Theriogenology - Final Exam

Front 1

generally, when do pigs reach puberty?

Back 1

5-8 months

Front 2

in pigs, what is the typical weight range at puberty and what is the market weight?

Back 2

- puberty: 200-250 lbs
- market: 275-280 lbs

Front 3

what are three factors that can hasten the onset of puberty in gilts?

Back 3

- movement/mixing (they have to fight for a new pecking order)
- longer day length
- boar effect

Front 4

what are two factors that can delay the onset of puberty in gilts?

Back 4

- confinement housing - pigs need to be social
- season - shorter day length will delay onset

Front 5

boar effect
- what is it?
- how is it done?
- when it it done?

Back 5

- bring a boar into contact with gilts to hasten the onset of their puberty
- bring the boar into direct contact (through the fence) with the gilts. take him away for a few hours, then bring him back.
- begin at 160-170 days of age

Front 6

what (definition and time) is the wean to service interval in pigs?

Back 6

- minimum time between weaning and when they can be mated
- average 3-5 days

Front 7

sow estrus cycle
- type
- length

Back 7

- non-seasonal polyestrous
- average 21 days (18-24)

Front 8

the hormonal pattern of the sow's estrus cycle is very close to what other domestic animal? how do they differ?

Back 8

- cow
- they differ in that the pig does not have follicular waves like the cow

Front 9

estrus in pigs:
- length in gilts
- length in sows
- when does ovulation occur?
- how long after LH peak does ovulation occur?
- how long does ovulation take?

Back 9

- gilts: 36-48 h
- sows: 48-72 h
- ovulation occurs 2/3rd of the way through estrus (36 h average)
- ovulation occurs 24 h after LH peak
- ovulation occurs over a 1-4 hours period

Front 10

post-farrowing:
- how long does uterine involution take?
- describe her estrous cycle
- when are pigs weaned
- how do you know when she is back in estrus?

Back 10

- uterine involution: 14 days
- total lactational anestrus
- wean at 3 weeks
- estrus: standing behavior

Front 11

describe five non-cardinal signs of estrus in the pig

Back 11

1. vulva swelling and redness
2. white, chalky vaginal discharge
3. restlessness and vocalization
4. actively seeking boar
5. "prickling" of ears

Front 12

in the all-in/all-out strategy for weaning piglets:
- what day of the week do you wean?
- when will estrus occur in the sow?

Back 12

- wean on Thursday
- Estrus will occur Mon-Thurs of the next week (4-7 days)

Front 13

To induce non-cycling gilts into estrus
- what drug do you administer?
- what is the minimum age of the gilt?
- what hormones are in the drug and what endogenous hormones to they mimic?

Back 13

- PG600
- >165 days of age
- PG600 = PMSG (FSH) + hCG (LH)

Front 14

what is the name of a progestin approved in the US for estrus suppression/synchronization in pigs? How long after withdrawal of this drug will pigs come into estrus?

Back 14

- Altrenogest (Matrix)
- estrus 4-7 days after withdrawal

Front 15

when in estrus do pigs ovulate?

Back 15

2/3 of the way through estrus

Front 16

how long after ovulation should AI be performed in the pig?

Back 16

12 hours

Front 17

when is the optimal breeding time for pigs? When is the optimal time to start breeding a gilt to maximize fertility rates?

Back 17

- 18-24 hours apart on days 1 and 2 of estrus
- breed gilts on 2nd or 3rd estrus cycle

Front 18

What domestic species have
- completely CL dependent pregnancies?
- late-gestation fetal dependent pregnancies?
- a combination of the two?

Back 18

- CL: dogs, pigs, goats, camels
- fetal: cats, horses, sheep
- both: cow

Front 19

when does maternal recognition of the embryo occur occur in the pig?

Back 19

day 11-12

Front 20

how many embryos are required to sustain a pig's pregnancy?

Back 20

four

Front 21

what type of placentation do sows have?

Back 21

diffuse epitheliochorial - microcotyledonary

Front 22

in the pig fetus:
- when does mineralization occur?
- when does immunocompetence develop?
- how do you tell the age of the fetus?

Back 22

- 35-42 d
- 70-75 d
- measure crown-to-rump length

Front 23

what is the length of the pig gestation?

Back 23

3 mo, 3 wk, 3 days (114 +/- 2)

Front 24

what is the main way that pregnancy is diagnosed in the pig?

Back 24

they don't return to estrus

Front 25

what are four diagnostic techniques that can be used to diagnose pregnancy in a pig?

Back 25

1. ultrasound
2. hormonal assays
3. rectal palpation
4. vaginal biopsy

Front 26

in the pig, what initiates parturition?

Back 26

fetal stress → fetal cortisol release

Front 27

what are the 3 stages of normal farrowing?

Back 27

Stage I: Cervical dilation
Stage II: Myometrial contractions/Fetal Expulsion
Stage III: Fetal Membrane Expulsion

Front 28

what are four signs that a pig may be in stage 1 of farrowing?

Back 28

1. Females begins “nesting” at least 24 h prior to stage I
2. Relaxation of perineal ligaments
3. Swelling and reddening of the vulva
4. Cervical dilation

Front 29

stage 2 of farrowing:
- from which horn and in what position are piglets born?
- how much time between piglet delivery?
- length of a normal farrowing
- % stillbirths

Back 29

- Delivery of piglets can be from either horn in an anterior or posterior position
- Piglets generally are expelled every 15 minutes
- Duration can be from 2 to 4 h
- 30% of farrowings have stillbirths

Front 30

what are the 4 leading causes of porcine dystocia in order of incidence?

Back 30

1. uterine inertia (37%)
2. fetal maldisposition (33%)
3. obstruction of the birth canal (13%)
4. deviation of the uterus (10%)

Front 31

what hormone is administered for a porcine dystocia? When is this contraindicated?

Back 31

- oxytocin
- contraindicated if there is an obstruction

Front 32

why are corticosteroids not indicated for induction or parturition in pigs?

Back 32

- prostaglandins are more reliable
- too much lag and poor piglet survival if given too early

Front 33

induction of parturition in pigs
- preferred drug
- when should it be administered?
- when will farrowing happen?

Back 33

- prostaglandins (Lutalyse, Estrumate/closprostanol)
- day 112-113 of gestation
- farrowing in 18-36 hours

Front 34

what are five benefits to induction of parturition in pigs?

Back 34

1. Farrowing during working hours
2. Induction of entire room to ensure All-in/All-out management
3. Cross-fostering piglets between litters
4. Piglet size will be more uniform for nursery
5. Overall improved labor efficiency, piglet survival, and facility utilization

Front 35

what is the target wean-to-service interval in sows? when do you intervene?

Back 35

- 4-7 days
- intervene > 10 days

Front 36

early embryonic death in the pig:
- up until how many days can they be resorbed?
- what interval of gestation does mummification occur?
- after what day do stillbirths occur?

Back 36

- resorption: 0-35 days
- mummification: 35-114 days
- stillbirths: 114+

Front 37

what happens with a porcine pregnancy is the entire litter is mummified?

