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267 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two things is paired testis weight correlated to in the bull?
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1. daily sperm production
2. semen quality traits |
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When is the scrotal circumference measured in a bull to show heritable characteristics?
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1-2 years
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Scrotal circumference in a bull is a accurate predictor of the onset of what?
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puberty- more accurate than age or weight
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What are four reasons that small testicles in a bull are undesirable?
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1. late maturing
2. increased seminiferous tubule degeneration 3. yearlings with small scrotal circumference tend not to catch up 4. pathological testicular conditions are often signaled by small testicles |
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In a breeding soundness exam for a bull, what should a normal scrotal circumference be?
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within 1 s.d. of the mean for the bull- 83% of bulls should exceed minimum scrotal circumference
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Is scrotal circumference highly variable between veterinarians?
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no- it is highly repeatable with the same results!
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What are the three ways to collect semen from a bull?
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1. electroejaculation
2. massage 3. artificial vagina |
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What are the four ways semen are evaluated in a bull BSE?
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1. semen density and volume
2. gross motility 3. individual motility 4. sperm morphology |
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What method of semen collection does density and volume vary in a bull?
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electroejaculation
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What semen density is desirable in a BSE for a bull?
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highly concentrated is desirable
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What are the four classifications of semen concentrations in a bull breeding soundness examination?
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VG= creamy: > 750 x 10^6
G= milky: 400-750 F= skim-milk: 250-400 P= watery: < 250 |
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How is gross motility of a bulls semen evaluated in a BSE?
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without a coverslip at 100x on warm slide
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What are the four classifications of gross motility of semen on a bull BSE?
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VG= rapid dark swirls
G= slower swirls and addies F= no swirls, prominent individual cell motion P= little or no individual cell motion |
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How is individual motility of semen evaluated in a BSE of a bull?
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coverslipped on warm slide at 400x
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What is estimated on an individual motility of semen in a BSE of a bull?
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estimate total % cells in motion and % progressively motile
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What are the four classifications for individual motility of bull semen during a BSE?
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VG= >70%
G= 50-69% F= 30-49% P= <30% |
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What is the stain usually used to evaluated sperm morphology during a bull BSE?
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eosin-nigrosin
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How is sperm morphology examined during a bull BSE?
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1000x oil immersion
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What is a primary sperm abnormality in a bull BSE?
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It originated in the testis during spermatogenesis
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What are five primary abnormalities seen in a bull during a BSE?
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1. head (nuclear) shape and nuclear vacuoles
2. acrosomal defects 3. middlepiece defects 4. tail defects due to structural abnormalities 5. proximal cytoplasmic droplets |
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What is a secondary semen abnormality seen on a bull BSE?
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it originates in epididymis or at ejaculation
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What are three secondary semen abnormalities seen on a bull BSE?
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1. detached heads
2. kinked tails 3. distal cytoplasmic droplets |
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What is the difference between major and minor abnormalities in bull semen during a BSE?
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major= associated with infertility
minor= primary defects |
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When can added numbers of bull sperm compensate for abnormal sperm? When can it not?
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if abnormal sperm do nothing in female tract= yes
if abnormal sperm fertilize oocytes= no |
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What is a tolerable level of abnormal sperm of a bull during a BSE?
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at least 70% normal (only 30% abnormal)
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What is the maximum tolerable head defects in bull semen? Acrosome and tail defects?
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15-20%
<25% |
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What are the four classifications of BSE bulls?
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1. satisfactory
2. questionable 3. decision deferred 4. unsatisfactory |
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To be deemed satisfactory during a BSE, a bull must be above threshold for what three elements?
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1. scrotal circumference
2. motility 3. percent of normal spermatozoa |
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When is decision deferred used during a BSE on a bull?
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when its a pubertal bull with poor semen
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What should the examination for a BSE on a bull include? (10)
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1. accessory sex glands
2. scrotum 3. scrotal contents 4. penis 5. prepuce 6. inguinal rings 7. eyes 8. hooves 9.legs 10. condition |
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What are the three causes of preputial prolapse without laceration in a bull?
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1. abnormal retractor prepuce muscles
2. prolapse as consequence of hematoma 3. prolapse observed on urination (zebu) |
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What causes preputial prolapse with laceration in a bull?
