Thermodynamics Notes + Equations

Front 1

1st Law of thermodynamics

Equation*

Back 1

∆U=Q-W

U (Change in internal energy) Q (Heat added) W (Work done by system)

Front 2

1st Law of thermodynamics #2

Back 2

States Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Aka the conservation of energy, States the change in internal energy of a system energy transfer.

Front 3

Entrophy

Back 3

Disorder or a system, always decreasing.

Front 4

Rate Law or Rate Equation

Back 4

V= K (A) × (B) y

Mathematical expression for the reaction of a given reaction

Front 5

Isothermal process

Back 5

Temp remains constant, Pressure and Volume of ideal gas exchange.

∆T=O

Front 6

Adiabatic Expression

Back 6

Q=O

Exchanges no heat with it's surroundings

Front 7

Pressure in thermodynamics

Back 7

PV=nRT

P (Power - V(Volume - n(Amount of substance - R(Ideal gas constant - T(Temperature

Front 8

Standard Temp pressure

Back 8

V=nRT/P

V (Volume - n(Moles - R(Ideal gas constant - T( temperature - P(Pressure

Front 9

Heat transferred (Kinetic Energy) From one system to another

Back 9

Q=C×M×∆T

Q(Heat supplied by the system - C(Specific heat capacity of the system - M(Mass of the system - ∆( Change in the Temp of the system

Front 10

Heat Capacity ( Moler heat Capacity )

Back 10

Amount of heat is required to raise the temp of a mole of material by 1°c

Front 11

Specific heat of Water

Back 11

4.184 ( J/gk)

Jules/g_Kelvin

Front 12

Specific heat formula

Back 12

Q=MC∆T

Front 13

Conduction Formula

Back 13

Transfer of heat from one place to another due to the movement of fluid.

*One of the three ways that heat energy moves from place to place.

Q/t=KA ( T1 - T2 )

D

Q/t (Rate of Heat transfer - K(Thermal activity - A(Area of surface - T1 & T2( Is the temperature difference

Front 14

Heat is

Back 14

Thermal energy

Front 15

Energy is

Back 15

One of the fundamental concepts of Physics

Front 16

International system of Units

Back 16

SI

Front 17

Avogadro's Number

Back 17

An SI defining constant.

Number of particles per mole exact Value of

6.02214 × 10 ^23

Front 18

Q change when heat is added or removed from a system

Back 18

Added Q>O

Removed Q<O

Gas gains/loses energy when work is positive/Negative

Front 19

The Value of the Mole

Back 19

Is equal to the number of Atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure carbon

12g Carbon=1 Mol ......Carbon Atoms = 6.022×10^23

Front 20

Normality and Molarity

Back 20

Normality - Used to measure the concentration of a solution.

Molarity - Molar concentration measure of concentration of a chemical species. Mole per litre.

N=M*N

N ( Moles of reactive species )

Number of gram or mole equivalent of solute which are present in one litre of a solution.

Front 21

Partially Constructive Interference

Back 21

Any kind of interference that is not completely constructive or completely destructive.

Front 22

Destructive interference

Back 22

Two waves length overlap in such a way that they cancel each other out. They add up to zero everywhere.

Front 23

Superposition

Back 23

The addition of individual waves to obtain the total effect.

Can only occur with waves of the same type, such as water,sound, light, or waves on a string

Front 24

Interference

Back 24

Main application of superposition for waves, two Coherent waves combined by adding their intensities

Front 25

Linear expression

Back 25

Process of writing linear expressions in their most compact forms, and simplest forms.

X + 4 - 2

Because X is also a representation of X1, the moment there is such a thing as X2. It ceases to be a linear expression.

Front 26

Volume Expression

Back 26

Mathematical equation used to find the total space occupied by a 3d object.

a×a×a=a3, Volume of a cube where a is the length of the side of the cube

Front 27

Sound waves

Back 27

Pattern of disturbance caused by the movement of energy traveling through a medium

Frequency - pitch, amplitude, loudness.

Measured in hertz

Front 28

Hydrostatic process

Back 28

The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at any point of time due to the force of gravity.

P= PO + Pgz

PO : Pressure at surface - P : Density

g : Gravity - z: Depth

Front 29

Gauge Pressure

Back 29

Ignores atmospheric pressure positive for pressure above atmospheric pressure and negative for pressure below it.

Front 30

Systolic pressure

Back 30

Maximum blood pressure

Front 31

Diastolic pressure

Back 31

Minimum blood pressure

Front 32

Atmospheric pressure

Back 32

Is the force per unit area exerted by the weight of the atmosphere. Also known as air pressure, is the pressure within the atmosphere of the earth.

adds to blood pressure in every part of the circulatory system.