Back 37

progress to pseudopregnancy > 114 days

Front 38

what is the main pathological manifestation of a stillborn piglet?

Back 38

lungs did not inflate

Front 39

what are the #1 and #2 most common causes of infertitility in the sow/gilt?

Back 39

1. hydrosaplinx
2. COD

Front 40

how does treatment of COD in sows/gilts differ than that of cows?

Back 40

- sows/gilts do not respond to hormone therapy

Front 41

what is SMEDI?

Back 41

caused by porcine parvovirus, Stillbirths, Mummies, Embryonic Death, and Infertility.

Front 42

porcine parvovirus:
- routes of infection
- most commonly susceptible animals
- clinical signs

Back 42

- routes: oral, venereal
- naive replacement gilts are most susceptible
- sows do not usually show clinical signs until farrowing: small litter size and ↑mummies

Front 43

porcine parvovirus
- treatment
- prevention

Back 43

- no treatment
- prevention: proper acclimatization of replacement gilts; regular vaccination of breeding herd

Front 44

pseudorabies
- type of virus
- clinical signs
- transmission

Back 44

- herpesvirus
- encephalitis (piglets), respiratory (weanlings & older) reproductive failure, reduced litter size, fever & anorexia (all ages)
- transmitted in in semen; nose-to-nose; feco-oral; aerosol

Front 45

pseudorabies
- control
- prevention

Back 45

- control: eradication: whole herd; test and cull; quarantine
- prevention: vaccination

Front 46

PRRS:
- name of disease
- cause
- clinical signs
- transmission

Back 46

- porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome
- viral infection
- clinical signs - 2 forms: (1) reproductive failure; (2) post-weaining respiratory disease
- transmission: semen; direct contact

Front 47

PRRS prevention and treatment

Back 47

- treat symptomatically
- isolate new entries
- vaccination
- ↓ cross-fostering of litters

Front 48

what are two reportable porcine reproductive diseases?

Back 48

1. hog cholera
2. Brucellosis (B. suis)

Front 49

hog cholera
- source
- transmission
- clinical signs

Back 49

- feeding raw garbage to hogs
- can be transmitted in the semen
- anorexia, cyanosis, fever, diarrhea, vomiting, abortions

Front 50

what is the pathogenesis of hog cholera with respect to reproductive problems?

Back 50

- introduced into the repro tract during breeding or parturition
- septicemia → loss of pregnancy and subsequent reproductive problems

Front 51

what is the most common infectious cause of porcine pregnancy loss?

Back 51

Leptospirosis

Front 52

what are the two porcine Leptospirosis serovars of clinical importance?

Back 52

1. L. pomona - most common
2. L. bratislava

Front 53

Brucella suis
- reproductive clinical signs
- clinical signs in the boar
- transmission

Back 53

- abortions, stillbirths, infertility; piglet mortality
- orchitis in boars
- transmission: coitus or ingestion of infected material

Front 54

why does infection with Erysipelothrix cause abortion in pigs?

Back 54

secondary to fever and septicemia

Front 55

what are two "protozoal" diseases that cause abortion in pigs?

Back 55

1. Toxoplasmosis
2. Eperythrozoonosis

Front 56

a hard to pronounce reproductive disease of pigs caused by a fungal agent
- name of fungal agent
- clinical signs in females
- clinical signs in males

Back 56

- Zearalenone
- caused by Fusarium roseum
- females: signs of estrus, mammary development, vaginal discharge, vaginal/rectal prolapse
- males: ↓testicular development and feminization

Front 57

what are two molds (and their toxins) that grow in feed that can cause EED/abortion/failure to thrive in pigs?

Back 57

- Fusarium (Fumonison)
- Aspergillus (Aflatoxin)

Front 58

in the bitch, the time from the beginning of one estrus period to the beginning of the next

Back 58

interestrous period

Front 59

what is the average interestrous period in the bitch, and what is the range?

Back 59

- avg: 7 months
- range: 4-12 months

Front 60

why is a 4-month interestrous period absolutely required in the bitch?

Back 60

- desquamation and repair period necessary after prolonged canine luteal phase
- the bitch goes through a hormonal pregnancy every time she goes into heat, so she needs a "uterine involution"

Front 61

what are the two clinical manifestations of a normal canine luteal phase?

Back 61

1. pregnancy
2. pseudopregnancy

Front 62

what breeds of dogs have short interestrous periods?

Back 62

Rottie, German Shepherd

Front 63

what breeds of dog are predisposed to a lengthened intraestrous period?

Back 63

Basenji, sight hounds

Front 64

what is a common etiology for a prolonged intraestrous period in the bitch?

Back 64

hyperprolactemia

Front 65

during proestrus in the bitch, characterize:
- vulvar swelling
- vulvar discharge
- vaginal cytology
- behavior towards dog
- hormones

Back 65

- turgid vulvar swelling
- hemorrhagic discharge
- cornification of squamous epithelial lining (due to estrogen) and "other" cells (RBC, WBC, debris)
- non-acceptance of dog
- estrogen predominates

Front 66

in the bitch, what does estrogen do to the vaginal epithelium?

Back 66

it causes it to proliferate from 2-4 layers to 20-40 layers. Also, it causes cornification

Front 67

what is the appearance of a vaginal cytology of a bitch in proestrus?

Back 67

- cornified epithelial cella - "corn flakes" - large, angular cells with small/no nuclei
- RBCs due to diapedesis from uterus (variable)
- WBC - PMN - variable in number, decreasing over time
- debris

Front 68

behavior of the bitch in proestrus towards the male
- early in proestrus
- late in proestrus

Back 68

- early: negative response, aggression
- late: passive responses; when dog attempts mounting, she tucks her tail

Front 69

proestrus in the bitch
- dominant hormone
- levels of FSH and LH
- serum concentration of progesterone

Back 69

- estrogen
- FSH and LH are low
- progesterone < 1 ng/mL

Front 70

proestrus in the bitch
- average duration
- range
- clinically, why do these values matter?

Back 70

- avg: 7-9 days
- range: 2-21 days
- practically: must remain flexible when managing individual bitches for breeding

Front 71

estrus in the bitch
- vulvar swelling
- vulvar discharge
- vaginal cytology
- behavior towards dog
- hormones

Back 71

- vulva less turgid than in proestrus
- less blood in discharge
- continued cornification, but no WBC, few RBC, little/no debris
- stands to be mounted
- progesterone rising, estrogen falling, LH and FSH peak

Front 72

what is the appearance of a vaginal cytology of a bitch in estrus?

Back 72

- >90% cornified eipthelial cells
- no WBC
- few RBC
- little to no background debris

Front 73

what is the "definition" of estrus in the bitch?