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injury-> edema, edema swells the prolapsed tissue--> lack of retraction, persistent prolapse re-injured
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How is preputial prolapse treated in a bull? (5)
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1. sling
2. antibiotics 3. emollients 4. hydrotherapy 5. replace prolapse within sheaths: close orifice to prevent prolapse with tube for urination |
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What are the two possible surgical treatments of preputial prolapse in a bull?
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1. amputation of prolapsed section
2. resection following dissection of damaged portion |
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What are three variables that help with the success of a surgical treatment of preputial prolapse?
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1. better if penis can be extended during surgery
2. better with resection (worse with amputation) 3. better when done under general anesthesia |
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What is a persistent penile frenulum in a bull?
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a ventral midline of distal penis is attached to inner lamina- a remnant of prepubertal attachment of layers (penis distal to fornix or inner lamina covering the distal penis)
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How is persistent penile frenulum in the bull treated?
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surgically cutting the connection
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Does persistent penile frenulum affect fertility?
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no- bulls with condition have normal fertility
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What causes an acute penile hematoma in the bull?
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excess pressure or bending of the penis
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What is the usual location of the henatoma of the penis in the bull?
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near distal sigmoid flexure--> dorsal aspect
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Where does the blood fill in a penile hematoma in a bull?
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subcutaneous space between scrotum and preputial orifice
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How is a penile hematoma diagnosed? What are three signs?
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diagnosis is based on physical signs:
1. swelling on belly wall 2. purple prolapse of prepuce- not associated with laceration 3. inhibition of breeding |
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When is penile hematoma usually surgically corrected in a bull?
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within 7 days
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How is penile hematoma surgically corrected in a bull?
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removal of clot and repair tear in tunica albuginea
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What are the four sequelae of penile hematoma in a bull?
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1. abscess formation
2. damage to dorsal nerve of the penis 3. adhesion between penis and SQ layers 4. vascular shunts |
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What is the apical ligament of the penis of the bull?
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the dorsal ligament of the penis
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What happens if the apical ligament is too short? too long?
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too short= S-shaped deviation
too long= ventral (rainbow) deviation |
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What is the result of an apical ligament spiral deviation in a bull? What is the usual signalment of this condition?
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prevention of normal intromission; seen at ejaculation in normal bulls or in older bulls
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How is deviation of the penis surgically corrected in a bull using fascia lata?
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apical ligament is incised along dorsal midline, a strip of fascia lata is harvested and placed between the apical ligament and the tunica aluginea
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How is deviation of the penis surgically corrected in a bull by taking AP to tunica albuginea? What does this correct?
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strip of ligament cut from lateral edge of AP, strips used as suture to tack edge of AP to tunica albuginea
Corrects spiral deviation |
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What is the most common surface neoplasm in of the penis in the bull?
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fibropapilloma
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What is the causative agent of a fibropapilloma in a bull?
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bovine papillomavirus
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What signalment is usually seen with bovine fibropapilloma? How is it spread?
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common in young bulls housed together
spread by mounting behavior |
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Where is a fibropapilloma on a penis in a bull usually located?
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free end of the penis: fornix--> glans
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Does removal of a fibropapilloma on a bovine penis usually require ligation?
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yes- blood supply to area is usually generous
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What is the primary treatment for fibropapilloma of the penis in a bull?
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surgical removal
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What are two common ways of creating marker bulls for heat detection?
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1. lateral deviation of the penis and prepuce
2. epididymectomy |
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What is the drawback of making a epididymectomy marker bull?
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can still spread venereal disease
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What is a sidewinder bull?
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bull with the preputial orifice laterally and redirect the penis
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How is tritrichomonas foetus transmitted in the bovine?
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by infected bull
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What is the first indication of infection of tritrichomonas foetus in a herd of bovine?
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cows coming back into heat during the breeding season
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Where does T. foetus grow in the cow?
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vagina and uterus
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What are five physical signs that can be seen in a cow with T. foetus?
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1. inflammation of uterus
2. early embryonic death (MOST COMMON) 3. pyometra 4. abortion (first half of gestation) 5. macerated fetus |
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How does the cow clear an infection of T. foetus?
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clears after a few estrus cycles
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What are the clinical signs of T. foetus in a bull?
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no clinical signs
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Where is T. foetus seen in a young bull? old bull?
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young: colonization of penis and prepuce= transient
old: folds and crypts in surface of inner lamina of prepuce= survival of organism |
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What state has mandatory state testing program for bulls with T. foetus?
