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356 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a fluid filled structure on the ovary that contains the soon to be ovulated oocyte?
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follicle
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A corpus luteum is a previously ovulated follicle in which cells convert from ____ production to _____ productions under the influence of LH.
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estrogen to progesterone
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____ is produced by follicular granulosal cells.
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Estrogen
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What are some of the clinical signs associated with Estrogen?
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standing behavior, cervix opens, moistened vagina, thickened vaginal epithelium, increased immune protection of the uterus
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Progesterone is produced by the ____.
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Corpus luteum
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what hormone is responsible for closing the cervix, drying the vagina, and stimulating glandular development of the uterus?
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progesterone
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Where do LH and FSH originate?
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Anterior pituitary
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What female reproductive hormones are made in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary?
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oxytocin
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Hormone responsible for smooth muscle contraction (uterus) and milk letdown.
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oxytocin
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prolactin is responsible for general maternal behavior as well as the specific function of _____.
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lactation
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What hormone supports the CLs in queens and bitches?
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prolactin
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These hormones are based on the steroid molecule.
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*estrogen, testosterone, progesterone
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protein hormones can be made of protein, ___, or ____.
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peptide
glycoprotein |
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Prolactin, LH, FSH, Oxytocin, hcG, eCG, and GnRH are all ____.
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protein hormones
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Prostaglandins are based on _____ molecule.
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C-20 Fatty acid
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Function of Oxytocin.
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myometrial contraction
milk letdown |
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prostaglandin F2 alpha can be used to induce parturition or ovulation. these actions are based on the actions ____ and ____ respectively
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parturition: smooth muscle contraction
ovulation: luteolysis *Smooth muscle contraction is not limited to the uterus and can cause panting, vomiting, defecation. etc. |
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Prostaglandin E2 is used to ____.
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relax the cervix
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this hormone acts like LH and can be harvested from pregnant women's urine or endometrial cups of the equine placenta
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hCG, eCG
*in the mare eCG acts like LH, but in other species it acts like FSH |
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GnRH causes release of ___ from the ___.
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LH from the pituitary
*cystorelin, deslorelin |
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____ can be used to treat cystic ovarian disease in cattle.
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GnRH
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GnRH causes an increase in ____ in males.
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testosterone
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____ is used to superovulate cows for embryo transfer
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FSH
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____ induces fertile heat in bitches.
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Estrogen
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____ quiets uterine motility.
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Progesterone
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_____ can be used to induce negative feedback on pituitary gland for estrous control or to stop lactation.
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Testosterone
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What is the pharmacologic function (ie: receptor agonist/antagonist) of prolactin inhibitors?
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Dopamine agonists
*used to ABORT bitches or stop lactation |
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What would a Dopamine antagonist do to a mare that just foaled?
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stimulate lactation
*good for mares with fescue toxicosis (metoclopramide) |
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Theriogenology literally means
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study of the beginning of the beasts
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what are the gonadotropins in the female?
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LH and FSH
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Gonadotropins are low and estrogens are high during what phase of estrous?
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proestrus
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what is interestrous? and how long should it be?
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time from the beginning of one estrus to the beginning of the next estrus
min 4 mo max 12 mo |
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what happens during during interestrous?
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desquamation and repair of the endometrium
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A client has a rottweiler that didn't take on her first breeding she short cycles and comes back into heat in 2 months. Will she get pregnant?
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no. interestrous must be a minimum of 120 days in order for the uterus to accept a pregnancy... at 60 days the bitch is infertile
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what breed normally cycles only once a year?
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Basenji
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This phase of estrous is characterized by turgid swelling of the vulva and a hemorrhagic discharge. There is also a shift in the vaginal cytology from stratified squamous to cornified stratified squamous.
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Proestrus
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How do you know when proestrus ends and estrus begins?
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the bitch becomes positive/accepting of the dog for breeding
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where do the RBCs seen during proestrus and estrus come from?
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diapedesis through the uterine wall
*amount varies depending on the individual |
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proestrus generally lasts ____days.
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7-9
*full range is 2-21 days |
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T/F: Estrus ends when the vulva goes from turgid to soft and discharge goes from bloody to pink/straw colored.
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False: this is the beginning of estrus
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T/F: the presence of bacteria in large numbers is not significant in normal bitches having a normal cycle.
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True
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___ and ____ peak at the beginning of estrus to induce ovulation.
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LH and FSH
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There are "two rises" in the progesterone peak. Which one is associated with the LH peak?
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First progesterone peak is associated with the ovulatory LH peak.
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T/F: Both Estrogen and Progesterone are required for standing behavior.
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True
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What is the average length of estrus in the canine?
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7-9 days
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___ phase begins when the bitch will no longer accept the male dog for breeding.
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Diestrus
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This phase of canine estrous is identical in length to a pregnancy term... What is the phase and how long is it?
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Diestrus
60 days |
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T/F: Pseudopregnancy is normal in bitches and occurs after every estrus if the bitch is not bred.
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True
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Why do no whelping bitches lactate occasionally?
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wolf heritage--> only one alpha bitch would breed, but others would lactate for the pups in case the whelping alpha bitch died.
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when does mammary development and lactation occur?
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at the end of diestrus
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T/F: the vagina should be free of WBCs by the beginning of diestrus.
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False. WBCs are reappearing in large numbers in early diestrus.
*this is not an inflammatory process |
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Diestrus begins with a rapid rise in progesterone which peaks at ____ and tapers off for the next _____days.
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peak = 21 d
tapers= for the next 40-60dayas |
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Progesterone drops dramatically at the end of diestrus. Why?
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Initiation of parturition
* progesterone tapers off more gradually in pseudopregnant bitches |
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______ rises in response to the decreasing progesterone levels.
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Prolactin
*present and necessary during the luteal phase |
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What are prolactin inhibitors used for?
(think: Prolactin is luteotropic) |
get rid of a CL
-- this causes progesterone levels to fall and the pregnancy to fail |
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T/F: Cats are nonseasonal breeders. This is why we have so MANY!
