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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the 3 overall functions of males?
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1) Produce and maintain supply of sperm (spermatogenesis)
2) Detect females in estrus -pheromones, visual 3) Inseminate females and fertilize the female gamete |
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The testes are suspended by the _________ and _______.
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Spermatic chord and cremaster muscle
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What 2 parts of the brain hormonally control the secretory pathway of the male reproductive system?
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Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary |
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What is the function of the testis with seminiferous tubules?
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sperm production
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What is the function of the collecting ducts (site of production to epididymis) in the male reproductive system?
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Transport and storage of sperm
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What is the function of the epididymis?
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Transportation, maturation and ejaculation
-where sperm is stored and matures |
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What is the function of the vas deferens (sperm duct)?
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transport and ejaculation
-transports sperm from testes to be released |
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What is the function of seminal vesicles?
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Secrete a thick liquid to transport the sperm
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What is the function of the prostate gland?
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Secretes think alkaline solution to neutralize urine and the female system
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What is the function of the bulbourethral gland (Cowper's gland)?
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Secretions may lubricate, flush out urine, or form a gelatinous plug
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What is the function of the urethra?
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Allows passage for urine & sperm
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What is the function of the penis?
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Copulation
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True or false. Testicular volume directly correlates to the fertility of each specie
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False
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What cells comprise the testicular parenchyma?
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Sertoli cels and Leydig cells
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What is the function of Sertoli cells?
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Involved in control of spermatozoa development
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What is the function of Leydig cells?
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Stimulated by LH, produce testosterone
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How do spermatozoa move through the seminferous tubules?
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Myoid cells contract (mechanical) to move sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the rete-testis
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What is the function of the Rete-testis?
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Function in sperm transport from the seminiferous tubules
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How does sperm move through the efferent duct to arrive in the epididymis?
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Water absorption occurs causing sperm to be drawn towards the epididymis
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When are sperm capable of fertilization?
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After maturing and being stored in the epididymis
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Explain the 6 anatomical sites of sperm production/transport before arriving at the pelvic urethra.
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1. Testicular parenchyma
-sertolic & leydig cells 2. Seminiferous tubules 3. Rete-testis 4. Efferent ducts 5. Epididymis (head to tail) 6. Vas deferens |
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What are the 5 structures contained in the spermatic cord?
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1) Vas deferens
2) Pampiniform plexus 3) External cremaster muscle 4) Nerves 5) Lymphatic vessels |
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What do you call the connective tissue that holds the testis together?
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Tunica albuginea
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What is the medical term for the head and tail of the epididymis?
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Head: caput epididymis
Tail: Cauda epididymis |
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What are the 5 stages of sperm development?
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1. spermatogonia (diploid) -----> mitosis ----->
2. primary spermatocyte -----> meiosis I -----> 3. 2 secondary spermatocytes---> meiosis II 4. 2 non-motile spermatids ----> elongate & develop flagella--> 5. Sperm |
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Where are myoid cells located in the seminiferous tubules?
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In the basal compartment
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True or false. After reaching sexual maturity males can continuously produce sperm.
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True, because the spermatogonia are constantly replacing themselves by undergoing mitosis
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What is the pampiniform plexus? Function
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-A single artery surrounded by a network of veins (increased SA)
-Counter-current heat exchange causes a cooling f arterial blood supply |
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What are the 2 ways that the blood supply to the testis is cooled?
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1. Pampiniform plexus
2. Convoluted testicular artery on the surface of the testis |
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What 3 anatomical structures of the male reproductive system are involved in thermoregulation of the testes?
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1. Scrotum
2. Tunica albuginea 3. Spermatic cord -brings testes closer or farther from body |
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What is responsible for testicular decent during early development?
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Gubernaculum testis
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What 3 structures are formed after the gubernaculum shrinks and degenerates?
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1. proper ligament of the testis
2. ligament of the tail of the epididymis 3. scrotal ligament |
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What does the proper ligament of the testis connect?
