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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When does puberty occur in the sow?
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~6 to 9 mon of age
~230 lb at puberty Crossbreeds are earlier than purebreeds |
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What factors affect puberty onet?
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Confinement
Seasonal Effect (long days optimal but negative effect from heat stress) |
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What is the Boar Effect?
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Introduction of Boars to gilts @ 160-170 days to hasten Puberty
Smell and Sound of Boars Pheremone- andostenol ("Bore Effect": the boredom-induced sleep coma you're put into 3 cards into this review...) |
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T or F: Sows will not enter anestrus if they have no interaction with boars.
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FALSE!! 25% of sows become anestrus if no interaction with boars.
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T or F: The 1st estrus is silent due to the lack of estrogen priming of the brain centers.
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FALSE--The 1st estrus is silent due to the lack of PROGESTERONE priming of the brain centers.
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T or F: The # of ovulations will increase with each estrus.
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T-rue
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When is maximum fecundity usually reached?
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at 2 to 4 years of age
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How long is the Estrus Cycle in the Sow?
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21 days
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T or F: The sow is Polyestrous.
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TRUE
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Describe Estrus in the Sow
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2 to 3 days
Ovulation is 36 hours from onset Breed during 1st and 2nd day of Estrus |
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When does Postpartum Estrus occur?
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Postpartum estrus within 5 days of farrowing
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When does Estrus resume after Lactational Anestrus? Why is this important?
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Resumes Cycle 4 to 8 days after weaning
Can be used to synchronize sows and wean all at the same time |
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What are signs of Estrus?
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BACK PRESSURE TEST & STANDING= CARDINAL SIGN
Other signs: restlessness, vuvlar swelling, mucus discharge, seeking the boar, ears elevated in presence of boar, clamping jaws w/ salivation |
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T or F: 10 to 20 Follicles ovulate over a period of 1-4 hrs in the sow.
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TRUE
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Describe Diestrus:
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Progesterone peak at 7 days
Non-pregnant: Last until 16 days CL responsive to PGF-2a after day 12 |
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T or F: Estrogen is LUTEOTROPIC (from the embryos-- prolongs the inter-estrus interval)
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TRUE.
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Why should you NOT use PGF-2a to synchronize sows?
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The CL is UNRESPONSIVE to PGF-2a until Day 12, and the CL's usually lyse around Day 16. A four day advantage isn't really worth it.
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How do you Flush a sow?
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Pull the tail. jk... Increase Energy Intake 2 wks prior to estrus, which results in 2-3 more ova.
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Time of Breeding??
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12-24 hours apart on Day 1 and 2 of Estrus
The farrowing rate increase with heterospermic insemination. Farrowing Rate= 80-90% |
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T or F: The farrowing rate is not affected by heterospermic insemination.
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FALSE!! The farrowing rate increase with heterospermic insemination.
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Synchronization Protocols in the Sow??
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Timed Group Weaning (Wean Thursday & Breed Monday)
PGF-2a (only if your rich and impatient) Progestin: upon removal return to estrus in 4-6 days |
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Pregnancy Timeline??
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Day 2: Fertilized ova enter uterus
Day 9-12: Intra-uterine migration of zygotes results in spacing of embryos. Day 12: Maternal Recognition with minimum of 4 embryos. Day 12-16: Rapid elongation of blastocyst. Day 15-17: Implantation with diffuse Epitheliochorial Placenta. |
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How do you diagnose pregnancy?
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Non-return to estrus
Serum Progesterone Serum Estrone Sulphate Ultrasonography (Diffuse Epitheliochorial placenta) |
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What is the Gestation Length?
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115 days
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What are important hormones at parturition and why?
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ACTH: Increased Cortisol--> Decreased Progesterone and Increased Estrogen
PGF-2a: Lysis of CL Relaxin: Softening of cervix Increase Oxytocin and Decrease Progesterone--> Increases myometrial activity and abdominal and uterine contraction |
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What are signs of pending parturition?
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Nesting Behavior, Restlessness, Anorexia
Enlarged Vulva (1 wk prior) Mammary Distention with milk (last 24 hours) |
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How long does Stage 2 last?
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Usually 4 hours
20 min to 12 hour range |
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T or F: The passing of placentas may occur 2 to 3 times during parturition, and the majority are expelled after the last fetus is delivered.
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TRUE
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What are abnormal behaviors following parturition?
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Restlessness
Fetid Discharge Look for retained piglets or placentas |
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What is used to induce estrus in acyclic females?
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eCG-- FSH like activity
hCG-- LH like activity |
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What should you do with a gilt who has not shown esturs 42 days after her pen-mates?
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Change Environment and Boar Exposure
Administer eCG (FSH-like) or hCG (LH-like) |
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What effects the success of Group Weaning?
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Season
Nutrition Early Weaning Heavy Lactation |
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What may cause delayed estrus if not within 10 days of weaning? What should you doooo???
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First litter gilts
Summer and Fall Seasonal Anestrus Hit em with PG 600 (eCG--FSH-like and hcG--LH-like) |
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T or F: Sows are luteal independent.
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FALSE-- they're luteal DEPENDENT.
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What should you use to induce parturition in a sow that is >110 days in gestation?