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IDAHO
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How is T. foetus tested for?
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culture of the preputial cavity in the bull by scrape and flushing of the surface of inner lamina of prepuce
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What special media does T. foetus need to be cultured on? What problem can arise from this?
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InPouch TF
other protozoa may give false positive--> additional ID for T. foetus may be required |
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What is the sensitivity of a a T. foetus culture in a bovine?
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80%
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What is the treatment for T. foetus in young bulls?
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Self limiting
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What is the treatment for T. foetus in old bulls? (3) Does this completely cure it? How else is positive old bulls with T. foetus handled?
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ipronidazole, dimetridazole, metronidazole
No treatment totally eliminated infection Slaughter positive bulls |
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How is T. foetus prevented from entering a herd?
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test all bulls, manage cows and bulls to prevent positives from entering a herd
Vaccination: Trichguard |
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How does the T. foetus work in bovine?
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DOES NOT PREVENT INFECTION
hastens recovery 2 injections for previously unvaccinated cow |
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How is campylobacter fetus spread in cattle?
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spread by infected bulls when they mate with susceptible cows
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When does immunity develop for C. fetus subsp. venerealis in cows?
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after initial endometritis or embryonic loss
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What are three physical symptoms of c. fetus subsp venerealis in cows?
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1. infertility
2. pyometra (less common than with T. foetus) 3. abortion btwn 4th and 7th month of gestation |
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Where does c. fetus colonize in the bull?
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prepuce
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How long are bulls infected with c. fetus? What are the clinical signs in the bull?
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infected persistently
No clinical signs |
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What is Fee Simple & Fee Simple Absolute:
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the perpetual rights to use, enjoy and possess for all time
An estate in land, the most common way real estate is owned in common law countries, and ordinarily the most complete ownership interest in real estate. |
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How is c. fetus treated in the bull?
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Vaccination; local antibiotics were used in the past
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How can a bull be tested for c. fetus besides culture? Why is this used?
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can test bull by breeding to a virgin heifer and sample cervical mucus periodically for 18-30 days
Used instead of culture due to difficult in getting bull culture |
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What are two ways to prevent c. fetus in bovines?
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1. management
2. vaccination: both cows and bulls |
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What are the majority of abortions caused by?
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unidentified
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What are the four zoonotic bacteria that cause abortions in cattle? What are the clinical signs in humans of each of these?
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1. listeria: abortions, septicemia, meningitis
2. leptospira: flu-like symptoms, meningitis, hepato-renal dz 3. brucella: undulating fever, jt pain, headache, chills 4. coxiella burnetii: chills, myalgia, hepatomegaly, endocarditis |
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What are two species of leptospira that are suspected of causing abortion in cattle?
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1. leptospira interrogans
2. leptospira borgpetersenii |
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What are the two serovars of leptospira interrogans that cause abortion in cattle?
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1. serovar hardjo
2. serovar pomona |
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L. interrogans serovar hardja causes what three clinical signs in cattle?
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1. infertility
2. abortion of fetuses four months to term 3. weak calves at birth |
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L. interrogans serovar pomona causes what clinical sign? What species maintains this?
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abortion in last trimester
maintained in swine and wildlife spp but infects cattle |
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What do 5-way cattle vaccines usually include?
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1. hardjo
2. pomona 3. canicola 4. grippotyphosa 5. icterohaemorrhagiae |
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What are the four signs of acute leptospirosis?
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1. fever
2. hemolytic anemia 3. hemoglobinuria 4. icterus |
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What are the two clinical signs of acute leptospirosis in lactating cattle?
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1. agalactia
2. mastitis |
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What is the most prevalent bovine lepto in USA?
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L. borgpetersenii, serovar hardjo
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How is leptospirosis transmitted in bovine?
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shed in urine for several weeks, survive in wet environment for 30 days, organisms can penetrate intact mucous membranes or abraded skin
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What are the two biotypes of bovine virus diarrhea in the cow?
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Cytopathic biotype and noncytopathic biotype- both within each of Type 1 and Type 2
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What is the difference between cytopathic biotype and noncytopathic biotype of BVD?
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mutation causes cytopathic biotype to kill the cells in tissue culture or causes the noncytopathic biotype to not kill the cells in tissue culture
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What BVD biotype is responsible for establishing persistent infection?
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noncytopathic biotype
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What causes fatal mucosal disease in a persistent infected BVD patient?