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False.
Cats are seasonal breeders. however, inside cats that are exposed to long hours of light might cycle year round. |
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Decreasing/Increasing daylight hours stimulate the queen to cycle.
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increasing
*cats have winter anestrus |
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What is proestrus like in the queen?
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poorly defined
may exhibit increased activity, vocalization, social as estrogen levels rise |
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Ms. Crusty Cranky Cat Lady brings in her prized himalayan kitty beautifus who she's trying to breed. She read about vaginal cornflakes on wikipedia and wants you to do a cytology on beautifus' vajayjay to know if she's coming into heat. what do u say?
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NOOOOO!
* queens are induced ovulators. this is too risky |
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Corina just got her first cat. Adopted from the Dumpster down the road. She's only had the cat a few weeks and all of the sudden the cat seems to have some neurological issues and is very vocal. What is wrong with the cat?
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She's in heat. Estrogen is responsible for behaviors--> rolling, treading with hind legs...
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How many breedings are required to ensure 100% ovulation in the feline? Why?
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4+
LH is released from the pituitary in response to copulation. |
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Postestrus (aka interestrus) occurs in the Cat if she does not ovulate. What are the hormone levels during postestrus?
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No estrogen
no progesterone |
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How long is postestrus in cats that do not ovulate?
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8-10 days
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If the queen ovulates during estrus, what phase follows?
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Diestrus
*luteal phase last ~63 days |
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What happens if the queens is induced to ovulate but does not become pregnatnt?
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diestrus is shortened to 40-45 days (normal 63 days)
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T/F: pseudopregnancy is normal in dogs and cats.
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False:
NOT normal in CATS |
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When does the cat enter estrus again after luteolysis in the pregnant queen?
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7-10 days post luteolysis
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What species undergo a winter anestrus?
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Cats and Horses
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How is Brucella canis spread?
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mucous membrane contact
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One of your clients has a bitch that aborts in the last trimester. What is your immediate suspicion?
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Brucella until proven otherwise
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What does Brucella cause in male dogs?
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orchitis/epididymitis
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What substrate is in the placenta and the epididymis that the Brucella bacteria like so much?
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sugar erythritol
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Are positive or negative results more accurate in Brucella testing?
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Negative-- high sensitivity
*Positive results require additional testing due to lack of specificity (ie: false positives) |
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T/F: B. canis infections can only be absolutely confirmed by culture.
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True
*culture blood or abortive uterine fluids |
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What is the recommendation for confirmed cases of B. canis?
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Euthanasia/ neuter
*lack of definiteive therapy and the zoonotic potential |
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What causes "fading puppies" syndrome? What is it?
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Canine Herpesvirus
death within 7-10 days of birth |
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T/F: A bitch with canine herpesvirus will lose puppies in her first litter and subsequent litters.
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False: Usually only the first litter is affected. After that, she develops immunity.
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How is Canine herpesvirus spread?
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oronasal or venereal contact
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When is the ideal time for a bitch to be exposed to Canine Herpesvirus?
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during breeding
* this will allow her to develop immunity and pass that immunity to her puppies via colostrum |
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When is the critical time (least desired) for a bitch to be exposed to Herpesvirus?
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3 weeks prior to whelping and 3 weeks after
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What is "kitten mortality complex"?
ie: "fading kittens" |
Feline infectious peritonitis
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What feline diseases cause fetal resorption?
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feline leukemia virus
feline infectious peritonitis |
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A kitten comes into your clinic. He is walking stiff legged like a tin soldier. What's your first thought?
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Cerebellar hypoplasia caused by Feline panleukopenia
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What time frame does the canine pregnancy feel like a "string of pearls"
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21-28 days
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Radiography is safe for the fetus after ___ days. (dogs)
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40
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Ultrasound can be used to confirm pregnancy (fetal viability, HR) around ____ weeks.
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4
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_____ is the best way to determine a litter count.
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Radiographs
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Relaxin is a hormone of canine pregnancies, measurable after day ____. It comes from ____.
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21
placenta |
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Why is weight management so important for pregnant bitches?
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fat can compromise the diameter of the pelvic canal and cause dystocia
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What is a good protein content for a pregnancy diet?
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28-30% at the onset of proestrus
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T/F: Pregnant dogs should always be supplemented with vitamins, especially calcium to support fetal growth.
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False: These supplements should be avoided.
*can supplement fish oils |
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If you gradually increase caloric intake throughout pregnancy in the dog you should reach ____ % increase by the third trimester.
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50% increase overall
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Describe a good whelping area:
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out of traffic
box pig rails (dogs) washable rugs/blankets good footing for puppies |
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Why is good footing so vital in a whelping box?
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proper limb development
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How will you know that whelping is about to occur within 24 hours?
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rectal temperature drops to 98degrees
*will need to start checking temperature twice daily a week before due date |
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What causes the temperature drop that occurs in the bitch before whelping?
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Progesterone drops at the end of the LH phase
*progesterone creates heat |
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in the bitch, gestation is ___ days from the LH peak or ___ days from ovulation.
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65 from the LH peak
61 from ovulation |
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the average feline gestation is ___ days
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63
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What are the 4 categories of pregnancy "disease"?
(horses) |
abnormal vaginal discharges
fetal wastage prolonged gestation uterine torsion |
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T/F: pink mucousy discharge can be normal during pregnancy.
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true.
*as long as it's not hemorrhagic or purulent |
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What are some of the causes of fetal wastage and abortion?
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trauma, heat, stress, luteal insufficiency,viral, bacterial, protozoal diseases
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How do you treat an abortion/ or cause one for that matter?
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Administer Prostaglandins to evacuate the uterus
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You have a dog that is late to whelp. Her parturition did not initiate when progesterone levels dropped to baseline. What is this called?
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Primary uterine inertia
*often seen when Ca supplemented during pregnancy |
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Progesterone pattern is the same for pregnant and nonpregnant (cats/dogs).
