs that may increase the sensitivity of the receptors, or slow carbohydratre absorption, etc. Administartion of insulin is not appropriate for these patients

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type I diabetes is treated with

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insulin Injections. Insulin is injected subcutaneously, using an insulin syringe and attached 30G needle.

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Insulin may be extracted from

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Pork Pancreas (pork insulin), or made by splicing human genes into bacteria, which then make insulin ('cloned human insulin)

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complexing of the insulin with

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zinc or protamine (a protien) will increase the duration of action of the insulin, as the insulin must be chopped off of the complex before it can be used ( this complexing is like making a storage form, from which the insulin can be extraced as needed.

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Forms of Insulin available:

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Regular Insulin: very fast onsset, ultra short duration

Insulin + zinc; fast onset, short to intermediate duration of action

Inslin = protamine: intermediate onset, longer duration ( this is termed "semilente" insulin)

Insulin = protamine and zinc: delayed onset, long duration ( this is termed "ultralente" insulin)

Mixtures:

Mixing semilente + ultralente insulins ( 30%:70%) produces lente insulin

Mixing ultralente and regular insulin in 75;25 ratio approximates the nromal onset and dration of insulin produced by the body. advantages to this mixture: rapid onset and long duration

Note: complexed insulin, such as NPH insulin, is not useful in a crisis situation (diabetic coma) as the onset is delayed... a rapid acting insulin (insulin aspart or normal insulin) must be used

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Thyroid disorders may result from

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too little thyroid hormone being produced (hypothyroidism) or too much being produced (hyperthyroidism)

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hypothyroidism is treated wiht the

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administration of thyroid hormone, Purified (or synthetic) thyroid hormone is now used, whcih is of known composition and activity. Desiccated thyroid from natural sources (pork) is no longer used, as the composition is too variable and the pharmacological results are unpredictable

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Recall that thyroid hormones are made from a large polymer molecule called

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thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin within the thyroid follicle is exposed to free iodine and iodinated, then chopped up into tyrosyl residues.

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there are two possible mechanisms of action of hyperthyroid agents:

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1) to inhibit the recycling of thyroglobulin, so that the supply of thyroglobulin eventually runs out; and 2) to inhibit the incorporation of iodide into the thyroglobulin (iodide trapping). The majority of drugs in use today inhibit the incorporation of iodide inot thyroglobulin.. These drugs can cause drug interactions, due to a high degree of plasma protein binding.