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exposure to a cytopathic biotype that is immunologically identical to the noncytopathic virus associated with the persistent infection
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BVD post-natal infection of an immunocompetent animal results in the possibility of what four types of infection
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1. subclinical
2. peracute 3. acute 4. chronic |
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What type of infection do most post-natal infected BVD animals have?
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subclinical- 95%
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What is the usual cause of peracute post-natal immunocompromised BVD infection? What does this usually result in?
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type 2 noncytopathic biotype
death |
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At what age are cattle usually susceptible to acute post-natal immunocompromised BVD infections? What are the clinical signs? Death?
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between 6 months and 2 years of age
fever, oral erosions, diarrhea--> usually recover |
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Is acute or chronic BVD infection more fatal in an immunocompromised animal?
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chronic
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What are the two possible diseases caused by BVD in a BVD virus tolerant animal? What are the causes?
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1. mucosal disease:superimposition of CP BVD virus on animal already persistently infected with NCP BVD
2. persistent infection: NCP BVD virus |
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What are the three possible fetal infections? What are they all caused by?
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1. infection during first half of gestation: 40-150 days
2. infection later in gestation: 125-180 days 3. infection after 170 days **ALL caused by noncytopathic BVD |
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During what days of gestation does a fetus get a persistent infection of BVD?
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40-100 days
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During what days of gestation does BVD cause congenital defects?
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100-150 days
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When does BVD usually cause fetal abortion?
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before day 125
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When are fetuses antibody positive for BVD in utero?
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day 180
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After what gestational day, does BVD not cause any significant fetal disease?
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after 170 days
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What are the three ways to diagnose fetal infection of BVD?
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1. aborted fetuses
2. congenital anomalies 3. persistent infected animals |
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What two types of BVD animals do not produce titers to BVD virus?
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viremic and vaccinated animals
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How is BVD virus controlled? (2)
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1. MLV vaccine (CP BVD): not in pregnant animals, prevent PI
2. killed vaccines: need 2 doses |
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What are three sequelae of BVD infection during gestation?
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1. persistent infection
2. congenital abnormalities 3. fetal death |
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What is another name for IBR?
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bovine herpesvirus 1
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What is the most frequently diagnosed viral causes of abortion in cattle?
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infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus
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What are three clinical signs of infectious bovine rhintotracheitis?
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1. abortion
2, infertility: early embryonic death 3. genital infections: Female: infectious postular vulvovaginitis, Male: infectious balanoposthitis |
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How do aborted fetuses due to IBR present?
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abortion is so rapid--> not many gross changes other than red-tinged serous fluid in body cavities and reddened fetal tissues
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How do cows with IBR present?
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respiratory or conjunctivitis
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What are the types of vaccines available for IBR?
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1. injectable MLV (not in pregnant cows)
2. killed MLV 3. intranasal MLV |
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What is the cow in a neospora caninum?
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intermediate host
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What is the life cycle of neospora caninum in cows?
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cows consume oocytes that release sporozoites--> tachyzoites proliferate and infect neighboring cells--> tissue cysts with bradyzoites form in CNS tissue
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What is the state of all infected animals with IBR?
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all infected animals are persistently infected
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What are the two sequelae of vertical transmission (transplacental infection) of IBR?
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1. fetus may abort
2. fetus may survive but be persistently infected for life |
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What are two ways to control horizontal transmission of IBR? What is not a good way to control IBR?
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1. prevent fecal contamination of feeds by canids
2. clean up aborted fetuses, dead calves and placenta --> eradication of dogs is not effective |
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What are two ways of controlling vertical transmission of IBR?
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1. keep only seronegative animals (NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE)
2. vaccinate |
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When does mycotic abortions tend to occur in cattle?
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late in pregnancy
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What is the most commonly isolated fugus in cases of mycotic abortion in cattle?
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Aspergillus fumigatus
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What is the port of entry of mycotic abortions? What is it POSITIVELY not?What is assumed to be the most common route?
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UNKNOWN
intratracheal and oral administration is not an entry ascending infections in genital tract |
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In New Zealand, what is the most common mycotic abortion isolation?
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Mortierella wolfii
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What findings are most likely consistent with mycotic abortions in cattle?
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severe placentitis with necrosis of the cotyledons and leathery thickening of the intercotyledonary space
~25%= skin lesions |
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What control procedures are in place to prevent mycotic abortions?