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Dogs
*cats that are not pregnant will only have progesterone for 40-45 days after ovulation (versus the 63 days of pregnancy) |
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The drop in progesterone "block" prior to parturition allows for myometrial activity to begin. This is due to an increase in ____ receptor sites. (dog)
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Oxytocin
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milk letdown begins ____ days before parturition.
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0-7 days
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What happens in the first stage of parturition? How long is it? (dog)
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cervical dilation
nervousness panting nesting anorexia vomition 2-12 hours |
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Stage 2 of parturition: fetus enters the pelvic canal and stimulates the release of oxytocin which in turn causes the uterine contractions. what is this called?
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ferguson reflex
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T/F: amnion appears first.
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true
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T/F: breech presentation is not good for any species.
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False: breech presentation is normal in small animals
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This is a normal green-black discharge in the bitch. It is thought to be pockets of iron containing blood on either side of the zonary placenta.
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uteroverdin
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what is the interval between births in dogs?
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30 min - 1 hour
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Your client susy has a shitzu that has been whelping for about 6 hours. Her last puppy was delivered 3 hours ago. What do you do?
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Wait. Intervene if the "rest" period last longer than 4 hours
*or if contractions last longer than 1.5 hours |
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what is the water when the female "breaks water" ?
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allantoic fluid
*fetus should follow shortly |
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a fetal heartrate between ___ and ___ is indicative of stress in dogs
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180 - 200 bpm
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What hormone is released DURING nursing?
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oxytocin
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T/F: it is normal for lochia to have neutrophils post parturient to clean up all of the debris.
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False.
*large numbers of neutrophils indicate inflammation and infection. Normal lochia has few to NONE. |
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What is the progression of the lochia post parturition? Physical characteristics and time frame.
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red and watery to brown and mucoid.
NO ODOR most is expelled in 2 weeks. can last up to 6 weeks though. |
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Good management of the nursing dam includes monitoring the ____ and ____ daily
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vulvar discharge
mammary |
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Unlimited feed and water is important for a nursing dam. What are some good quality protein sources that can be added to the diet? (dogs)
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Cottage chees
canned food meat eggs |
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When should babies by started on gruel?
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3-4 weeks
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When should puppies/kittens be completely weaned?
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5-8 weeks
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Pressure in the mammary from lack of milking encourages cessation of milk production. What can the owner do to also reduce lactation?
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reduce the dam's food intake
*when the babies are completely removed |
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What does Poikilothermic?
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internal temperature varies along with that of the ambient environmental temperature.
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How long is the puppy poikilothermic?
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first 2 weeks
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How much should puppies and kittens gain each day?
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10% birthweight
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What are the BIG 3 in fading puppies/kittens?
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Hypothermia
hypoglycemia hypovolemia |
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What are some of the causes of bacterial infections associated with metritis?
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bacterial growth due to:
retained placenta retained fetal tissue unsanitary conditions delayed involution iatrogenic |
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Clinical signs of metritis
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fever
VULVAR DISCHARGE anorexia neglect of puppies |
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In treating metritis we give supportive therapy in the form of fluids and antibiotics. What else can we do?
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administer PGF2alpha
*evacuates uterus |
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Why wouldn't you use Oxytocin to evacuate a metritic uterus? (dog)
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not as effective as PGF2a because oxytocin receptors go away post whelping
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T/F: Mastitis can occur in pregnancies and pseudopregnancies.
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True
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What are some of the physical treatments for mastitis?
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stripping abnormal milk
hotpack glands |
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This tends to occur in small nervous breeds. Clinical signs are panting, pacing, trembling, ataxia, hyperthermia...etc.
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Eclampsia
*can progress to tonic-clonic convulsions and death |
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What are the treatments for hypocalcemia in bitches and queens?
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IV Calcium gluconate to effect
Calcium supplements to maintain bitch through remaining lactation Weaning puppies early |
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One of your clients brings in her bitch that had a litter of puppies about a month ago. The dogs vulvar discharge is still hemorrhagic. You swab the uterus and find multinuclear giant cells. What is it and what do you do?
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Subinvolution of placental sites
*can either leave it to self resolve or administer PGF to evacuate uterus and contract/pressurize bleeding sites |
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Deslorelin, Ovaban and Milbolerone are all types of ___.
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doggie birthcontrol
*cannot be used in cats |
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T/F: Racing greyhound bitches often receive testosterone injections weekly to improve performance so they can keep up with the males.
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False. Although it may improve performance, testosterone is given to control/cease estrus
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Deslorelin is a ____ analog.
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GnRH
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____ is normal after every estrus in the bitch is she does not get pregnant.
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Pseudopregnancy
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why is mibolerone, megestrol, or testosterone often given to pseudopregnant bitches if they've already been through the bleeding phase of estrus?
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to treat/reduce mammary development
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What is in a "mismating shot"?
Do they work? |
Estrogen
* not 100% effective. May just reduce litter size. |
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Estradiol cypionate is commonly given if a mismating occurs. It has to be given within 72 hours of the breeding and the bitch must still be in standing heat. What is the draw back to this nearly 100% effective treatment?
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overlap of progesterone and estrogen phases causes a 25% increased incidence of pyometra....
*usually estrogen is dropping off at the end of proestrus and the beginning of estrus... progesterone then begins to elevate. Administering an estrogen injection during standing heat when progesterone is high = high progesterone and high estrogen... |
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Bone marrow is suppressed in bitches that receive a second injection of this drug within 30 days of originial injection. What is it?
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Estradiol cypionate
*this is not a problem in felids |
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T/F: spaying and abortion are options for mismatings.
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true
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How can prolactin inhibitors be used to abort a pregnancy in bitches and queens?
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Prolactin is LUTEOTROPIC
*reducing prolactin levels (via prolactin inhibitors) causes luteolysis = drop in progesterone = abortion *best if used in conjx with PGF2a |
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Prolactin inhibitors, Prostaglandins, Deslorelin, and GnRH administration can all be used to abort pregnancies. They work in various ways to acheive the same end result---____.