Back 73

stands to be mounted

Front 74

estrus behavior in the bitch
- tail position
- vulvar muscle tone
- other signs

Back 74

- tail to side and elevated
- muscles around vulva contract and raise vulva - helps alignment of penis
- stiffening of back legs and rolling of skin on back

Front 75

hormone profile of estrus in the bitch:
- estrogen
- progesterone
- what hormones are necessary for standing behavior?
- FSH and LH

Back 75

- estrogen levels begin to fall
- progesterone starts to rise with LH peak
- estrogen and progesterone are both necessary for standing behavior
- LH and FSH both peak at onset of estrus

Front 76

progesterone serum levels in the bitch
- no luteal tissue
- luteal tissue present
- LH peak
- estrus

Back 76

- no luteal tissue: <1 ng/mL
- positive luteal tissue: >1 ng/mL
- LH peak: 2 ng/mL
- estrus: 5 ng/mL

Front 77

estrus in the bitch:
- duration
- range

Back 77

- average: 7-9 days
- range: 2-21 days

Front 78

diestrus in the bitch:
- behavior towards male
- dominant hormone
- duration

Back 78

- non-acceptance of male
- progestrone dominated
- length = length of pregnancy/pseudopregnancy

Front 79

diestrus in the bitch:
- vulvar swelling
- vulvar discharge
- vaginal cytology
- when does progesterone peak?

Back 79

- vulvar swelling decreases with time
- vulvar discharge disappears, but you can see scant purulent discharge, early, which is normal
- abrupt change to non-cornified cells, influx of neutrophils that are "cleaning up" from proestrus/estrus
- progesterone peaks at 3 weeks

Front 80

in the bitch, how do prolactin and the CL relate?

Back 80

prolactin is luteotropic

Front 81

comment on the appearance of vaginal cytology in diestrus in the bitch

Back 81

- non-cornified epithelium
- "happy neutrophils"
- this is NOT inflammation

Front 82

queen reproductive cycle:
- type of breeder
- comment on their ovulation

Back 82

- long daylight seasonal polyestrous
- induced ovulator: copulation stimulated an LH release by the pituitary

Front 83

what are the typical breeding months for the queen?

Back 83

February → November

Front 84

why might queens living indoor cycle year round?

Back 84

continuous exposure to light

Front 85

briefly characterize the following in the queen:
- proestrus
- estrus
- post-estrus/interestrus
- diestrus

Back 85

- proestrus: not as well-defined as in the bitch
- estrus: acceptance of mating
- post-estrus/interestrus: no luteal phase if not induced to ovulate
- diestrus: when ovulation has occurred

Front 86

why do queens not normally have a pseudopregnancy, like the bitch?

Back 86

because they are induced ovulators; with no ovulation, no CL can develop

Front 87

proestrus in the queen
- behavior
- hormone profile
- vaginal cytology

Back 87

- behavior: increased activity, vocalization, increased affection towards people
- rising estrogen levels
- vaginal cytology similar to bitch: cornification, RBC, WBC, debris

Front 88

why is vaginal cytology not routinely performed in the queen?

Back 88

- very small diameter vagina
- biopsy can induce ovulation

Front 89

estrus in the queen
- behavior
- hormone profile
- hormone profile during breeding

Back 89

- behavior: vocalization, rolling, lordosis, treading with hind legs
- estrogen is high
- breeding - reflex release of LH from pituitary to induce ovulation

Front 90

how many times should a queen be bred to ensure 100% ovulation?

Back 90

4 or more times

Front 91

post-estrus in the queen
- ovulation cycle characteristics
- progesterone levels
- sexual receptivity
- average duration

Back 91

- non-ovulatory cycle
- no luteal tissue on the ovary, so no progesterone
- no sexual receptivity
- average duration: 8-10 days

Front 92

diestrus in the queen
- what is required?
- length of luteal phase in pregnancy
- length of luteal phase in pseudoregnancy

Back 92

- for diestrus to occur, ovulation must have been induced by breeding or other means
- luteal phase in pregnancy = 9 weeks
- luteal phase in pseudopregnancy = 40-45 days (≈6 weeks)

Front 93

what hormone induces anestrus in the queen?

Back 93

melatonin

Front 94

what is the most common cause of abortion in the bitch?

Back 94

Canine Brucellosis

Front 95

Brucella canis:
- transmission (and most often route)
- clinical signs in the bitch
- clinical signs in the dog

Back 95

- mucous membrane contact (most commonly contagious with aborting bitch)
- bitch: abortion (due to placentitis)
- dog: orchitis, epididymitis, infertility

Front 96

why does Brucella canis like to "hang out" in the placenta and epididymis?

Back 96

B. canis likes the sugar erythritol, which is in high concentration in the placenta and epididymis

Front 97

if a dog has orchitis and/or epididymis, what is the main rule-out?

Back 97

Brucellosis, until proven otherwise

Front 98

How is Canine Brucellosis managed if confirmed?

Back 98

- untreatable (intracellular pathogen)
- recommend euthanasia or spay/neuter
- must quarantine

Front 99

diagnosis of Canine Brucellosis
- how is it absolutely confirmed?
- what are 3 other diagnostic tests?

Back 99

- absolute confirmation by culture
1. Rapid Slide Agglutination test - excellent screening, but low specificity
2. Tube Agglutination Test - diagnostic labs - titers
3. AGID - cell surface AND cytoplasmic ANTIGENS

Front 100

diagnosis of Canine Brucellosis:
- when are false negatives most common?
- when are false-positives most common?

Back 100

- false negatives common early in the disease process (<4-6 weeks) and after treatment
- false positives common due to lack of test specificity: cross-reactivity with other antigens

Front 101

diagnosis of Canine Brucellosis interpretation of
- slide test
- tube agglutination
- AGID
- culture

Back 101

- slide: good screening
- tube agglutination: titers ≤ 1:50 are non-significant
- AGID: rules out false-positives because it tests for surface vs cytoplasmic antigens
- culture is absolute confirmation

Front 102

what is the diagnostic plan for canine Brucellosis
- routine screen is positive
- if positive with clinical signs
- if negative on routine screen
- if negative with clinical signs

Back 102

- if routine screen is positive: use AGID to rule out false positivies
- if positive with clinical signs: culture blood or discharge
- if negative on routine screen: no other tests needed
- if negative with clinical signs: 3 monthly negative tests to confirm false negative

Front 103

canine herpesvirus
- what is generally required for neonatal deaths due to this infection?
- where does the virus replicate
- prevalence
- when in life does illness occur and why?

Back 103

- neonatal pups must be exposed and their mother must never have been pre-exposed (i.e. no protective Igs)
- virus likes low temp: replicates in the oropharynx and nasal pharynx
- infection is ubiquitous with a high morbidity
- illness occurs in pups <3 weeks because in older pups, their body temperature is too high for the virus to replicate

Front 104

herpesirus in the naive pregnant bitch
- what if is she is exposed during breeding?
- what is the critical window of danger?

Back 104

- during breeding: no problem
- last 3 weeks of pregnancy and first 3 weeks of neonatal life

Front 105

canine herpesvirus:
- clinical signs in pups
- mortality rate in infected pups
- PM findings

Back 105

- fading puppies - crying, greenish stools, abdominal pain
- near 100% mortality
- PM: petechial hemorrhages in kidney, liver, lung, spleen; intranuclear inclusion bodies

Front 106

if a bitch's litter dies from canine herpesvirus, what is the prognosis for her subsequent litters?