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COMMON SENSE! hygiene, mold-free food
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What is foothill abortion in cattle?
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Epizootic Bovine Abortion
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What is a significant cause of abortion in California beef cattle? What vector is this associated with?
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EBA
Argasid tick |
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What are two protozoans that cause abortion in cattle?
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1. Trichimonas
2. Neospora |
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What are the two veneral infections that cause abortions in cattle?
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1. Tritrichomonas
2. campylobacter |
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What are the two indications for elective termination of pregnancy in cattle?
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1. mismating
2. pathological pregnancy |
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What are two major pathological pregnancies that are indicative for elective termination of pregnancy in cattle?
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1. hydroallantois and hydramnios
2. fetal mummification and maceration |
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What organs produce progesterone during a cow's pregnancy?
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1. CL
2. Placenta |
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When does the CL maintain pregnancy by producing progesterone?
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for 150 days then for final month of gestation
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What does an ovariectomy cause before 5 months of gestation? After 200 days?
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-abortion
-pregnancy continues: gestation is shortened by two weeks |
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What are two sequelae of an ovariectomy after 200 days?
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1. dystocia
2. retained placenta |
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During gestation, what is the level of progesterone in a cow?
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Between 6 and 15 ng/ml
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What provides progesterone.....
between 0-150 days? 150-250 days? 250-Term? |
CL
Placenta CL |
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How is abortion induced during gestation in a cow?
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reducing progesterone </= 1 ng/ml
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What are four possible methods of physical termination of pregnancy in a cow?
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1. rupture of AV
2. decapitation of fetus btwn 65-90 days 3. IU infusions 4. enucleation of CL |
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In cattle, what does PGF2alpha cause.....
up to day 150? final month of pregnancy? |
abortion
induces parturition |
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In cattle, what does glucocorticoids cause....
during 150-250 days? final month of pregnancy? |
abortion (when combined with prostaglandin)
parturition |
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In a pregnant cow, what does estrogen cause.....
up to 150 days? final month of pregnancy? |
luteolysis and abortion
speed induction of parturition (when combined with glucocorticoids) |
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What are four indications for induction of parturition in beef and dairy cattle?
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1. seasonal calving
2. management/manpower/facilities considerations 3. health of cows 4. reduce calf size |
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What are the three classifications of methods for inducing parturition in the cow?
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1. long acting corticosteroids
2. short acting corticosteroids 3. prostaglandins |
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What are four long acting corticosteroids that induce parturition in the cow?
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1. dexamthasone trmethylacetate
2. triamcinolone acetonide 3. flumethasone suspension 4. betamethasone suspension |
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When is long acting corticosteroids injected in cows to induce parturition?
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injected 1 month prior to due date
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After injecting a cow with long acting corticosteroids, when will parturition occur?
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4-26 days
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Long acting corticosteroids lowers the risk of what in inducing parturition but increases what?
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Lowers incidence of ruptured placenta
high calf mortality |
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What are three short acting corticosteroids (soluble esters) that cause parturition in cows?
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1. dexamethasone
2. flumethasone 3. betamethasone |
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When does the cow receive an injection of short acting corticosteroids to cause parturition?
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within 2 weeks of due date-- causes parturition in 1-3 days
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What is one good benefit of short acting corticosteroids causing parturition? one bad?
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no increased risk of calf mortality
high % of ruptured placenta |
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What are three prostaglandins that cause parturition?
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1. PGF2alpha
2. cloprostenol 3. fenprostalene |
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When do bovine sperm have a proximal cytoplasmic droplet?
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sperm entering head of epididymis
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The shifting of a cytoplasmic droplet in a bovine sperm is morphological evidence of what?
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epididymal maturation and aquisition of capability for normal motility and fertilization
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What is the presence of sperm with proximal cytoplasmic droplets in ejaculate indicative of?
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abnormal spermatogenesis or abnormal epididymal maturation
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What is a distal cytoplasmic droplet on a sperm suggestive of when seen in high numbers in ejaculate?
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recent metabolic stress to epididymis or defective mixing with seminal plasma
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Why do most spermatozoa in the normal ejaculate do not contain a cytoplasmic droplet?
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it is usually lost on contact with seminal plasma during ejaculation
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What are three causes of minor sperm abnormalities in the bovine?