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tail of the epididymis to the testicle
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What does the ligament of the tail of the epididymis connect?
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Tail of the epididymis to the scrotum (proximal to the vaginal tunic)
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What does the scrotal ligament connect?
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Vaginal tunic to the scrotum
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What are ampullae?
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Dilation of the terminal part of the vas deferens due to glandular thickening of the wall
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What is the function of ampullae?
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Extra-gonadal sperm storage
-can get plugged & cause issues w/ ejaculation |
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What are the seminal vesicles?
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Paired sacculated pouches and gland that joins the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct.
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What is the function of the seminal vesicles?
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Provides ejaculate with milky and highly viscous fluid
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Where is the prostate located?
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Surrounds the neck of the bladder and urethra
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What is contained in the seminal fluid excreted by the prostate gland?
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Acid phosphates and proteolytic enzymes that clean the urethra during ejaculation (alkaline)
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Describe the structure of the prostate gland in bucks, dogs, stallions, rams, bulls and boars.
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Diffuse: Rams & bucks
Lobed: dog & stallion Combination: bulls & boars |
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Where is the bulbourethral gland located?
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On either side of the urethra
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What animal does not have a bulbourethral gland?
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Dog
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The Bulbourethral gland is enlarged in the _______ and is known as the bulbocavernosus bland.
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Boar
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What is the function of Cowper's gland (bulbourethral gland)?
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Alkaline pH neutralizes the urethra
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What animal(s) has the testes oriented vertically with the cauda down?
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Ruminant
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What animal(s) has the testes oriented horizontally?
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Stallion & dog
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What animal(s) has the testes oriented perineal with the cauda up?
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Boar, tom, camelid
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What animal(s) have ampullae?
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Ruminant & stallion
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What animal(s) have seminal vesicles?
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Ruminant
Stallion Boar |
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What animal(s) have a prostate gland?
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All of them
Ruminant, stallion, boar, dog, camelid, tom |
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What animal(s) have a fibroelastic sigmoid penis type?
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Ruminant
Boar Camelid |
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What animal(s) have a vascular penis type?
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Stallion
Dog Tom |
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Where do ruminants deposit semen?
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vagina
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Where
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Where do stallions deposit semen?
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Uterus
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Why do boars form a mucus plug after ejaculating into the female?
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Because they deposit the semen in the cervix so the plug keeps the sperm from falling out.
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Where do dogs deposit semen?
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Vagina
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Where do toms deposit semen?
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Vagina
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Where do camelids deposit semen?
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Uterus
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What accessory glands can be examined during a physical exam on a bull?
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Seminal vesicles (lobular)
Prostate (wedding ring) Ampullae |
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True or false. Bulbourethral glands can be examined during a physical exam of a bull.
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False, have to use an ultrasound
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How do bulls elongate their penis?
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Fibroelastic sigmoid penis, doesn't allow for engorgement so when it gets full of blood the sigmoid straightens out
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True or false. A hard and smooth seminal vesicle in a bull could be abnormal.
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True, should be spongy and lobular
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Where do the ampullae drain?
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into the pelvic urethra
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_______ is the site in the bull where all the accessory sex glands empty.
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Colliculus seminalis
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What are the 6 anatomical components of the penis?
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1. Cavernous bodies
-corpus spongiosum -corpus cavernosum 2. Tunica albuginea penis 3. Sigmoid flexure -boar, ruminants, camelid 4. Retractor penis mm. (paired) 5. Glandis penis 6. Sheath & prepuce -tissue that covers & protects the penis |
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Where is the corpus spongiosum located? Corpus cavernosum?
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Corpus spongiosum: surrounds urethra
Corpus cavernosum: above corpus spongiosum |
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What animal(s) have a tunica albuginea penis?
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Boar, ruminants, camelids
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What muscle is responsible for maintaining an erection?
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Corpus cavernosum penis
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What is the medical term for the free end of the penis?
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Glandis penis
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What animals have retractor penis muscles?