Back 106

- normal, because she will now have Igs to transfer to the fetuses and through her colostrum

Front 107

feline infectious peritonitis
- common name for disease
- risk factor
- clinical signs

Back 107

- "Kitten Mortality Complex"
- repeat breeders are most at risk
- abortion, stillbirths, fading kittens

Front 108

what repro disorder is caused by FeLV?

Back 108

fetal resorption

Front 109

what repro disorder is caused by feline panleukopenia virus?

Back 109

cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens (spastic kittens)

Front 110

dog/cat pregnancy:
- when can you feel them abdominally? how do they feel?
- when is radiography performed?
- why is radiography performed?
- what is the purpose of ultrasound?

Back 110

- feel "string of pearls" at 21-28 days; difficult after 35 days
- radiography is considered safe after day 40, but best done in last week of pregnancy
- indication for radiography is to mainly count the number of fetuses
- ultrasound confirms pregnancy and viability; innacurate on count

Front 111

in-house pregnancy diagnosis
- what sample is collected?
- what does it measure to confirm pregnancy?
- why does this confirm pregnancy?
- when is it measurable?

Back 111

- this is a blood serum test
- measures relaxin
- it confirms pregnancy because relaxin is only produced by the viable placenta
- measurable in serum after day 21-28

Front 112

in the dog and cat fetus, what is a normal and abnormal heart rate?

Back 112

- normal: >200 bpm
- abnormal: <200 bpm (indicates stress/hypoxia)

Front 113

how is dystocia predicted by a prewhelping radiograph?

Back 113

by measuring skull size to pelvic inlet size

Front 114

what breeds of dogs are predisposed to dystocia?

Back 114

brachycephalic breeds, especially the English bulldog (≈100% c-section)

Front 115

what are two easy ways for the owner to reduce the chances of dystocia in queens and bitches?

Back 115

1. regular exercise
2. weight control

Front 116

in bitches (possibly queens according to these notes), how does nutrition change along the course of a pregnancy? what supplements should you feed her?

Back 116

- last trimester: increase by 50%, multiple small meals, and use a growth formulation (28-30% protein)
- fish oils are helpful, but avoid all other supplements

Front 117

what are four aspects of a good whelping/queening area?

Back 117

- Out of traffic patterns
- Whelping box with “pig rails” (prevents mom from squashing baby against wall)
- Acclimate one week prior to due date
- Washable bedding - need good footing

Front 118

what are four indications for a prewhelping radiograph?

Back 118

1. count the number of fetuses
2. measure fetal head and maternal pelvic inlet size to predice dystocia
3. know when dystocia is present
4. know when labor is complete

Front 119

what is a good predictor of when a bitch is going to whelp?

Back 119

- body temperature drops ≈24 hours prior to whelping

Front 120

regarding the bitch's pre-whelping temperature drop
- when does it occur?
- why does it occur?
- what is a typical temperature
- how often should you take her temp to observe this?

Back 120

- occurs ≈24 hours prior to whelping
- indicates a drop in P4, because P4 is "thermogenic"
- usually drops below 98 °F
- transient; take temp twice per day

Front 121

gestation length in the bitch
- from LH peak (what are P4 levels at LH peak?)
- post-ovulation (what are P4 levels post-ovulation?)
- post breeding
- after onset of diestrus

Back 121

- 65 d from LH peak (P4 = 2 ng/mL)
- 61 d post ovulation (P4 = 5 ng/mL)
- 61-63 d post-breeding; inaccurate - range 55-70 d
- 56-57 d after onset of diestrus

Front 122

feline pregnancy
- average length
- range

Back 122

- avg: 63 d
- range: 58-70 d

Front 123

in the feline/canine pregnancy, comment on the interpretation of a vaginal discharge that is
- mucous
- hemorrhagic
- purulent

Back 123

- mucous discharge is normal
- hemorrhagic discharge may be normal or may be sign of impending abortion. Evaluate cytology (estrogen/inflammation) and vaginoscopy.
- purulent discharge: pyometra or dead fetus

Front 124

what hormone is used to evacuate the uterus in a bitch/queen that has a dead litter?

Back 124

PGF-2α

Front 125

what should you do if a bitch/queen has a prolonged gestation?

Back 125

- confirm pregnancy with radiograph/US
- evaluate due date from patient information to determine how prolonged it is

Front 126

what are three things that can cause prolonged gestation in the bitch/queen?

Back 126

1. all fetuses are dead (no cortisol)
2. singleton pregnancy (especially in medium→large breeds of dogs)
3. primary uterine inertia (P4 ≥ 2 ng/mL): no labor

Front 127

hormonally, what commonly causes primary uterine inertia in the bitch/queen? why?

Back 127

prostaglandin ≥ 2 ng/mL. it blocks the uterus from producing oxytocin receptor sites

Front 128

initiation of parturition in the bitch/queen
- what happens to progesterone?
- what happens to body temp?
- when do milk glands begin to lactate?

Back 128

- P4 drops to < 2 ng/mL
- transient drop in body temp due to lower P4 levels
- milk glands produce milk 1-7 days prior

Front 129

what does a greenish-black discharge mean during the 2nd stage of parturition in the canine?

Back 129

it is "uteroverdin," which are just placental marginal hematomas

Front 130

canine 2nd stage parturition
- average interval
- what are three indications to intervene?

Back 130

- average interval is 30 minutes - 1 hour

Intervene when:
1. active contractions >1 hour
2. rest period >4 hours
3. black, thick discharge without fetus

Front 131

when is oxytocin administration contraindicated in a feline/canine dystocia?

Back 131

obstruction

Front 132

canine/feline uterine involution
- normal time frame
- appearance of lochia
- what should normal lochia smell like?
- how long can lochia persist?

Back 132

- most lochia expelled in the first 2 weeks
- lochia should change from red→brown; watery→mucoid
- normal lochia should have no odor
- brownish, mucoid lochia can be normal for 4-6 weeks postpartum

Front 133

management of dam (bitch/queen):
- what should be examined?
- feeding/water protocol
- when should babies begin weaning and how?
- when should babies be completely weaned?

Back 133

- examine mammary glands for mastitis/milk production and vulvar discharge
- unlimited food and water
- begin weaning at 3-4 weeks by offering gruel
- complete weaning by 5-8 weeks

Front 134

weaning of pups/kittens
- how can you encourage lower milk production?
- what signals the dam to quit producing milk?

Back 134

- lower milk production by reducing food at weaning
- pressure in glands is the signal to quit milk production

Front 135

care of newborn pups/kittens
- what do they do?
- what does it mean if a neonate is crying?
- how long are they poikilothermic?

Back 135

- newborns eat colostrum/milk, eat, sleep, and dream
- crying indicates a problem
- they are poikilothermic for the first 2-3 weeks

Front 136

why would pups/kittens sleep in "pig piles?"

Back 136

they are cold; you need to provide a heat source

Front 137

what is a healthy weight gain in a neonatal pup/kitten?

Back 137

10% of birth weight daily

Front 138

what are three important conditions that could cause a fading puppy/kitten?