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1. mild metabolic stress
2. defective storage of spermatozoa 3. handling |
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What are the three most common minor abnormalities of bovine sperm?
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1. distal cytoplasmic droplet
2. detached head 3. kinked tail (reflex bending of tail) |
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What does metabolic stress to the testis during the drastic remodeling of the structure of the round spermatid to become spermatozoan in the bovine cause?
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cytoplasm being trapped in the nucleus--> appearing as change in the contour of the head or appear as holes in the nucleus
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What is the common pattern of craters in the bovine sperm? What is another name for this effect?
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along the equatorial circumference defined by the margins of the acrosomal contour over the nucleus
"Diadem Defect" |
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What are two characteristics of dead sperm cells in the bovine?
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1. outer acrosomal membrane lifted
2. dense acrosomal ridge in cytological preps not apparent |
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What is seen with a knobbed acrosome? What does this usually indicate?
|
vacuole or inclusion in acrosome
Associated with infertility |
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What is the "dag" effect in bovine sperm?
|
classic folding and coiling in distal middlepiece
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If middlepiece is abnormal, what kind of abnormalitiy is it?
|
major/primary abnormality
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What is a litter internal in a sow?
|
gestation + lactation + weaning to service interval + 1st service to conception= 148 days
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What is the gestational length in a sow?
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112-116 days
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What is the lactation length of sows?
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21-28 days
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What is the average interval from weaning to first estrus in a sow?
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5 days
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What are the total number of days per reproductive cycle in a sow?
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138-149 days
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What are non-productive days in a sow?
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any day that a sow of breeding age gilt is not gestating or lactating
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What is the farrowing rate in sows?
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number of sows which farrow to given number of services (%)
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What is a farrowing index of a sow?
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number of farrowings per sow per year (2.45-2.64)
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What is the conception rate in a sow?
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number of sows that conceive to service, expressed as a % of those served
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What are two causes of mummified fetuses in sows?
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1. SMEDI virus
2. bacterial infection |
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What are three non-infectious causes of stillbirths in sows?
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1. large litters
2. dystocia 3. parvovirus |
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What are four non-infectious causes of small litter size in sows?
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1. nutrition
2. subfertile boars 3. SMEDI virus 4. age extremes |
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What are four causes of non-infectious abortion in sows?
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1. mycotoxins
2. carbon monoxide poisoning 3. hyperthermia 4. hypothermia |
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What are three groups that cause infectious abortions in sows?
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1. common environmental organisms
2. common viral pathogens 3. specific pathogens of reproduction |
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How do common environmental organisms cause infectious abortions in sows?
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opportunistic organisms cause septicaemias and endotoxemias
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What are three types of bacterium that are common environmental organisms that cause infectious abortions in sows?
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1. erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
2. eperythrozoon suis 3. arcanobacter spp. |
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What are two types of viruses that can cause abortion in sows?
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1. teschoviruses
2. porcine parvovirus |
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What is Teschen disease?
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severe form of PTV-1 in swine
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What are nine specific organisms that cause abortion in swine?
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1. african swine fever/ CSFV
2. Aujesky's disease (pseudorabies) 3. brucella suis 4. SIRS 5. Leptospirosis 6. encephalomyocarditis 7. swine influenza 8. toxoplasma 9. autumn abortion syndrome |
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What is the average weaning to estrus interval in pigs?
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3-14 days
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What is the first stage of sow parturition? second stage? third stage?
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1: restlessness and bedmaking
2: 3 hrs: average time btwn piglets is 15 minutes 3: No defined separate third stage |
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What are most cases of maternal dystocia in sows due to?
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uterine inertia
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What is the second most common cause of maternal dystocia?
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obstruction of the birth canal--> bony obstruction due to pelvic damage/sm maternal pelvis or soft obstruction
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What are the five causes of dystocia in sows?
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1. inertia
2. obstruction of the birth canal 3. deviation of the uterus 4. fetal oversize 5. fetal malpresentation |
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How is parturition induced in sows? At what date is this safe? How long after injection does parturition occur?
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injection of prostaglandin F2alpha up to three days before expected farrowing date
Safe after day 110 Occurs 24-36 hrs later |
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What are four causes of perparturient hypogalactia in sows?
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1. coliform mastitis
2. endotoxemia 3. uterine infection 4. stress |
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What are five signs of periparturient hypogalactia in sows?
