Theriogenology Final - Small Ruminant

Front 1

Sheep and goats are __________ breeders that are ____________ polyestrous.

Back 1

short day breeders that are seasonally polyestrous

Front 2

Season is influenced by:

Back 2

daylength
the most restrictive have a season centered around September and October

Front 3

Cycle length in sheep

Back 3

17 days (15-26 range)

Front 4

cycle length in goats

Back 4

21 days - more likely to be consistent than sheep

Front 5

What is the "male effect" in goats/sheep?

Back 5

introducing a male into a female flock that has not been exposed to one, can induce estrus earlier than would be true in the male's absence
this will also somewhat synchronize females if the breeding season has already begun

Front 6

in the goat, if male effect occurs slightly before breeding season...

Back 6

induces folliculogenesis w/ ovulation
in goats this results in an overt estrus in about 2-4 days after introducing the male ---this is b/c goats don't need prior progesterone priming for estrus behavior

Front 7

in the ewe, if male effect occurs slightly before breeding season...

Back 7

the ewes will have a silent ovulation at 2-4 days, and then an overt estrus at about day 18
ewes require falling progesterone levels to achieve standing estrus (and the first ovulation provides the needed corpus luteum)

Front 8

Introduction of male into a group that is already cycling...

Back 8

will generally cause luteolysis w/ a subsequent decent synchronization of estrus in a high proportion of the animals

Front 9

_____________ as an implant or orally, can bring seasonal breeders into estrus out of season.

Back 9

Exogenous melatonin

Front 10

_________breeds are usually more fecund than ________ breeds.

Back 10

Dairy breeds ...........non-dairy breeds

Front 11

Ewes and does bag up __________ before parturition.

Back 11

about a month

this can be variable

Front 12

The sacrotuberous ligaments can be a useful guide to impending parturition:

Back 12

they are tight and rigid generally until 12 hours before parturition, and then soften and seem to nearly disappear.

Front 13

Toxemia: Twin Lamb Disease

Back 13

ruminant fetuses can trap glucose from the dam
if energy requirements are not being met in the dam then the result is: hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, ketouria, acidosis
very difficult to reverse
common to lose fetuses and dam

Front 14

Vaginal prolapse is much more common in __________ than ____________.

Back 14

sheep than goats

Front 15

Ringwomb

Back 15

incomplete dilation of cervix at parturition
can be related to Chlamydia infection (but not in all cases)
C-section is usually indicated

Front 16

Retained placentas

Back 16

considered retained after 12 hours
animals need antibiotic support due to anaerobic uterine environment (bacterial involvement is usu. rapid and severe)
much more significant clinical problem (fortunately rare) than it is in cows
this will kill animals

Front 17

The most important causes in small ruminant abortions

Back 17

Chlamydia (bacterial)
Campylobacter (bact.)
Coxiella (bact.)
Toxoplasma (protozoa)
border disease (viral)
herpesvirus (viral)

Front 18

Scrotal circumference

Back 18

guide to testicular size
should not go below a set number that varies species to species, breed to breed, and age to age
substandard animals: tend to sire daughters that mature late and have poorer fecundity than their better endowed herdmates