Back 138

1. hypothermia - most important
2. hypoglycemia - inadequate caloric intake
3. hypovolemia - dehydration

Front 139

what is the treatment for metritis in the bitch/queen?

Back 139

- PGF-2α to evacuate
- supportive therapy - fluids, antibiotics

Front 140

metritis in the bitch/queen
- clinical signs
- Dx

Back 140

- fever, depression, purulent vulvar discharge
- Dx - CBC, vaginal cytology, culture, U/S

Front 141

mastitis in the bitch/queen
- clinical signs
- Tx

Back 141

- enlarged, hot, painful gland(s), fever, leukocytosis
- hot pack and strip abnormal milk, provide aspirin and antibiotics (if bacterial)

Front 142

eclampsia in bitches
- what is it?
- risk factors
- clinical signs

Back 142

- hypocalcemia
- small, nervous breeds and hereditary in some lines
- panting, pacing → muscle tremors, trembling, ataxia, fever (106-108 °F +) → tonic-clonic convulsions → death

Front 143

how is eclampsia in the bitch treated?

Back 143

- IV Ca gluconate to effect
- oral calcium supplements for maintenance
- weaning: if pups are old enough; if unable to control clinical signs; or recurrence of clinical signs

Front 144

what is SIPS in bitches/queens?
- when is it identified?
- gross lesions
- histologic lesions

Back 144

- "subinvolution of placental sites"
- persistent uterine bleeding
- usually ID'ed if bleeding persists after weaning
- lesions: erosions in the endometrium
- histopath: giant cells = trophoblast cells

Front 145

how is SIPS treated in the bitch/queen? what is this NOT related to?

Back 145

(sub-involution of placental sites)
- usually self-limiting
- can treat with PGF-2α
- not related to postpartum metritis or future fertility

Front 146

what drug is FDA approved for estrus control in breeding bitches?

Back 146

Ovaban (megestrol acetate) - a progestin

Front 147

Ovaban (megesterol acetate) - a progestin
- why is it contraindicated in queens?
- how often is it dosed?
- which parts of the cycle is it used, which cycle has the higher dose, and in which part of the cycle is it used longest?

Back 147

- can cause diabetes mellitus in cats
- daily dosing
- proestrus: higher dose, 8 days
- anestrus: lower dose, 32 days

Front 148

what is mibolerone?
- why is it contraindicated in cats?
- why was it not approved for use in breeding bitches?
- dosing schedule
- when do you start?

Back 148

- it is an androgenic compound used for estrus control
- contraindicated in cats due to liver toxicity
- not approved in breeding bitches because you can't predict when they will come back into heat
- daily dosing
- must start 30 days prior to next anticipated heat

Front 149

why is testosterone given to female racing greyhounds?

Back 149

"estrus control" (yeah, right!)

Front 150

what is Deslorelin and how does it work? Why is our professor so excited about it?

Back 150

- it is a GnRH analog used for estrus suppression that down-regulates the pituitary-gonadal axis
- implants via ultrasound so you don't have to spay/neuter
- "totally safe," "totally reversible,"

Front 151

what are the two clinical manifestations of a canine pseudopregnancy? how does this affect treatment?

Back 151

- covert and overt
- overt: mammary development; can be treated with testosterone, mibolerone, bromocriptine, or allowed to self-limit

Front 152

what is given as a "mismating" shot (to prevent an oops pregnancy)?
- how does this work?
- complications
- how do you cover your ass?

Back 152

- give estrogen WHILE THE BITCH IS STILL IN ESTRUS
- causes "tubular lockage" (spasm of the oviduct that ↑transit time of fertilized ova; they die when they get to uterus); also, disrupts/alters uterine environment
- 25% incidence of pyometra (even when given in diestrus)
- client should sign a release form

Front 153

what are two side-effects of estrogen administration for a "mismating" shot in bitches and ferrets? how often can you give estrogen injections?

Back 153

- pyometra: 25% incidence
- lethal, irreversible bone marrow suppression
- do not repeat estrogen injections more frequently than once every 30 days

Front 154

what are four alternatives to "mismating shots?"

Back 154

1. spaying
2. wait until day 28-30 and abort
3. allow whelping and euthanize pups
4. allow whelping and place pups

Front 155

prolactin inhibitors
- 2 generic examples
- what class of drug are they (as we were supposed to learn in pharmacology)
- indications
- mechanism of action

Back 155

- bromocriptine and cabergoline
- dopamine agonists
- indicated for abortion and prolonged pseudopregnancies
- PRL is luetotropic in the bitch and queen during the 2nd trimester
- low PRL will lyse the CLs
- when P4 < 2 ng/mL, it will indice whelping/abortion

Front 156

prostaglandin as abortifacients in the bitch and queen
- how is it administered and how does it work?
- side-effects
- when is it most effective?
- why is this not the best route?

Back 156

- multiple small injections will lyse the CL
- smooth muscle side-effects (e.g. vomiting, defecating, urinating) that decrease with each dose
- most effective during 2nd trimester
- low therapeutic index

Front 157

what are two emerging contraceptives in dogs and cats?

Back 157

1. GnRH implants - deslorelin
2. GnRH vaccine (anti GnRH antibodies)

Front 158

puppy vaginitis
- clinical signs
- how does this affect spaying?
- treatment
- rule-out

Back 158

- small amount of purulent discharge in prepubertal bitch
- to avoid more severe infection, don't spay until it resolves
- don't treat; a/b use selects for resistant bugs; goes away with first estrus
- rule out concurrent cystitis

Front 159

recessed vulva in a puppy
- complications
- treatment

Back 159

- because urine can't flow correctly, could cause a chronic ascending UTI
- usually resolves after 1st heat

Front 160

adult onset vaginitis in bitches
- risk factor
- 5 rule-outs

Back 160

- primarily seen in spayed bitches
1. skin disease
2. anatomic (inverted juvenile vulva)
3. UTI
4. foreign bodies
5. tumors

Front 161

how is adult onset vaginitis treated in bitches?

Back 161

- hormonal - DES to thicken vaginal epithelium
- Sx - indicated only in serious problems and refractory to medical Tx

Front 162

surgical repair of a vulvar defect

Back 162

episioplasty

Front 163

breeding management in the bitch
- when do you start counting?
- what is an important day to note?
- how often and how long do you breed?

Back 163

- start counting first day of vulvar discharge; proestrus usually lasts 7-9 days
- identify first day of standing estrus
- breed every 2-3 days until no longer stands to be bred

Front 164

what is usually a contractual requirement for a canine breeding?

Back 164

a tie

Front 165

what is the modern standard for breeding management for predicting estrus in bitches?

Back 165

- progesterone quantification
- 2 ng/mL = LH peak; 5 ng/mL = ovulation
- sample every other day (e.g. M-W-F)

Front 166

using progesterone for breeding management in bitches
- how long after LH peak does ovulation begin?
- how long does ovulation take?
- how long after LH peak does fertilization typically occur?