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1. inappetance
2. vulvar discharges 3. pyrexia >103 degrees 4. mammary changes 5. delayed parturition |
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The first short luteal phase in sheep does what? What is this followed by?
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primes the hypothalamus and behavioral centers for a full behavioral and ovulatory estrus
Followed by normal luteal phase |
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In northern latitudes, what is the breeding season in sheep?
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October- February with 8-10 recurrent cycles followed by 6-7 months of anestrus
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The first short luteal phase in goats does what? What is this followed by?
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anovulatory but behavioral (unlike ewes) and will ovulate again in 5-8 days
Followed by premature luteal regression and early return to estrus |
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What does buck effect do in a goat?
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used to cause an early return to estrus in the goat, needs at least 30 days separation beforehand and will induce estrus in 5-6 days
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What is the main cause of dystocia in sheep? Second most common?
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Most common: fetal malposition (lateral deviation of head)
Second: obstruction of birth canal |
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What does shortening of light stimulate in sheep?
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increase in sexual activity: light--> eye--> pineal--> melatonion--> GnRH--> FSH/LH
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At the beginning of the breeding season, what will introduction of the ram to the herd do?
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increase in LH secretion in those ewes about to start the season (3 days after introduction)
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What is the withdrawal period given to progestagens before introducing the ram in ewes?
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48 hours
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What is fertility in season breeding in ewes? Out of season?
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70%
50% |
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Progestagens are used for how long to synchronize estrus in ewes?
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10-14 days
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What are five ways to increase ovulation rate in ewes?
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1. nutrition: flushing
2. PMSG 3. Fecundin 4. Booroola gene 5. Breed: Finnish landrace and Romanov |
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What is pregnancy toxemia in ewes a likely cause of? When does it present?
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ketosis in sheep (twins) and is usually in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy
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What is cloudburst in goats? How is it treated?
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false pregnancy/hydrometra
Tx: PGF2alpha |
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What are the three major infectious agents that cause abortion in sheep?
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1. toxoplasma gondii
2. campylobacter spp. 3. chlamydophila spp. |
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When does C. psitacci cause abortion in ewes? How is it spread?
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late abortions
Spread in discharges from aborted ewes |
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How is T. gondii spread to ewes?
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transferred in feces from cat to other hosts
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What does early infection in ewes of T. gondii? mid-pregnancy? Late pregnancy?
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abortion
abortion normal lambs: may be carriers |
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When does campylobacteriosis cause abortion? How is it spread?
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late- last 6 weeks
Spread: ingestion |
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Does C. jejuni or C. fetus fetus cause more major abortion storms in ewes?
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C. fetus fetus
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When does salmonellosis cause abortion? what other signs will a ewe show?
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late abortion
illness and metritis |
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What are the three major viruses that cause viral abortion in sheep?
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1. border disease virus
2. blue tongue virus 3. cache valley virus (Akabane= rare) |
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Is infectious abortion in goats common?
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no- due to the nature of their husbandry
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What type of goat has a non-infectious condition that causes spontaneous abortion between 90-120 days of pregnancy?
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Angora goats
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What is the most important cause of anestrus in goats?
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intersex- usually genetically female
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What are the two organisms that cause epididymitis in rams?
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1. brucella ovis
2. actinobacillus seminis |
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What are the signs of epididymitis in rams?
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inflammation and edema with fibrosis and occlusion of the tubular lumen--? sperm granulomas, fibrotic nodules and adhesions. Testicular degeneration, fibrosis and calcification
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How is epididymitis controlled in rams?
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testing at intervals and culling
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What are four main causes of uterine prolapse postpartum in cows?
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1. hypocalcaemic or hypomagnesaemic
2. dystocia 3. straining 4. twins |
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What is contraindicated in treating a uterine prolapse because it dries it out?
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sugar
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What is involution?
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"rolled inward": process of uterine return to normality
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What is puerperium?
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postpartum phase of return to normal cyclicity
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What is lochia?
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post-partum uterine discharge: blood, mucus, cells, debris, blood pigments, shreds of fetal membranes
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When does shrinking of the uterus happen in the cow post-partum?
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rapidly during first 4 days, then slower rate for 14-25 days
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When is the cervix smaller than the horns post-partum in the cow?
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20 days post-partum
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When do 75% of dairy cows return to cyclic ovarian activity?
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25 days
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If the placenta persists >6-12 hours in a cow what is it considered?