Front 33

Pascals principle

Back 33

Absolute pressure ( Total pressure ) - Is the sum of gauge Pressure and atmospheric pressure.

P abs = Pg + Patm

Front 34

Buoyancy

Back 34

Mass of a floating object, capacity to remain afloat in a liquid or rise in air or gas.

Archimedes principle

Fb = PA

Fb-( Buoyant force ) P-( pressure) A-( area )

Front 35

Relative density

Back 35

Sometimes called specific gravity, it's a dimensionless quantity defined as the ratio of the density ( mass of a unit volume ) of a substance to the density of a given reference material

Nearly always measured with respect to water

Front 36

0th Law of thermodynamics

Back 36

If A is equilibrium with B and B is equilibrium with C then A is equilibrium with C

Front 37

Law of conservation

Back 37

In a isolated system, mass is neither created nor destroyed

Front 38

2nd Law of thermodynamics

Back 38

Physical base law ( based on universal empirical observation ) simple statement; heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions.

Example: if you bring a hot object into contact with a cold object, the hot object cools down and the cold object heats up until equilibrium is reached.

The Entrophy of the entire solar system increases over time

Front 39

Impulse

Back 39

A certain amount of force you apply for a certain amount of time to cause a change in momentum

∆p=F∆t

∆p- change in momentum

F- force applied

∆t- elapsed time

Front 40

Elastic Collisions

Back 40

Is a collision in which there is no net loss of kinetic energy in the system as a result of the collision.

* If the kinetic energy is the same, then the collision is elastic.

Front 41

Inelastic collisions

Back 41

A collision in which there is some amount of kinetic energy loss.

Example: car accident of two vehicles

Front 42

Total elastic Collisions

Back 42

When two masses hit and they stick together.

Front 43

Work

Back 43

Energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an external force.

Front 44

Power Equation

Back 44

P = W/∆t

P- Power

W-Work

∆t- elapsed time

Amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time.

Front 45

Distance equation

Back 45

D=VT

Displacement traveled by an object motion...given its Velocity and Time

D- Distance

V- Velocity

T- Time

Front 46

Co efficient of kinetic friction

Back 46

Unitless numbers that are used to calculate static and kinetic friction forces. Acts on a moving object.

FK=μkFn

Front 47

Centripetal acceleration

Back 47

The property of the motion of an object transversing a circular path

a© = V2/r

a© = Acceleration

V = Velocity

r = Radius

Front 48

Centripetal Force

Back 48

A net force that acts on an object to keep it moving along a circular path.

F© = mv2/r

F© = centripetal Force

m= Mass

v = Velocity

r = radius

Front 49

Rotational equilibrium

Back 49

It's Angular velocity is constant, the object is at rest or moving at a constant Angular velocity.

Sum of Torque = 0

Clockwise rotation = Negative torque

Counter clockwise rotation= Positive torque rotation

Front 50

Potential energy

Back 50

Energy that is stored in an object due to its position or condition. It is not a force but it can be converted into Kinetic energy

Example: a rubber band being stretched out, water sitting behind a dam.

U=mgh

U - Gravitational potential energy

M - calculated based on the Mass of the object

G - gravitational acceleration constant

H - Height above the ground

Front 51

Kinetic energy

Back 51

Energy of an object that it possesses due to its motion

1/2mv2

m- mass

v- velocity

Front 52

Mechanical Energy

Back 52

Is the sum of kinetic and potential energy

E=U+K

E - Mechanical energy

U - Potential energy

K - Kinetic energy

Example: moving car, a swinging pendulum, a spinning top.

Front 53

Work done in Isochoric process/ Isovolumetric process/ Constant pressure

Back 53

W=P∆V

W=P (V2-V1)

Volume remaining constant but Temp and pressure change according to the process

Front 54

Constructive Interference

Back 54

A way of which sinusoidal functions can add.

-Ex. Speakers facing each other, the disturbances produce a wave that has twice the amplitude of the individual waves

Front 55

3rd law of thermodynamics

Back 55

States that a perfect crystal at zero Kelvin ( absolute zero ) has zero Entrophy. It's where all motion stops on a molecular level

Front 56

Momentum

Back 56

P=MV

P- momentum

M-mass

V-Velocity

( Quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity )

Front 57

Coefficient of static friction

Back 57

Measure for the amount of friction between two surfaces, explained as the ratio between the frictional Force and the normal force,

In order for motion to take place static Coefficient must be overcome.

The typical range is 0.6 - 08

Equation: μ=F/N

F- ( frictional force for sliding friction ) μ- ( the Coefficient force ) N ( Normal force )