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luteolysis
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PGF2a is an effective abortive drug when administered in multiple small doses to lyse the CL. When is it the most effective?
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second trimester.
(middle 3 weeks) |
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A client brings in a newly adopted 8 mo old mutt puppy, female that is otherwise healthy BAR. She has purulent discharge from the vulva. What is your recommendation?
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Ignore it.... this is typical puppy vaginitis.
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An owner wants to know why you will not treat a condition that you have diagnosed as puppy vaginitis in her pet. What is your explanation?
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it is not a bacterial infection and it will go away spontaneously no later than the first estrus
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What are the ruleouts for adult onset vaginitis?
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Skin disease (vulvar dermatitis)
UTI foreign bodies tumors |
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T/F: Adult onset vaginitis is common in bitches that are bred often.
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False.
It is rare. And moreso, bitches that are bred more often tend to have healthier repro tracts. |
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What is the medical term for the removal of excess skin dorsal and lateral to the vulva? What is this procedure used to treat/correct?
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Episioplasty
*infantile/juvenile/inverted vulvas |
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Vaginal hyperplasia, prolapse, and fold prolapse can be seen in YOUNG bitches that have an exaggerated response to _____.
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estrogen
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Why is the old term "vaginal hyperplasia" a misnomer for this condition of vaginal prolapse?
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the condition is due to edema in the subq tissue NOT hyperplasia
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When should a bitch be bred?
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first day of standing behavior and every 2-3 days until bitch no longer stands
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Progesterone levels and vaginal cytology can help estimate_____.
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Whelping date
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Progesterone levels can be used to predict ____ and therefore an estimated whelping date.
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ovulation
*5ng/ml = ovulation |
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Queens are induced ovulators. Copulation stimulates a reflex release of ____ which in turn stimulates ovulation. This is why multiple breedings are required for successful ovulation.
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Luteinizing hormone
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What is the recommended # of breedings for a cat?
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2-5 in 48 hours
4+ ensures 100% ovulation |
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Pyometra is a diestral disease because it is the ____ (hormone) phase.
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Progesterone
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When do you usually see pyometra in the bitch? (time frame)
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3-5 weeks postestrus
*Remember the diestrus period lasts 60-90 days since pseudopregnancies are the same as pregnancies (this is the luteal phase) |
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When does pyometra genearlly occur in the queen?
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anytime due to spontaneous luteinization
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T/F: Clinically, open cervix pyometra are the most severe type.
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False:
closed cervix pyometra is more severe: generally these are the sickest patients |
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what does OHE stand for?
Why is this the elected treatment for nonbreeding cats and dogs with pyometra? |
ovariohistorectomy/ spay
* pyometra is often a hormonal disease.... remove the gonads and uterus = remove the hormones and problem organ = no more pyometra |
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Where is PGF2a metabolized?
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Lung
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Maximum effect of PGF is seen ____ min after administration. This is because it is metabolized in the Lung and is gone after 2-3 passes.
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30-40 minutes
* this is why PGF is administered SID-TID to effect |
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What is the most common pathogen causing pyometra?
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E. Coli
*also beta hemolytic streps Opportunistic pathogens |
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Optimum fertility of the female by the male is dependent on : (3 sperm associated things)
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Sufficient #
quality sperm at appropriate time |
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Where does fertilization take place?
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Oviduct
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What are 4 qualitative semen traits?
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concentration
volume motility sperm morphology |
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What is a spermiogram?
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evaluation of sperm macroscopically and microscopically
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Macroscopic evaulation of semen includes ___ and ___.
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Color
volume |
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microscopic evaluation of semen includes 4 things
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sperm motility
sperm viability (live:dead) sperm concentration (sperm/ml) sperm morphology (high power oil immersion) |
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Why can a wet semen straw cause a failed breeding?
|
water is hypoosmotic and will basically lyse the sperm???
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Why do you count to 5 while you inject semen during AI?
|
aggressive aspiration/deposition can cause mechanical damage to the sperm
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Is sperm viability an accurate way to assess fertility?
|
No: it is no longer correlated with fertillity levels
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What semen trait is associated with scrotal circumference?
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Sperm concentration
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abnormalities in the
distal droplet, detached heads less severe tail abnormalities (bent) are included in what class of sperm morphological abnormalities? (primary or secondary) |
Secondary
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Primary sperm abnormalities include :
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abnormalities of the head or midpiece
proximal droplet severe tail abnormalities (tightly coiled) |
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|
T/F: BSEs and fertility evaluations are different for each species.
|
True
|
|
|
T/F: mixed bacterial cultures of ejaculate is normal.
|
true
|
|
|
(Primary/ Secondary) sperm abnormalities are associated with testicle function.
|
primary
|
|
|
(Primary/ secondary) sperm abnormalities are associated with epididymal funcion.
|
Secondary
|
|
|
____ is the increased % of abnormal sperm cells and is usually a reflection of testicular function
|
Teratospermia
*70% normal cells is the standard for fertility |
|
|
___ is a reduction of numbers within the ejaculate.
|
Oligospermia
|
|
|
If low # of sperm are being produced by normal sized testicles ____ may be involved.
|
testicular degeneration
|
|
|
What is one potential problem causing oligospermia in stallions that are not used often enough?
|
Blocked ampulla
|
|
|
Subfertility (due to semen) may be improved by ______.
|
increasing the number of sperm cells deposited into the female repro tract
*compensable |
|
|
What species deposit sperm directly into the uterus?
|
BOAR
STALLION |
|
|
80% of mares are _____. The other 20% cycle year round.
|
seasonally polyestrous
* anestrus in the late fall and winter |
|
|
Cyclic activity of the mare is stimulated by ________.
|
increasing photoperiod
|
|
|
How long is the estrous cycle of the mare?
|
21 days
|
|
|
The mare has an "extra" phase called transition phase. It begins around ______ and lasts for about 2 months. It is characterized by erratic/prolonged estrous behavior.