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Boar, ruminants, camelids, stallion
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What is the function of the retractor penis muscle?
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Relaxes to extend the penis or contracts to draw the penis into the body
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Where does the penis technically begin & end?
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Begins when the urethra leaves the pelvis, with the external urethral orifice at the free end of the penis (glandis penis)
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How is the penis of a stallion very different from that of a boar, ruminant and camelid?
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Stallions have a large amount of erectile tissue compared to the other 3 animals mentioned which have small amount of erectile tissue
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The _______ is homologous to the clitoris in the female.
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Glans penis
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What are 2 anatomical components of the penis unique to the dog?
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Os penis
Bulbus glandis |
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What is unique about the boar's penis?
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Has a counter spiral configuration (cork screw) of the glandis penis & has a preputial diverticulum (accumulates fluid for lubrication during intromission)
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What is unique about the penis of bucks and rams?
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have a urethral process (2-3 cm extension of the urethra)
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What are 2 anatomical components of the penis unique to the dog?
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Os penis
Bulbus glandis (area of penis that becomes more engorged than the rest) |
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At what age can bucks and rams perform fertile mating? Why?
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By 4-5 months because the natural adhesion of the urethral process and glans penis to the prepuce begins to separate at 3 mo
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What is unique about the boar's penis?
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Has a counter spiral configuration (cork screw) of the glandis penis & has a preputial diverticulum (accumulates fluid for lubrication during intromission)
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What is unique about the penis of bucks and rams?
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have a urethral process (2-3 cm extension of the urethra)
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At what age can bucks and rams perform fertile mating? Why?
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By 4-5 months because the natural adhesion of the urethral process and glans penis to the prepuce begins to separate at 3 mo
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What is unique about the ejaculation in bulls?
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The end of the penis spirals at ejaculation
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What is unique about the anatomy of the stallion penis?
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Has a urethral sinus and fossa glandis
-where bean accumulates (smegma) |
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Where is the fossa glandis and urethral sinus located on the stallion penis?
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At the tip of the penis dorsal to the urethra
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What is unique about the anatomy of a camelid's penis?
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The tip of the penis looks like a hook - allows them to direct the urine stream backwards between the legs
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A camelids penis hooks backward and this is what allows them to pee backwards between their legs. So how do camelids mate?
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The protractor preputial muscles pulls the prepuce forward before mating, changing the direction of the opening and allowing the penis to be directed forward.
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What is unique about a camelids penis at birth?
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The penis is completely adhered to the prepuce until testosterone influence causes the adherence to gradually disappear as the male matures.
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What is unique about the male anatomy of toms?
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Have a small os penis and cornified papillae on the end of the penis ("spikes")- may have a stimulus effect on ovulation of the queen
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What is different about the anatomy of the penis in cervids?
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Some cervids do not have a sigmoid flexure and an increase in diameter is not observed by up to a 40% increase in length is
-penis is more elastic than ruminants |
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What direction does the urethral opening of cervids face?
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Dorsally--> thrash urination
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How can you grossly determine if a cat is neutered?
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Look to see if penis has spikes, the spikes develop under the influence of testosterone so if no barbs= castrated (take a few weeks to regress)
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What is the name of the axis that controls the behavior and external phenotype of male animals?
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis
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What hormones are secreted by each component in the hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular axis?
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Hypothalamus: GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
Pituitary: FSH & LH Testicles: testosterone, inhibin, androgen-binding protein |
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What is the source of FSH and LH? What type of tissue secretes the hormones?
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Anterior pituitary-glandular tissue
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What type of cells secrete oxytocin and vasopressin in the posterior pituitary?
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Nerve cells (neurohypophysis)
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What is the function of GnRH released from the hypothalamus?
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stimulates release of LH & FSH from the pituitary gland (apophysis)
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What is the function of FSH in males?
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Regulates spermatogenesis and production of ABPs by the Sertoli cells
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What is the function of LH in males?
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Stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells
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Why does oxytocin also have behavioral changes associated with it?