Back 166

- ovulation 24-48 hours after LH peak (P4 ≥ 2ng/mL)
- ovulation takes 24-48 hours (multiple follicular waves)
- fertilization 3-6 days from LH peak

Front 167

LH assay in bitches
- what should it be used in conjunction with?
- advantage
- disadvantage
- defined gestation length
- comment on spay/neutered animals

Back 167

- should be used in conjunction with progesterone assay because LH is transient
- advantage: more definitive than progesterone
- disadvantage: must take daily samples
- gestation length defined as 65 days from LH peak
- spayed/neutered animals will have high LH because of no negative feedback on the pituitary-gonadal axis

Front 168

what hormone is associated with pyometra in the bitch/queen? when is it typically seen in the
- bitch?
- queen?

Back 168

- it is always a progesterone-associated disease
- bitch: seen 60-90 days post-estrus
- queen: seen any time

Front 169

what are four clinical signs of pyometra in the bitch/queen

Back 169

1. depression (associated with endotoxemia)
2. leukocytosis (often with left-shift)
3. vulvar discharge if cervix is open
4. PU/PD if E. coli, due to endotoxemia

Front 170

what is the best way to diagnose pyometra in the bitch/queen?

Back 170

ultrasound

Front 171

how is pyometra treated in the bitch/queen?
- drug used
- technique

Back 171

- PGF-2α (Lutalyse)
- multiple small injections will lyse the CL and cause smooth muscle contractions
- treat "to effect" - uterine contents gone, per ultrasound

Front 172

what are three important viral infections of birds that cause reproductive disorders and their main clinical signs?

Back 172

1. IBV (infectious bronchitis virus) - thin or no egg shell
2. avian influenza - acute oophoritis
3. newcastle disease - acute oophoritis

Front 173

what are four common bacteria that cause oophoritis and/or salpingitis in birds?

Back 173

1. Salmonella
2. E. coli
3. Mycoplasma
4. Ureaplasma

Front 174

Candida infection of the avian repro tract

Back 174

vent gleet

Front 175

what are two fungal agents that commonly cause repro infections in birds?

Back 175

1. candida - vent gleet
2. aspergillosis

Front 176

what causes vaginal prolapse in birds?

Back 176

obesity

Front 177

what disease caused by feed contamination can cause serious reproductive problems in birds? etiology?

Back 177

- Zearalenone Mycotoxicosis
- caused by Fusarium mold

Front 178

how does systemic illness affect reproduction in birds?

Back 178

if a bird has a systemic illness, they will shut down the metabolically demanding reproductive process to fight the illness

Front 179

in what type of birds are ovarian neoplasms most common?

Back 179

budgies

Front 180

why might psittacine birds not reproduce?

Back 180

they need to pair bond; mismatched pairs will not breed

Front 181

what is a common behavioral problem in poultry birds that lowers egg production or reproductive rate?

Back 181

broodiness: if they want to sit on an egg, they will not make another egg

Front 182

how is broodiness managed in poultry?

Back 182

varying the light intensity/schedule

Front 183

what is an "Internal Layer"

Back 183

eggs may end up outside the oviduct due to oviductal rupture, reverse peristalsis, or for no apparent reason. The bird will often reabsorb the egg with no adverse effects.

Front 184

what is egg impaction? in which birds is this most common? to which disease in mammals is this similar? treatment?

Back 184

- bird can't lay the egg
- pet birds and chronic layers, especially old birds; also birds that have muscle damage
- similar to "milk fever," where she doesn't have enough energy/calcium to lay the egg.
- treated in a variety of ways: calcium gluconate, IV glucose/fluids, oxytocin, lubrication of the vagina with mineral oil

Front 185

what usually causes chronic egg laying (laying too may eggs)?

Back 185

too much light

Front 186

what causes a phallic prolapse in anseriformes (e.g. ducks, geese)?

Back 186

trauma during breeding

Front 187

which organism that can cause abortion in sows will also cause orchitis in boars?

Back 187

Brucella

Front 188

which organism will cause sows/gilts to nest, but fail to farrow?

Back 188

parvovirus

Front 189

an aborted fetus that is bright, cherry red may have died from what?

Back 189

CO poisoning

Front 190

which organism that infects pigs is not a primary reproductive pathogen, but can cause abortions, stillbirths, and infertility during the spring and fall?

Back 190

influenza

Front 191

which disease of pigs is caused by a herpesvirus and affects the reproductive system as well as the CNS?

Back 191

pseudorabies

Front 192

There are various conditions associated with the PRRS virus in pigs, including stillbirths and mummified fetuses; what timing of farrowing results?

Back 192

premature

Front 193

this organism will cause abortions secondary to fever and septicemia with skin lesions in sows.

Back 193

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Front 194

What was the acronym for the original group of problems associated with enteroviruses in pigs?

Back 194

SMEDI:
stillbirths, mummies, embryonic death and infertility

Front 195

which serovar of Leptospira is the most common cause of pregnancy wastage in pigs?

Back 195

pomona

Front 196

When a young gilt is exposed to moldy feeds containing Fusarium roseum, what part of her urogenital tract will be enlarged?

Back 196

vulva

Front 197

a synthetic progesterone used to synchronize estrus in pigs

Back 197

Altrenogest

Front 198

hormone that lyses the CL

Back 198

prostaglandin

Front 199

administered during dystocias of the pig, when an obstruction is NOT present

Back 199

oxytocin

Front 200

behavioral expression of receptivity to the male

Back 200

estrus

Front 201

one non-pharmaceutical method to bring sows into estrus

Back 201

movement

Front 202

hormone secreted by pig embryos at the maternal recognition of pregnancy

Back 202

estrogen

Front 203

response of the sow/gilt during estrus detection when pressure is applied to the back

Back 203

lordosis

Front 204

hormone of pregnancy produced by the CL

Back 204

progesterone

Front 205

dorsal section of the epididymis of the boar

Back 205

tail

Front 206

why might certain genetic combinations of zygote/embryo/fetus/animal be underrepresented in the population?

Back 206

because certain combinations of tissue type of fetus and dam may not be compatible with life, a viable pregnancy, or a normal animal.

Front 207

give an example of abortion due to genetic reasons in
- goats
- cattle

Back 207

- Angora goats - a dysfunction of the fetal and maternal pituitary-adrenal axis
- cattle - a 1-29 chromosomal transloaction

Front 208

if a mare has repeated abortions form one stallion, but has successful foaling from a different stallion, what is the probable etiology?

Back 208

genetic incompatibility between the mare and the first stallion

Front 209

what is the most common source of abortigenic toxic compounds? How do many of these toxins work?

Back 209

- from toxic plants
- some can mimic PGF-2α

Front 210

when in the pregnancy does stress-induced abotion typically occur? What is an exception?

Back 210

- usually late in gestation
- exception: horses

Front 211

give three general examples of stress-induced abortions.

Back 211

1. severe vitamin and nutrient deficiencies
2. psychological (e.g. in horses: shipping, social stress, lactational stress)
3. Heat stress

Front 212

what is suggested to be the most common etiology of pregnancy loss in horses and cattle?

Back 212

twinning

Front 213

what is a congenital defect in cattle that can be caused by rough palpation?

Back 213

atresia coli

Front 214

what are the two basic sources of viruses that can cause abortion?