|
March
*onset of cyclic activity |
|
|
When does the transition phase end?
|
First ovulation of the season.
|
|
|
Early in the transition period of the mare, the ovaries are ____.
|
small, hard, inactive
*mare may still be showing signs of estrus |
|
|
_____ is responsible for breeding inefficiency early in the breeding season.
|
transition phase
|
|
|
Autumnal transition phases also occur. In this case the ovaries :::
|
have large persistent follicles that may or may not ovulate
|
|
|
During estrus in the mare the cervix and uterus become _____.
|
atonic
|
|
|
What is the physiologic function of an atonic cervix in the mare?
|
accommodation of the belling of the stallion's penis
|
|
|
_____ resembles a "cartwheel" on U/S. It is more pronounced early in estrus and diminishes with approaching ovulation. (MARE)
|
Endometrial edema
|
|
|
Why are Thoroughbreds predisposed to twinning?
|
Horses develop multiple follicles, one of which is recuirted and grows while the others regress and become atretic.... occasionally more than one follicle will grow.
|
|
|
Ovulation occurs _______ hours prior to end of behavioral estrus.
|
24-48 hours
|
|
|
In horses ____ is easy to palpate on the ovary, whereas in cow ____ is easy to palpate on the ovary.
|
horses: Follicle
Cows: CL |
|
|
T/F: Estrus in the mare is 7-9 days.
|
True and false
Early in the breeding season estrus is 7-9 days. Late in the season estrus is short: 3-5 days. |
|
|
What are the clinical signs of estrus in the mare?
|
Raising tail,
winking, leaning into the stallion, urination |
|
|
What is the layman's term for contraction of the muscles around the clitoris in the mare?
|
winking
|
|
|
What are the most reliable changes in the mare that alert you to the onset of estrus? (2 nonbehavioral)
|
Relaxation of the cervix
endometrial edema |
|
|
What is Foal heat? When does it occur?
|
first postpartum estrus
occurs around 9 days post partum |
|
|
Why is it critical for breeders to get their mares bred during foal heat?
|
some mares quit cycling after foal heat due to metabolic demands of lactation
|
|
|
It is difficult to get mares bred if they ovulate before day 10 of Foal heat. Why?
|
The uterus has not had sufficient time to involute and incidence of early embryonic death is increased
|
|
|
How long is diestrus in the mare?
|
14-16 days
|
|
|
What does the cervix/vagina of a mare in diestrus look like?
|
pale and tacky
closed |
|
|
Occasionally mares undergo diestrus ovulation due to the biphasic waves of ____ that continue through all stages of the mare's cycle and pregnancy.
|
FSH
|
|
|
Why don't you feel a CL on the mare like in the cow?
|
Horses always ovulate in the OVULATION FOSSA.
*the mesovarium is never disrupted and so the luteal tissue does not bulge from the surface as it does when the follicle ruptures on the surface of the ovary in the cow. |
|
|
During diestrus, the mare is under the influence of progesterone (like dogs/cats). Her behavior toward the stallion will be...
|
aggressive
|
|
|
When does anestrus in the mare typically occur?
|
October through february
|
|
|
What does the repro tract look like during anestrus in the mare?
|
small inactive ovaries (no follicles)
very atonic cervix and uterus *cervix is closed by may gap open due to pneumovagina during speculation exam |
|
|
What is the behavior of the mare toward the stallion during anestrus? Why?
|
passive
*no hormonal activity going on in the ovaries... no progesterone. *some estrogens from adrenal may cause mild signs of estrus |
|
|
in the mare, increased levels of melatonin stimulated by increased hours of darkness has a ______ effect. (related to anestrus and the effect on the organs)
|
antigonadotropin
|
|
|
Persistent estrus may be normal if it occurs during ____ phase
|
Transition phase
|
|
|
Three presentations of Granulosa Cell tumors in decreasing order of occurence:
|
1- persistent anestrus
2- persistent estrus 3- stallion like behavior |
|
|
In mares with granulosa cell tumors the unaffected ovary will be atrophied due to the effect of ___ released by the tumor.
|
inhibin
|
|
|
_____ are the most common ovarian tumor in the mare, followed by ____.
|
Granulosa cell tumors -1
cystadenoma- 2 |
|
|
One of your clients has a maiden mare that is showing persistent heat. On BSE she presents a very small repro tract, but it is intact. The ovaries are not active. What is your suspicion?
|
Chromosomal abnormalities (XO)
* lack of cycling coupled with presence of ADRENAL estrogens, not the ovary |
|
|
Persistent estrus may be normal if it occurs during ____ phase
|
Transition phase
|
|
|
Three presentations of Granulosa Cell tumors in decreasing order of occurence:
|
1- persistent anestrus
2- persistent estrus 3- stallion like behavior |
|
|
In mares with granulosa cell tumors the unaffected ovary will be atrophied due to the effect of ___ released by the tumor.
|
inhibin
|
|
|
_____ are the most common ovarian tumor in the mare, followed by ____.
|
Granulosa cell tumors -1
cystadenoma- 2 |
|
|
One of your clients has a maiden mare that is showing persistent heat. On BSE she presents a very small repro tract, but it is intact. The ovaries are not active. What is your suspicion?
|
Chromosomal abnormalities (XO)
* lack of cycling coupled with presence of ADRENAL estrogens, not the ovary |
|
|
What is a "jump" mare?
|
a sort of teaser mare that has been ovariectomized (cannot get pregnant)
*has enough adrenal estrogens to exhibit standing behavior |
|
|
What are the 3 major categories of abnormal estrus cycles?
|
persistent estrus
persistent anestrus shortened luteal phase |
|
|
T/F: Winter anestrus occurs in 50% of mares in the north amreican latitudes.
|
False: 80% of mares have winter anestrus
* no winter anestrus around equatorial latitudes where there is no significant change in day light hours |
|
|
What is an "every other year" mare?
|
She is difficult to get pregnant post partum during the foal heat and often goes into a post partum anestrus...
|
|
|
Most common presentation of granulosa cell tumors?
