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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Generation, distribution, use |
Three functions of energy that thermodynamics plays a significant role in |
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thermal, electrical, nuclear, renewable |
4 types of energy that thermodynamics effects |
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A system to heat water and transform it into high-temperature steam; a turbine engine to convert the steam to electricty |
What features are shared between different types of powerplants |
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heat, internal or thermal energy, mechanical energy |
What does thermodynamics "connect" |
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the energy contained within the lattice structure of an object |
What is the "simplest" way to describe temperature? |
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Solid, liquid, gas, plasma |
Four different states of matter |
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How fast the atoms or molecules move |
What does temperature measure in substances? |
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6 million degrees Kelvin or Celsius |
What is the temperature of the sun? |
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Hydrogen ions fuse into helium ions |
What transformation process of atoms takes place on the sun? |
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4 K (-269 C) |
What temperature Helium gas has molecules that move extremely slowly |
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equilibrium |
What state have two objects reached when they have come into contact with each other and have adjusted their temperatures to be equal |
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Higher pressure (in a closed container) |
Higher temperature of a gas = |
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Lattices |
What are arrays of atoms within a solid known as? |
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Throughout their specific lattice |
Where can atoms and molecules move within a solid? |
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oscillate |
The lattices within an object ______________ in accordance with how energetic they are |
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Linear or volume |
What dimensions of a solid can change as temperature increases? |
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thermal expansion |
The process of a solid increasing in size because of a temperature increase is known as |
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amplitude |
The _______________ of vibration of atoms or molecules increases |
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Their lowest possible state |
What energy state do particles want to reach? |
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Proximity |
What must two objects have in common to transfer heat? |
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Thermal contact |
What is the proximity of two objects that allows heat transfer called |
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conduction, convection, radiation |
Three types of energy transfer that objects in thermal contact are subject to |
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conduction |
What is the direct transfer of energy from one particle to another |
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Convection |
What is a change in temperature via the movement of fluids over a surface |
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radiation |
What is photon emission to dissipate energy |
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1818-89 |
What years did James P. Joule live? |
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Adding heat to it, doing work on it |
What two things can increase the temperature of a system? |
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Two weights vertically aligned to pulleys, attached to a rotating shaft, and at the base of the shaft was a set of paddles in a thermally insulated chamber of water. |
What did Joule's experiment to prove that work done on a system increases its temperature entail? |
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4.184J |
How many joules of energy does it take to increase the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C |
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The change in energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat added to the system and the work done on that system. |
What does the first law of thermodynamics state |
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Energy is conserved |
What is a simplified version of the first law of thermodynamics? |
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Space between their individual particles |
What do gases have more of than solids and liquids |
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1776-1856 |
What years did Amedeo Avogadro live? |
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That the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of atoms in that gas, as long as the temperature and pressure are known |
What did Avogadro postulate |
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6.022x10^23 mol^-1 |
What number is Avogadro's number? |
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The number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 isotope |
What measurement is Avogadro's number |
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Inverse mole, or per mole |
What does mol^-1 mean? |
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Divide the number of molecules in that substance by Avogadro's number |
How does one calculate moles of a substance? |
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No forces between the molecules, and the size of the molecules is exceedingly small as compared to the distance between the molecules |
What are the restrictions on an ideal gas? |
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Nitrogen, oxygen, CO2, Noble gases |
What gases are closest to idea? |
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volume, pressure, number of molecules, temperature |
The _______________ and _______________ of a gas are directly proportional to the _________________________ and _________________ |
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PV = NkT |
What is the ideal gas law equation? |
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P = pressure, V = volume, N = total number of gas molecules, k = Boltzmann's constant, T = temperature (in K) |
What does PV = NkT stand for? |
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PV = nRT |
What other formula is used for the ideal gas law? (this one is used in AP chem) |
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n = number of moles, R = the gas constant |
What do the n and R stand for in PV=nRT? |
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oxygen, nitrogen, CO2 |
What mixture of gas composes Earth's atmosphere? |
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Nitrogen gas, N2 |
What is the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere |
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0 |
There is interaction between molecules with _________ net charge |
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jiggle and vibrate constantly and create electric dipoles |
What do molecules do that cause them to have attractions? |
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van der Waals forces (molecular forces) |
What are the interactions between particles called? |
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K = (3/2)kT |
What formula represents the average kinetic energy of a molecule of a gas? |
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The number of molecules of the gas |
What does one multiply the average kinetic energy of a single molecule of the gas by to find the expression for the internal energy of an ideal gas? |
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E = (3/2)nRT |
What is the expression for the internal energy of the ideal gas? |
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Gases move in three dimensions |
Why is there a 3 in the ideal gas internal energy equation? |
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The average kinetic energy is multiplied by the degree of freedom of molecules of the gas |
What does the equipartition theorem state? |