Back 214

1. insect-borne
2. endemic

Front 215

abortion via insect-borne viruses
- normal pathological manifestation
- what determines the severity of clinical manifestations?

Back 215

- hydranencephaly or hydrocephalus
- clinical manifestations tend to be when in the pregnancy the fetus is infected

Front 216

how does the pathological presentation of an abortion with a herpesvirus differ from most other viral infections?

Back 216

herpesviruses tend to cause dramatic, gross lesions throughout the fetus with organ failure and death. Other viruses cause lesions that are very subtle.

Front 217

what is the predominant mechanism by which bacteria cause abortion?

Back 217

severe placentitis with subsequent placental failure

Front 218

abortion due to bacterial infection
- appearance of placenta
- lesions in the fetus
- when in gestation do bacterial abortions tend to occur?

Back 218

- placenta is thick, dull, and necrotic
- fetus can have pneumonia and hepatitis
- last trimester

Front 219

what are the three end-results of a fetal bacterial infection?

Back 219

1. abortion
2. born alive, but weak
3. born normal, but infected and seronegative

Front 220

what happens when an infected, seronegative dam becomes pregnant for the first time?

Back 220

- she may abort, give birth to weak, infected neonates, or give birth to normal, seronegative neonates
- she will seroconvert and her subsequent pregnancies will be normal

Front 221

what is an example of an abortigenic bacteria that does not cause a seroconversion of the dam, but instead recrudesces to cause endemic abortions in a herd?

Back 221

Chlamydia

Front 222

what should you NOT do when sending aborted tissue for necropsy for suspected protozoal infection?

Back 222

freeze it, as this will destroy evidence of the parasite

Front 223

what are the two major routes of infection of abortigenic parasites?

Back 223

1. feedstuffs
2. vertical transmission through milk

Front 224

if a small ruminant gives birth to a healthy neonate, but its twin is mummified, what would you expect to be the cause?

Back 224

protozoal infection

Front 225

which animals are the most susceptible to abortions via fungal agents?

Back 225

ruminants

Front 226

abortion due to fungal agents
- what type of fungi are most common?
- pathogenesis
- if there is an outbreak, what is the most probable etiology?

Back 226

- mycelial saprophytes (not yeast or true pathogens)
- they are inhaled/ingested, become blood-borne, and infect the uterus and placenta
- outbreaks are rare unless there is contamination of the feed

Front 227

what is one rare example of how a yeast can cause an abortion

Back 227

in horses, a yeast ascends up the reproductive tract

Front 228

what months represent the peak of small ruminant breeding season?

Back 228

September and October

Front 229

Length of estrous cycle in the
- sheep
- goat

Back 229

- sheep: 17 days
- goat: 21 days

Front 230

what is a highly effective, non-pharmaceutical method to synchronize estrus in a naive flock of sheep or goats?

Back 230

introduce a male: "buck effect" or "ram effect"

Front 231

comment on the "buck/ram effect" on the cycle of
- goats
- sheep

Back 231

- goats: overt estrus in 2-4 days
- sheep: silent ovulation at 2-4 days; overt estrus at about day 18.

Front 232

If you use the "buck/ram effect" to synchronize estrus at the beginning of the breeding season, why will goats have overt estrus within 2-4 days, whereas sheep need to go through a silent ovulation before they will show their first estrus at 18 days?

Back 232

- goats do not need prior progesterone priming for estrus behavior. Their estrus cycle is based on estrogen levels only.
- ewes require falling progesterone levels as well as estrogen to achieve standing estrus, and the first ovulation provides the needed CL

Front 233

what happens when you introduce a male into a flock of sheep or goats who have already begun to cycle?

Back 233

a high proportion will lyse the CL and synchronize estrus

Front 234

how can you artificially extend the breeding season for sheep and goats?

Back 234

house both males and females in barns with decreased lighting.

Front 235

in small ruminants, how does fecundity relate to milk production? why?

Back 235

↑fecundity leads to ↑milk production because more placentas leads to more lactogens

Front 236

comment on flushing in
- sheep
- goats
- animal age

Back 236

- sheep: works consistently
- goats: works in some goats, but not all
- only works on mature animals because young animals are still growing

Front 237

what is the main determination of fecundity in small ruminants?

Back 237

ovulation rate

Front 238

what are four ways to diagnose pregnancy in small ruminants?

Back 238

1. ultrasound
2. failure to return to estrus
3. ballottement
4. mammary development ("bagging up")

Front 239

what is the common term for mammary development in small ruminants?
- when does this happen in the ewe and doe?

Back 239

"bagging up"
- usually about 1 month prior to parturition, but this is not absolute; some ewes/does can wait until a few days before parturition

Front 240

what is a reliable clinical sign for an impending parturition in small ruminants? when does this usually happen?

Back 240

- the sacrotuberous ligaments soften, which makes the tail look it is rising
- usually 12 hours prior to parturition

Front 241

what are four major pathogens that cause abortion in small ruminants?

Back 241

1. Chlamydiophila
2. Campylobacter
3. Toxoplasma
4. Coxiella

Front 242

what is Twin Lamb Disease? what causes this? how is this treated? prognosis?

Back 242

- a toxemia in the dam caused by hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, ketonuria, and acidosis.
- caused by the fetuses consuming more energy (esp. glucose) than the dam can take in. Usually occurs in animals being fed coarse forage or obese goats, both of which render the dam unable to fit enough food into her stomach due to space limitations.
- Tx: propylene glycol, fluids, bicarb, yogurt, calcium; or induce parturition with dexamethasone or c-section
- poor prognosis for dam and fetus

Front 243

vaginal prolapse in small ruminants
- incidence in goats vs ewe
- three common etiologies (non-infectious)

Back 243

- more common in sheep than goats
1. grazing estrogenic clover
2. too much roughage (excess rumen fill, which puts pressure on abdominal organs)
3. ewes jumping up on round bales to eat the top hay

Front 244

what is the usual management strategy for small ruminants with a vaginal prolapse?

Back 244

- secure with vulvar sutures, buttons, or retainers
- allow parturition and then cull the dam due to recurrence

Front 245

ringwomb in small ruminants
- what is it?
- etiology?
- treatment

Back 245

- incomplete dilation of the cervix at parturition
- related to Chalmydia infection
- C-section

Front 246

in small ruminants, after how long is a placenta considered retained?

Back 246

12 hours

Front 247

breeding soundness in small ruminant males
- what do you assess?
- what environmental condition must be taken into account?

Back 247

- age of the male and musculoskeletal soundness
- libido, scrotal circumference, semen quality
- also evaluate eyes, heart, lungs, penis, scrotum, and testes
- time of year is important when evaluating sex-specific traits

Front 248

in small ruminants, how does scrotal circumference relate to herd management?

Back 248

- scrotal circumfrence should not go below a certain value. Bigger is not better, but too small is bad.
- males with a scrotal circumfrence that is too small tend to sire daughters that mature late and have poorer fecundity.

Front 249

what is the preferred method for semen collection in small ruminants?