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Because released by nerve cells in the neurohypophysis.
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What hormones are secreted by the interstitial cells (Leydig cells) of the testes?
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Androgen production (testosterone), generation of haploid germ cells
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What hormones are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes?
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-Inhibin (inhibits FSH secretion)
-Provide nourishment to the developing germ cells |
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What is the function of FSH in males?
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Regulates spermatogenesis and production of ABPs by the Sertoli cells
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What is the function of LH in males?
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Stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells
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Why does oxytocin also have behavioral changes associated with it?
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Because released by nerve cells in the neurohypophysis.
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What hormones are secreted by the interstitial cells (Leydig cells) of the testes?
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Androgen production (testosterone), generation of haploid germ cells
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What hormones are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes?
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-Inhibin (inhibits FSH secretion)
-Provide nourishment to the developing germ cells |
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What cells are responsible for the blood-testicular barrier?
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Sertoli cells
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What is the function of testosterone in the male (4)?
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1) Mating behavior (libido)
2) Spermatogenesis 3) Spermacytogenesis 4) Maintenance of male duct system |
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What is the function of inhibin in the male?
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Regulates release of FSH
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What is the function of androgen binding protein (ABP)?
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Maintains high concentration of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules
-grabs testosterone and keeps in testis |
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What is the function of estrogen in males?
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Mating behavior
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What is the function of prostaglandin (PGE) in males?
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Semen transport (main one)
Some changes in behavior |
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What produces ABP?
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Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules
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Why is it so important for ABP to maintain high testosterone concentrations in the seminiferous tubule?
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High testosterone and DHT enable spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules and sperm maturation in the epididymis
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What regulates ABP production?
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FSH influence on sertoli cell, testosterone, insulin and retinol (Vit A1)
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What 3 things are stimulated by testosterone?
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1) Secondary sex characteristics
2) Muscle development 3) Accessory glands |
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Testosterone maintains the function of the male reproductive tract and the ______ muscles.
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Penis muscles for ejaculation
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What hormone maintains the male libido?
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Testosterone
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What is inhibin?
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a peptide hormone secreted by the Sertoli cells that inhibits FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary
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When is estrogen most apparent in blood and urine of males?
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During puberty and old age
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What is spermatogenesis?
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Spermacytogenesis + spermiogenesis
-formation and development of spermatozoa by meiosis |
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What is spermacytogenesis?
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First stage of spermatogenesis. Spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes then to spermatids (still round cells).
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What is spermiogenesis?
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Second stage of spermatogensis. Transformation of spermatid into a spermatozoon
-Round cell to slender sperm |
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What is release of the spermatozoa from the sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules called?
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Spermiation
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What is the hormone control of mitosis & meiosis I in spermatogensis?
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No hormonal control
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What is the hormonal control of Meiosis II during spermatogenesis?
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Testosterone
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What is the hormonal control of spermiogenesis?
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FSH +/- testosterone
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What role do LH and FSH play in hormonal control of spermatogensis?
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LH: cause interstitial cells to produce testosterone
FSH: cause sertoli cells to produce ABP & inhibin |
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What role do ABP & inhibin play in hormonal control of spermatogenesis?
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ABP: maintains testosterone levels for meiosis and spermiogenesis.
Inhibin: keeps FSH levels in balance |
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Why does sperm production begin at puberty?
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That's when levels of testosterone are sufficient for sperm production
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What is the definition of puberty?
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Point at which an individual develops sexual activity and produce enough sperm to impregnate a female
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What are 7 factors that affect the time of puberty onset?
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1) Physical environemnt
2) Age 3) Breed 4) Sire 5) Dam 6) Temperature 7) Photoperiod |
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Onset of puberty is often more closely related to _______ and _____ than age!
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Nutrition and BW
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It is not uncommon in _____ and _____ for the testis to descend late.
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Boars (3.5-4 months)
Stallions (may take 1-2 years) |
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What is the only animal that have descended testes at birth and just continue to grow?