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A relationship between the average kinetic energy to the square of the average velocity of a molecule of the gas |
What is the root-mean-squared velocity? |
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V(rms) = sqrt(3RT/M) |
What is the equation for the root-mean-squared (RMS) velocity |
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Molar mass of the gas |
What does M stand for in sqrt(3RT/M) |
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several hundred to over a thousand meters per second |
How fast does an individual gas molecule move? |
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The average distance a molecule of a gas travels without collisions |
What is the mean free path of a molecule |
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Average velocity of the particles divided by the number of collisions for an interval of time |
What does the mean free path equal? |
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Which processes are allowed and which ones are not when energy is being used |
What does the second law of thermodynamics describe? |
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Rudolf Clausius |
Which renowned physicist interpreted the second law of thermodynamics? |
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1822-88 |
When did Rudolf Clausius live? |
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A process whose only net result is to absorb heat from a cold reservoir and release the same amount of heat to a hot reservoir is impossible |
How did Rudolf Clausius interpret the second law of thermodynamics? |
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Entropy |
What can be observed in a system to generalize the second law of thermodynamics |
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The number of ways a system can be arranged |
What is entropy |
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The disorder of a system |
What is a simplified definition of entropy? |
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Heat added to a system divided by the temperature of a system |
How did Clausius define changes in entropy |
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increase, decrease |
An isolated system's entropy might not _______________, but it certainly will not ________________ |
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It has increased |
If we act upon an isolated system, and it's entropy does not increase, what has happened to our own entropy? |
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Increasing |
The total entropy of the Universe is always ____________ |
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time |
Entropy is like an arrow which points in the direction of _________ |
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Internal combustion engines |
What type of engines are used in cars? |
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Adiabatic |
What types of expansion do internal combustion engines undergo? |
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Does not transfer much heat to the surrounding system |
What does adiabatic mean? |
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The piston |
Where is the pressure caused by expansion in an internal combustion engine applied? |
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To apply the necessary power to a system to get it to do as much work as possible |
What is the goal of a heat engine? |
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Take heat from a part of a system with a low temperature to a region with a higher temperature |
What do refrigerators do (technically) |
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A compressor |
What is used to create regions of low and high pressure in a system of coils with a fluid or gas in them? |
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Energy is lost because the system is not completely isolated |
Why are engines and refrigerators inefficient |
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The ratio of the work done by the engine to the heat put into the engine |
How is efficiency of a system measured for heat engines? |
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1- (Temperature at the end of a process or Ql / Heat put into the system Qh) |
What equation represents the efficiency of a heat engine? |
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The ratio of the total heat removed by the refrigerator and the work done to remove that heat. |
How can a refrigerator's efficiency be defined? |
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e = Ql/(Qh-Ql) |
What equation represents the efficiency of a refrigerator? |
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British Chancellor of the Exchequer, "I do not know Sir, but one day you may tax it" |
Who asked Michael Faraday "What is the practical value of electricity?" and how did Faraday respond? |
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1791-1867 |
When did Michael Faraday live? |
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Minister of finance |
What is the modern equivalent of the Chancellor of Exchequer |
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Electrochemical signals are transferred throughout the body |
How does the human body use electricity? |
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Electron |
What type of negatively charged particle orbits the nucleus of the atom? |
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Repel each other |
What do two similarly charged particles do? |
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Attract each other |
What do two oppositely charged particles do? |
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Coulomb force |
What is another name for "electrostatic force" |
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F = Kc( (q1*q2)/r^2) |
What equation represents the electrostatic force of two particles? |
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q1 = the charge of interacting particle 1, q2 = the charge of interacting particle 2, Kc is a constant, r is the distance between the two particles |
What do q1,q2,Kc, and r mean in the electrostatic force equation? |
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Vector quantity |
What type of quantity is the electrostatic force? |
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James Clerk Maxwell |
Which Scottish mathematical physicist contributed to the understanding of electrodynamics? |
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1831-79 |
When did Maxwell live? |
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Gauss's law, Gauss's law for magnetism, Faraday's law, and Ampere's law |
Which laws did Maxwell combine into a coherent set? |
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The electric field as long as charge distribution is known |
What did Gauss's law and Faraday's law describe? |
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Magnetic field |
What did Ampere's law and Gauss's law of magnetism describe? |
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diverges, magnetic current |
An electric field always ____________ from a positive charge and a ___________ field curls around a __________ |
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The force acting on a particle, its charge, the electric field, the magnetic field, and the velocity of that particle. |
What does the simplest form of the laws of magnetism and electricity focus on? |
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F = Q(E + v * B) |
What is the Lorentz force equation? |
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Q = Charge, v = velocity, E = electric field, B = magnetic field |
What do Q, E, v, and B stand for in the Lorentz equation |
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A changing magnetic field induces an electric field |
What does Faraday's law state? |
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Electromotive force |
What is emf? |
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A loop or wire called a rotor |
What moves around a magnetic field in an electricity generator? |
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North and South (N and S) |
What two poles do most magnets have? |
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Spin magnets with a conducting coil in the center |
What is an alternative way to produce electricity without steam turbines? |