|
persistent anestrus
|
|
|
______ is seen in older mares, particularly arabian mares. These girls have small, bean shaped, inactive ovaries.
|
Ovarian senescence.
|
|
|
Persistent CLs cause an elevation of progesterone that can cause pyometra and persistent ____
|
anestrus
|
|
|
Endometritis will cause the release of _____ from the endometrium and cause premature lysis of the CL.
|
PGF2a
|
|
|
Endotoxins can cause the release of SYSTEMIC PGF2a and cause luteolysis. What condition could cause this?
|
systemic colic
|
|
|
T/F:only the fertilized ova make it to the uterus.
|
True
* unfertilized eggs are usually retained within the uterine tubes |
|
|
When do fertilized ova reach the uterus of the mare?
|
Day6-7
|
|
|
If a mare does not catch she releases PGF2a from the endometrium on day ____ fafter ovulation in order to lyse the CL and induce the next estrus.
|
13-16
*presence of an embryo will prevent release of PGF2a |
|
|
When does the equine embryo become fixed?
|
day 16
|
|
|
A fetal heartbeat is usually visible by day ___ in the horse
|
24
|
|
|
If pregnant what happens to the uterus and cervix around 3 weeks post fertilization?
|
the uterus and cervix becomes extremely toned
|
|
|
When can you feel a bulging baby in the uterus?
|
day 28-30
* size of a GOLF BALL |
|
|
Equine conceptus size
Day 28: ? Day 35: SOFTBALL Day 60: FOOTBALL Day 90: ? |
28: GOLF BALL
90: BASKETBALL |
|
|
T/F: MOST mares will continue to show behavioral estrus during early pregnancy due to the continued rleased of FSH from the pituitary.
|
False
follicular devlopment does continue due to the release of FSH, but MOST mares do NOT show behavioral estrus (there are exceptions) |
|
|
What phased of pregnancy is occurring in the mare from day 40-100?
|
Endometrial cup phase
|
|
|
Endometrial cups are formed from the _______ by cells invading the endometrium around day 36-37.
|
chorionic girdle
|
|
|
Endometrial cups are responsible for the production of ____
|
equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)
aka Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) |
|
|
T/F: if the mare loses the pregnancy at day 65 post fertilization, the endometrial cups will regress.
|
False:
Endometrial cups will be present from day 40-100 regardless of pregnancy. |
|
|
Is the detection of eCG a good indicator of pregnancy?
|
NO.
*eCG is produced by the endometrial cups which may be present even in the even of embryonic death *eCG only indicates that the mare WAS pregnant at DAY 40 when the endometrial cups were formed |
|
|
What causes the regression of the endometrial cups around day 100-120?
|
Leukocytic reaction
*antibodies against the stallion antigens appear in the mare's blood soon after the formation of the cups. White cells collect around the cups and invade and destroy them. |
|
|
If a pregnancy is disrupted during the endometrial cup phase, when will the mare cycle again?
|
after the end of the phase... ~day 100
|
|
|
eCG acts like ____ in the mare because they are similar in structure. In other species eCG acts like ____./
|
Luteinizing hormone
other species: eCG acts like FSH |
|
|
Mare: Why is it important that biphasic waves of FSH continue through early pregnancy? How are the endometrial cups related to this?
|
follicles develop in response to FSH
these follicles are luteinized by the eCG produced by the endometrial cups these luteinized/ovulated follicles produce a SECOND generation of CL's that maintain the pregnancy until the placenta can take over at the end of teh enometrial cup phase (day 100) |
|
|
____ is important in placental maintenance of the pregnancy from day 100-330 in the mare.
|
Fetal ESTROGENS
*mare's ovaries NOT necessary from day 100 to term |
|
|
The mare's ovaries are not required to maintain the pregnancy from day 100 to term... this means the mare's pregnancy is _______ independent.
|
luteal
* this is the basis of using ovariectomized mares as surrogates (no CL required)--> exogenous progesterone is administered for first 100 days |
|
|
Why are fetal gonads so large in the equine??
|
they are producing estrogens that maintain the pregnacy
|
|
|
The mare is opposite of small animals in that ___ levels fall around parturition and ___ levels increase in the month prior to parturition.
|
Estrogen levels drop
Progesterone levels rise |
|
|
When is the equine fetus difficult to ballot? Why?
|
month 5-7
foal is changing position |
|
|
what is ballottement?
|
bal·lotte·ment (b-ltmnt)
A palpatory technique for detecting or examining a floating object in the body, as: a. The use of a finger to push sharply against the uterus and detect the presence or position of a fetus by its return impact. |
|
|
From the 7th month on the foal lies _____ with its poll pointed ____ until parturition.
|
on its back
poll pointed toward the pelvis |
|
|
What are the two pregnancy associated PHYSICAL disorders of the mare?
|
Prepubic tendon rupture
Uterine torsion |
|
|
You are called out to a DRAFT horse farm to check a mare that is due soon. Upon arrival you find the mare with significant VENTRAL EDEMA. What's going on? Prognosis?
|
Prepubic tendon rupture
Fatal |
|
|
Plank in the Flank is a treatment for what? How does it work?
|
used to correct uterine torsion
*holds the fetus stationary while the mare is moved "around" the uterus |
|
|
What are two viral diseases that can cause pregnancy loss in the horse?
|
Rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1)
Equine viral arteritis |
|
|
increased ____ levels in the mammary of the horse is indicative that parturition is a few days away depending on the amount of increase.
|
calcium
|
|
|
Physical signs associated with looming parturition in the mare. (3-4)
|
relaxation of the vulva
relaxatio of the sacrosciatic ligament mammary gland size increase waxing nipples (sometimes) |
|
|
Normal gestation length in the mare:
|
330-345 days
|
|
|
What percentage of mares foal at nite?
|
70%
|
|
|
What is going on in stage 1 of parturition in the mare? (inside and outside)
|
foal is repositioning
mare is restless, gets up and down frequently, defecates and urinates often |
|
|
T/F: Stage 1 and stage 2 of parturtion can be postponed in the mare.
|
false
postponing stage 2 will resultin a dead or severely compromised foal |
|
|
_____ indicates the initiation of stage 2 of parturition in the mare.
|
"breaking water"
*rupture of the chorioallantoic membrane and release of allantoic fluid which is watery |
|
|
_____ fluid provides lubrication due to its viscous nature
|
Amnionic
|
|
|
What is Ferguson's reflex?
|
pressure on the cervix = oxytocin release = more contractions = more pressure on the cervix
|
|
|
Passing of the placenta in the mare is what stage of parturition?
|
Stage 3
|
|
|
What does the placenta look like when the mare passes it? Why?
|
it is gray and smooth because it is inverted (the allantoic surface is on the outside
|
|
|
A foaling mare is a wet mare.