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Llama
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In most domestic species (not boar or stallion) the testes descend through the internal inguinal ring by ______ time after birth is necessary for a final scrotal position.
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2 weeks
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When should a stallions testes descend?
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By 16 months, even though considered abnormal some take 2 years
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When should a dogs testicles be descended?
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By 5 weeks of age and palpable by 6-8 weeks (not considered cryptorchid til 6 mo-1 year)
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What are the 4 general steps to developing an erection?
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1) Parasympathetic response
2) Corpus cavernosum fills with blood 3) Ischiocavernosus muscle pumps blood 4) Rigidity increase to aid intromission |
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What increases during erection of a fibroelastic penis?
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Little change in size, but large increase in blood pressure
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What increases during erection of a musculocavernosus penis?
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Increase in both length and diameter
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What part of the ANS controls ejaculation?
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Both sympathetic and parasympathetic
-emission (sympathetic) & propulsion (parasympathetic) |
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What are the 2 components of semen?
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Seminal plasma + spermatozoa
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What are the 3 fractions to an ejaculate? What are produces and what are the characteristics of each fraction?
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1) Pre-sperm ---> from urethral glands & seminal vesicles (1st set of glands), low sperm #
2) Sperm rich--> epididymal, ampulla & prostate, high sperm #, large volume 3) Post-sperm--> gel from Cowper's glands & prostate -helps fix pH within male & female repro tracts |
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What are the 3 fates of unejaculated sperm?
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1) Resorbed by excurrent duct system
-epididymis, vas deferens and ampulla; some selective removal of abnormal sperm (macs) 2) Sperm lost in urine 3) Masturbation loss of sperm -management problem in boars & stallions |
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What domestic species have seasonal semen quality?
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Ram, buck
(+/-): Stallion, boar, camelid |
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What stimulates melatonin secretion? What is the source of melatonin?
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Secreted from pineal gland during hours of no light
-increase during short days and decrease during long days associated with transition into breeding season |
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What animals estrus cycles are affected by melatonin levels?
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Small ruminants (buck & ram)
horses |
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How can melatonin suppress the labido in mammals that have a breeding season when daylight hours are long?
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Inhibiting secretion of LH & FSH from the pituitary gland
-short day breeders are stimulated by melatonin |
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Physiologic changes like testicular behavior and semen quality in rams is due to what? What modulates this?
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Activation of the hypothalamus and changes in effectiveness of testosterone on the negative inhibition of GnRH
-modulated by increasing periods of darkness (usually fall) |
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There is some controvery about whether the buck is truly a seasonal breeder, but why are they considered short day breeders?
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LH and testosterone concentrations peak in the fall
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Seasons don't tend to infect camelid breeding very much, what seems to have a bigger effect on the male libido?
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Male exposure to females: decreased libido if exposed to females for extended periods of time, but decreased levels of testosterone w/o female exposure
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When is the concentration of sperm greatest in cervids? What is the most marked change in cervids during breeding season?
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Greatest sperm volume in autumn, scrotal difference has been noted to 3x at onset of rut
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Why is testosterone important in cervids for reasons other than breeding?
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Antlers cycle with the rut, need testosterone to shed the velvet on the antlers, if don't shed velvet then can get infection
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There is some controvery about whether the buck is truly a seasonal breeder, but why are they considered short day breeders?
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LH and testosterone concentrations peak in the fall
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Seasons don't tend to infect camelid breeding very much, what seems to have a bigger effect on the male libido?
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Male exposure to females: decreased libido if exposed to females for extended periods of time, but decreased levels of testosterone w/o female exposure
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When is the concentration of sperm greatest in cervids? What is the most marked change in cervids during breeding season?
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Greatest sperm volume in autumn, scrotal difference has been noted to 3x at onset of rut
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Why is testosterone important in cervids for reasons other than breeding?
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Antlers cycle with the rut, need testosterone to shed the velvet on the antlers, if don't shed velvet then can get infection
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