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PGF-2a
Since they're luteal DEPENDENT, if you lyse the CL, they WILL give birth within 20-36 hours. |
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What are the side effects of administering PGF-2a to induce parturition in the pig? What are the benefits?
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Increased Respiration, Salivation, and Urination
Benefits: Reduce incidence of Mastitis, Metritis, and Agalactica Complex |
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If you have given the sow PGF-2a and she still needs assistance, what should you give her?
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Oxytocin
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What are the Reproductive Goals:
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Farrowing Rate > 85%
Pigs born live/litter 10.5 Still Births <7.0% Mummies <1.5% * Normal Loss= 8.5% of ALL piglets |
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What are Non-Infectious Causes of infertility in the sow?
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-Hydrosalpix
-Polycystic Ovaries -Segmental Aplasia -Uterus Unicornis -Hermaphrodites or Intersex -Environment -Nutritional |
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T or F: Mummification is a relatively uncommon form of Pregnancy Wastage in the Sow.
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FALSE!!!
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What are viral causes of Infertility in the sow?
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Porcine Parvovirus (PPV)
Porcine Enterovius Psuedorabies (PRV) Procine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) |
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What is Procine Parvovirus (PPV)-- Transmission & Clinical Signs.
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Direct Transmission
Clinical Signs: <35 d-- EED 35-70 d-- Fetal Mumification >70 d-- Sero-conversion; Fetal Recovery |
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What is Procine Parvovirus (PPV)-- Diagnosis & Prevention
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Diagnosis:
FA Detection of virus in Fetal Lung HI Titers (any in pre-colostral serum) Prevention: Vaccination @ 2-3 mon and again @ 6 mon prebreeding and boost sows @ farrowing |
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What is Porcine Enterovirus-- Transmission & Clinical Signs
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Like PPV:
Direct Transmission Clinical Signs: <35 d-- EED 35-70 d-- Fetal Mumification >70 d-- Sero-conversion; Fetal Recovery |
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What is Porcine Enterovirus-- Diagnosis & Prevention
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Diagnosis:
FA in fetal mummies Virus Isolation in aborted fetus Serology on presuckled piglets Prevention: Limited value Forced Exposure |
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What are clinical signs of Pseudorabies (PRV)
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Asymptomatic carriers in Trigeminal Ganglia
Develops in CNS (repro and respiratory signs) Many are asymptomatic and become latent EED, mummification, abortion |
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How do you diagnose Pseudorabies (PRV)?
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Viral Isolation (brain and lung)
Serology |
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How do you prevent Pseudorabies (PRV)?
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Depopulate and Repopulate
Removal of Sero-Positive Animal Offspring Segregation |
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Transmission and Importance of Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)?
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Transmission= Aerosol
Economic Importance-- HIGH morbidity |
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Clinical Signs of Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)?
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Trans-placental infection
Anorexia Depressed Febrile Late Term Abortion (>100 d): Mummification followed by stillbirths and weakened piglets--> respiratory sings in nursing and feeder hogs |
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Diagnosis of Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)?
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Virus isolation from brain, lung, kidney, and aborted fetus
Serology |
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Prevention of of Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)?
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Vaccine (shady efficacy)
Depopulate nursery followed by 2wks vacancy Repopulate with pigs NEG for VN titers 30d after isolation |
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What are common bacterial causes of infertility?
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Leptospirosis
Brucella canis |
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What are common protozoal causes of infertility?
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Epirythrozoon suis
Toxoplasma gondii |
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What are nutritional causes of infertility?
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Vitamins: A, B12, E, and Iodine
Mycotoxins & Pseudopregnancy-- Zearalenone and prolonged gestation b/c of estrogenic effect that mimics signal fetus sends to uterus to stay in the Luteal Phase and maintain pregnancy |
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Clinical Signs of Lepto?
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Mid-late Term Abortion
Still Birth |
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How do you diagnose Lepto?
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Serology >4 fold increase over 2 wks
Titer > 1:1000 previous infection |
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Prevention of Lepto?
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Vaccination
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Clinical Signs of Brucella?
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Placentitis
Abortion at ANY stage Orchitis and Epididymitis in boars |
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Diagnosis of Brucella?
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Culture
Placenta Serology |
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Prevention of Brucella?
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Test and Slaughter Sero-Positive
Retain New born to Repopulate Quarantine Depopulate |
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Epirythrozoon suis
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Intracellular
Transmission: Louse Anemia, Failure to conceive, EED, Abortion |
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Transmission: Cat
Intrauterine Infection, Abortion, Still Birth, Weak Pigs |
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T or F: Boar Libido is HERITABLE.
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TRUE
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What do Libido and # of Nipples have in common?
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They're both selected for
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Spermatogenic Cycle
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45 days
Produce 10 to 15 billion sperm/day 1 Boar: 20 sows 100-250 mL ejaculate |
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What accessory sex glands are present in the boar?
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Vesicular
Prostate BUGs |
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What is the average breeding time?
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5 minutes
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What causes infertility in the Boar?
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Loss of Libido
Trauma Testicular Degeneration |
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What are congenital/hereditary problems in the boar?
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Crytporchidism
Hernias Juvenile Penis Persistent Frenulum Testicular Hypoplasia Segmental Aplasia of Epididymis |