T/F: this is the least fertile category due to the nutritional demands of lactation. |
False: this is the most fertile category
|
|
|
A reduction in mare fertility is sometimes documented mares over the age of ___ due to anatomic changes.
|
12
|
|
|
Anatomic changes in the mare that lead to reduced fertility are related to laxity within the pelvic canal. What is the manifestation of this?
|
rectum and vulva sink anteriorlyy = urine pooling in vagina and uterus and pneumovagina
|
|
|
What is a mare that has had a foal before but not this year?
|
Barren mare
|
|
|
Name 4 assessments of the physical exam when evaluating breeding soundness (there are10).
|
overall general health
external genitalia rectal exam vaginal speculum exam Ultrasound uterine cytology uterine culture uterine biopsy chromosomal karyotype endoscopy of uterus |
|
|
What do you look for when examining external genitalia?
|
vulvar lips form a tight seal
no pneumovagina = good vaginovestibular junction |
|
|
What do you look for on rectal exam of the mare when evaluating breeding soundness?
|
abnormalities in the pelvic canal
Ovaries: size, consistency, activity and presence of ovulation fossa uterine tone correlates with cervical tone |
|
|
Why is it difficult to assess vaginitis? (horses)
|
when air hits the vaginal mucosa it become BRIGHT red and hemorrhagic in appearance
|
|
|
What is potentially more helpful than a vaginal speculum exam in the mare?
|
manual palpation
*abnormalities may be missed with the speculum |
|
|
____ can reveal the presence of fluid in the uterus, endometrial cysts, endometrial edema and activity on an ovary..
|
Ultrasound
|
|
|
What are you looking for in a uterine cytology ??
|
inflammatory cells: neutrophils
|
|
|
What is necessary to adequately evaluate uterine culture results?
|
uterine cytology
|
|
|
How do you obtain a uterine culture from a mare?
|
Use a GUARDED SWAB
*results must be correlated with cytology/ rest of exam |
|
|
What is a desirable grade on uterine biopsy?
|
Grade I is best
Grade III is worse with less than 10% chance of foaling |
|
|
_____ can be used to assess breeding soundness in maiden mares with congenital abnormalities.
|
chromosomal karyotyping
|
|
|
what procedure can be performed to assess the state of the uterus in a mare that is chronically infertile or has had uterine trauma?
|
Uterine ENDOSCOPY
|
|
|
PGF2a has 2 functions:
luteolysis smooth muscle contraction These actions can be used to shorten the ____ phase or induce ___. |
shorten the luteal phase (this is also good for treating uterine infx: indirectly increases the time of estrogenic influence)
induce parturition/abortion |
|
|
T/F: Oxytocin can induce parturition in the mare at ANY time.
|
True
*high doses may endager the foal by premature separation of the placenta |
|
|
How do you treat a retained placenta chemically? (horse)
|
Oxytocin slow drip
(in conjx with gentle traction) |
|
|
____ can be used postpartum in mares with poor uterine tone to promote involution.
|
Oxytocin
* this is different from the small animals |
|
|
What are the 3 uses of oxytocin in the mare?
|
induction of parturition
purge a retained placenta promote involution via uterin contractions |
|
|
hCG has a ___ effect in the mare
|
Luteinizing hormone-like
|
|
|
hCG can be used to induce ovulation in the mare. Ovulation generally occurs _____ after injx.
|
24-48 hours
|
|
|
How can hCG be used to diagnose cryptorchids?
|
hCG stimulates Leydig cells to release testosterone
(diagnose by measuring serum testosterone > 100pg/ml) |
|
|
Regumate is an oral drug that is administered daily in horses. What hormone are we artificially increasing?
|
Progesterone
|
|
|
Regumate decreases the mares ability to fight infection because it is what hormone?
|
Progesterone
|
|
|
Regumate can be used to end ______ phase by mimicking a luteal phase.
|
transitional
*this works because artificially increasing progesterone causes increased ovarian activity after which the ovary is active on its own. |
|
|
T/F: the heat 3-5 days after Regumate therapy is ceased is not usually fertile.
|
False:
This heat is fertile |
|
|
Regumate is used in performance mare to ____.
|
reduce estrus behavior
|
|
|
Why would you use Regumate to maintain a pregnancy?
|
It is progesterone (the pregnancy maintenance hormone)
*good for mares that will luteolyse prior to 100 days |
|
|
_____ can be used to controll stallion like behavior in geldings or estrous behavior in mares
|
Progesterone
(depo provera) |
|
|
Progesterone can also be used to delay ____ in the mare to allow uterus more time to involute.
|
Foal heat
|
|
|
T/F: Use of GnRH in the mare would stimulate ovulation during breeding management.
|
True
GnRH acts like hCG |
|
|
Stallion fertility is dependent on 3 factors:
|
libido
mating ability semen quality |
|
|
First consideration when handling a stallion is ____. This is accomplished by use of devices such as...
|
Safety (ironically of the stallion, not you)
*hobbles, twitch, sedation of the mare |
|
|
T/F: forelimb lameness is problematic for stallions that must do live-cover.
|
False:
hind limb lameness is much more of a problem... they must support their weight on mounting. |
|
|
What are Calipers used for?