Back 249

electroejaculation

Front 250

what is an important disease of the ram that can be seen with semen evaluation?

Back 250

epididymitis due to Brucella ovis

Front 251

what are two types of epididymitis in rams and their causative agents?

Back 251

1. ram lamb epididymitis: ascending infection in rams around puberty caused by ascending infection of normal flora
2. Brucellosis - spread from mature ram to mature ram

Front 252

what is ulcerative posthitis? Etiology? Treatment

Back 252

- ulcerating dermatitis of the prepuce and preputial orifice in small ruminants
- caused by a combination of a high protein diet and Corynebacterium renale
- Tx: reduce dietary protein and it will self-cure

Front 253

intresex goats
- in what type of goats is this most common
- what is required genetically to have this condition?
- what is a common clinical presentation?
- what do breeders select against to minimize this condition?

Back 253

- polled goats: polled to polled matings
- need a homozygous dominant genotype
- split in the scrotal halves and sometimes hypospadia
- breeders select against a split in the scrotum over 1 inch

Front 254

what are three methods for collecting semen in the boar and what is the preferred method?

Back 254

1. Artificial vagina
2. Electroejaculator
3. Gloved hand method (preferred)

Front 255

name six primary sperm abnormalities

Back 255

1. abnormally shaped heads
2. acrosome abnormalities
3. proximal droplets
4. tightly coiled tails
5. midpiece defects
6. double heads/tails

Front 256

name three secondary sperm abnormalities

Back 256

1. detached heads
2. distal droplets
3. bent tails

Front 257

what are the three basic types of castration surgeries?

Back 257

1. closed
2. open
3. modified open

Front 258

what are the three types of cryptorchidism?

Back 258

1. complete abdominal
2. partial abdominal (epididymis descended, but not testis)
3. inguinal

Front 259

what are four common complications of castration surgery and their severity?

Back 259

1. Scrotal swelling/edema (not so bad)
2. Hemorrhage (bad)
3. Evisceration (very bad)
4. Infection (bad)

Front 260

what is an "ewe spoon"

Back 260

a vaginal retaining device for prolapsed vaginas in ewes

Front 261

for treatment of a prolapsed vagina, a suture that forms a loop around the vulvar wall that can be released at parturition

Back 261

Buhner suture

Front 262

what surgery is preferred in a mare that has poor perineal conformation?

Back 262

Caslick's surgery (vulvoplasty)

Front 263

what are the four classifications of trauma that can be caused in the mare during parturition?

Back 263

1st degree laceration - Skin tear only
2nd degree laceration - Skin tear + constrictor vulvi muscle; no communication with rectum
3rd degree laceration - Involves anus and rectum
Fistula - Won’t see on external exam. Need speculum

Front 264

at what ages are horses typically castrated?

Back 264

1-2 years

Front 265

what are four indications for a unilateral castration

Back 265

1. testicular neoplasia
2. testicular trauma
3. torsion of the spermatic cord
4. inguinal herniation

Front 266

why is it important to ask the breed of the horse before a castration surgery?

Back 266

Tennessee walking horses, standardbreds, and draft horses are thought to have larger inguinal rings than most breeds of horse. This may increase the risks of herniation after surgery.

Front 267

what are two Hx questions to ask before performing a castration on a horse?

Back 267

1. what is the breed (inguinal rings size)
2. any Hx of previous inguinal herniation

Front 268

why is it important to palpate the scrotum preop before an equine castration?

Back 268

1. make sure it is not cryptorchid
2. has no inguinal hernia

Front 269

what is the main advantage of a
- closed castration?
- open/modified-open castration

Back 269

- decreased incidence of infection and hydrocele
- allows examination of the spermatic cord contents

Front 270

what are four important things to do after an equine castration?

Back 270

1. Adequate tetanus prophylaxis is indicated.
2. Antimicrobial therapy and fly control should be considered.
3. Stall confinement for 24h after surgery in order to monitor for hemorrhage and allow for some swelling to decrease incidence of evisceration
4. After 24h, daily forced exercise to prevent swelling and promote drainage

Front 271

infection of the spermatic cord

Back 271

funiculitis

Front 272

what is
- Champingnon?
- Scirrhous cord?

Back 272

- Champingnon: infection of the spermatic cord (funiculitis) with Strep
- Scirrhous cord: funiculitis involving pyogenic bacteria

Front 273

what are three steps to treating a post-castration infection?

Back 273

i. Reestablish drainage
ii. Antimicrobial therapy
iii. Surgical excision may be necessary

Front 274

what are the two basic methods of bovine castration?

Back 274

1. banding
2. scrotal incision with testectomy

Front 275

what are the three basic methods to perform a testectomy in the bovine?

Back 275

i. Steady traction to stretch vasculature until rupture – young animals
ii. Ligation and transection
iii. Emasculation (with "The Emasculator" - the drill thing)

Front 276

what is the basic procedure for an equine C-section?

Back 276

1. Dorsal recumbancy with caudal ventral midline approach
2. Incision in uterus between foal’s hind limbs
3. Hemostatic suture along edge of uterus prior to closure

Front 277

in a bovine C-section, which flank is preferred and why?

Back 277

left flank, because the rumen helps to prevent evisceration of SI

Front 278

in a bovine C-section, what are three methods for anesthesia?

Back 278

1. Sedation – anxious cows only
2. Local anesthesia – depends on approach
3. Caudal epidural - Indicated if there are strong abdominal contractions (Ferguson’s reflex)

Front 279

how is a post-partum first-degree perineal laceration repaired in the mare?

Back 279

First degree tears can be repaired at any time after injury. A caslick’s procedure is all that is necessary.

Front 280

how is a post-partum second-degree perineal laceration repaired in the mare?

Back 280

Second degree tears require both a perineal body reconstruction and a caslick’s procedure. These procedures can be performed any time after injury.

Front 281

how is a post-partum third-degree perineal laceration repaired in the mare?

Back 281

Third degree tears should be allowed to heal by second intention prior to surgical intervention (minimum 6-8 weeks after injury or preferably after the foal is weaned). Surgery consists of reconstruction of the rectovaginal shelf, perineal body repair, and caslick’s procedure.

Front 282

how is a post-partum rectovestibular fistula repaired in the mare?

Back 282

Fistulas should be allowed to heal by second intention prior to surgical intervention. The perineal body is dissected cranially incorporating the fistula. The rectum and the vestibule are then closed separately.

Front 283

how is dehiscence prevented in the after the surgical repair of a 3rd degree perineal laceration or rectovestibular fistula in the mare?

Back 283

- Manure MUST be soft to prevent dehiscence or obstipation
- Diet modification – lush green pasture only, complete pelleted diet
- Mineral oil via NG tube – 1 gallon day prior to surgery and then every other day after for minimum 1 week

Front 284

what are five complications of penile hematoma repair in the bull?

Back 284

1. Loss of penile nerve function
2. Adhesions of penis to sheath
3. Abscess of hematoma
4. Recurrence
5. Development of vascular shunts

Front 285

if a bull has a penile hematoma, what should be careful NOT to do?

Back 285

extend the penis, as this will cause further damage