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Retained fetal membranes/retained placenta
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What is the conservative treatment for RFM in a cow? Non-conservative?
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Conservative: cut while fresh and leave
Nonconservative: leave 72 hours then act once is necrotic |
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When is first ovulation occur post partum in dairy cows?
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14-17 days
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When is the first observed estrus in cows?
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35-38 days post partum
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What are the five immediate causes of retained fetal membrane in a cow?
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1. prematurilty of parturition
2. infections 3. twinning 4. dystocia 5. hydrops allantois |
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What are three clinical signs of retained fetal membranes?
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1. membranes hanging from vulva
2. malodorous discharge 3. metritis |
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How is pyometra differentiated from pregnancy in the cow?
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palpation +/- ultrasound
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What are the five etiology of puerperal metritis?
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1, trauma at parturition- dystocia
2. inefficient involution 3. unhygienic conditions at calving 4. compromised defense mechanisms 5. access to infections |
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What are the 7 signs of puerperal metritis in cows?
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1. acutely ill cow
2. pyrexia 3. recumbency 4. shock 5. inappetance 6. vaginal discharge 7. ruminal atony |
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What are the five etiologies of endometritis in the cow?
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1. access to infections
2. incomplete resolution of metritis 3. progesterone influence 4. compromised defense mechanisms 5. luteal phase inseminations |
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Does endometritis have systemic signs in the cow? What signs are seen?
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No
intermittent discharge, uterus may feel doughy, ultrasound shows pus |
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What three uterine defense mechanisms are reduced in the luteal pahse of a cow?
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1. phagocytosis
2. leucotaxis 3. uterine motility |
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What is the cause of cystic ovarian disease in cows?
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insufficient ovulatory hormone (LH) or its recpetors
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What are the signs of cystic ovarian disease in cows?
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large non-ovulatory structure in ovary, behavioral changes (nymphomania)
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What are the three characteristics of a luteal cyst in cystic ovarian disease in cows?
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1. thick-walled and firm
2. during anestrus 3. progesterone is high |
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What are the three characteristics of a follicular cyst in cystic ovarian disease in cows?
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1. thin-walled and soft
2. nymphomania in anestrus 3. low progesterone |
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What five things does heat stress affect in a cow?
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1. conception
2. cyclicity 3. maternal recognition of pregnancy 4. early embryonic development 5. gestation |
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What are three causes of shortened inter-estrus intervals in a cow?
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1. follicular cysts
2. acute endometritis 3. incorrect heat detection |
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What are three causes of lengthened inter0estrus intervals?
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1. EED
2. Poor or incorrect heat detection |
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What are five conditions that cause anestrus with a CL?
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1. pregnancy
2. non-detected estrus. silent estrus 3. luteal cysts 4. EED > 13 sdays 5. Persistent CL |
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What are 6 causes of anestrus without a CL in a cow?
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1. postpartum
2. nutritional/stress 3. cystic ovarian disease 4. senility- ovarian atrophy 5. follucular phase of cycle 6. true anestrus |
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What are the three most important indices in assessing herd fertility in cows?
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1. calving to conception
2. heat detection rate 3. conception rate |
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What are the four reasons for controlling the bovine estrous cycle?
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1. utilize timed insemination and avoid heat detection
2. synchronize groups of animals 3. bring an individual into estrus 4. bring an individual into estrus w/ leucorrhea |
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What are two reasons for heat detection?
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1. AI timing
2. records of cycles obtained- help with infertility investigations |
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What is the minimum number of observations recommended for heat detection in the cow?
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3 observations, 20 minutes/time at least
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When does most mounting activity occur in a cow?
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at night
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How long is the first stage of parturition in the cow? Second? Third?
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1: 2-8 hours
2: 70 minutes 3: 1/2-12 hours (mean of 6 hours) |
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What is meant by the presentation of the calf?
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longitudinal axis of the calf
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What is meant by the position of the calf?
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refers to position of the dorsum of the calf relative to the dam. Dorsal dorsal= spine of the calf being nearly apposed to the spine of the dam, dorsal ilial= a degree of twisting from plain upright
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What is meant by posture of the calf?
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attitude of the extremeties
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What is meant by mutation of the calf?
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act of correcting a dystocia
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What is meant by deformation of the calf?
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act of the calf in assuming the normal diving attitude for birth
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What is meant by traction of the calf?
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the act of pulling the calf from the damn
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