|
measure the scrotal width of the stallion
|
|
|
What are you culturing for when you collect samples from a stallion? Where do you collect samples from?
|
Venereal pathogens: klebsiella, pseudomonas, CEM (contagious equine metritis-- caused by Taylorella equigenitalis)
urethra shaft urethral fossa |
|
|
T/F: a normal motile sperm count for the stallion is > 1 million on the second ejaculation within an hour.
|
False:
normal is >1 BILLION on the SECOND ejaculate within an HOUR of first ejaculate |
|
|
What are you checking on rectal palpation of the stallion?
|
Seminal vesicles
|
|
|
Klebsiella and Pseudomonas affect what organs of the stallion?
|
Seminal vesicles
|
|
|
What is "coital exanthema"?
|
equine herpesvirus 3
|
|
|
T/F: Overuse can cause infertility in stallions.
|
True
|
|
|
What neoplasia is found on the penis/prepuce? What is the rule out for this neoplasm?
|
neoplasm: squamous cell carcinoma
Rule out: habronemiasis |
|
|
Interstitial cell tumors, sertoli cell tumors, seminomas, and teratomas are all types of ____ tumors
|
testicular tumors
|
|
|
T/F: Bilateral cryptorchids are fertile.
|
False:
infertility due to elevated temperatures of the testes |
|
|
Breeding management of the mare traditionally involves breeding the mare on day ___ of estrus and then every ___ day until she is no longer is in standing heat.
|
2nd day and then every other day afterward
|
|
|
_____ breeding gives the highest foaling rates.
|
pasture (let them do their own thing)
|
|
|
Semen longevity in a fertile stallion:
|
72 hours
|
|
|
Mares are long light breeders. They can be brought into season by putting them under artificial light for a total of ____ hours of light. How soon should this be started before you need the mare to be in estrus?
|
16 hour days
60 days prior |
|
|
Regumate mimics a normal ____ phase and can therefore be used to shorten the transition phase.
|
luteal
|
|
|
Ovulatory follicles are usually ____ in diameter in the mare.
|
3.5-4.0 cm
|
|
|
What do you look for during vaginoscopy of the mare?
|
for estrus: relaxation of the cervix and uterus
breeding soundness: discharge/urine pooling/damage |
|
|
Using a nonbreeding stallion or a gelding to get a behavioral response from the mare is called ____.
|
teasing
|
|
|
Prostaglandins are used to ____________, thus inducint the onset of ____.
|
lyse the CL
onset of estrus |
|
|
injecting a mare with prostaglandins can be done 5 days postovulation (if she's not in heat) to bring her into heat. When will she come into heat?
|
3-5 days post injection
|
|
|
hCG-- acts like LH
Deslorelin-- acts like GnRH both stimulate ovulation once an ovluatory size follicle is declared. What is this useful for in the horse? |
limit the number of breedings necessary during estrus...
*essentially increases fertility so that only 1 breeding is needed. Ovulation occurs 24-48 hours post injx |
|
|
Cooled semen is kept at ___ (temperature) and will hold at this temperature for _____ hours.
|
4C
for 72 hours *do not open semen container until mare is ready to be bred |
|
|
Frozen semen has a limited life span post-thaw. insemination must take place within _____ hours of ovulation
|
4-6
|
|
|
Pregnancy can be verified at _____ days postovulation via ultrasound.
|
14 days
|
|
|
Once the pregnancy reaches the ____ phase, it is unlikely that the pregnancy will be lost. (horse)
|
endometrial cup
|
|
|
hCG-- acts like LH
Deslorelin-- acts like GnRH both stimulate ovulation once an ovluatory size follicle is declared. What is this useful for in the horse? |
limit the number of breedings necessary during estrus...
*essentially increases fertility so that only 1 breeding is needed. Ovulation occurs 24-48 hours post injx |
|
|
Cooled semen is kept at ___ (temperature) and will hold at this temperature for _____ hours.
(Horses) |
4C
for 72 hours *do not open semen container until mare is ready to be bred |
|
|
Frozen semen has a limited life span post-thaw. insemination must take place within _____ hours of ovulation
|
4-6
|
|
|
Pregnancy can be verified at _____ days postovulation via ultrasound.
|
14 days
|
|
|
Once the pregnancy reaches the ____ phase, it is unlikely that the pregnancy will be lost.
|
endometrial cup
|
|
|
How do you diagnose a pregnancy in the mare without ultrasound?
|
she doesn't come back into heat.... tone of the cervix and uterus on rectal palpation at 3 weeks post ovulation
|
|
|
T/F: Twinning is the MOST COMMON noninfectiuos cause of abortion in the mare.
|
True
*especially in thoroughbreds |
|
|
If a twin pregnancy is detected before day 16, what can be done?
|
crush one amnion vesicle with an ultrasound probe.
transvaginal aspiration of one twin if they are not near each other. administer PGF2a and rebreed |
|
|
If a twin pregnancy is detected aroun day 50, what can be done? day 150?
|
50-- decapitate fetus
150-- transabdominal injx of one twin (KCl into heart) |
|
|
What are 2 important vaccines to give to the pregnant mare? when should they get them?
|
Rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1)
at 5,7,9 mo Tetanus 1 mo prior to foaling |
|
|
What ia Acremonium coenophialum?
|
causative agent of fescue toxicoses in cattle and horses.
|
|
|
what is the toxicity of the fungus Acermonium coenophialum associated with? (think pharmacology classes)
|
vasoactive ergot alkaloids are produced by the fungus...
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What reproductive problems are associated with fescue toxicoses?
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prolonged gestation
agalactia dystocia thickend placentas poor foal viability |
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Can you manage a pregnant mare on fescue safely?
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Yes
as long as she is removed from the fescue at 300 days, all side effects will be effectivley prevented |
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T/F: Fescue hay is not as toxic as fresh fescue pasture
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False
they are equally toxic |
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What is the antidote for fescue toxicity?
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domperidone
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