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234 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is castration indicated?
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eliminate masculine behavior
improve marbling not used for breeding |
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Unilateral castration is indicated in all of the following scenarios except:
testicular neoplasia, trauma, torsion of the spermatic cord, cryptorchid, inguinal herniation |
cryptorchid
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What breeds of horses are predisposed to evisceration?
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tennessee walking horses
standardbreds drafts *have larger inguinal rings |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of standing castrations?
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Cheaper
no risk of gen. anesthesia clean environment not required can be difficult/dangerous primary closure of scrotum is diff. |
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What is the difference between the 3 types of castration techniques in horses?
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Closed: parietal tunic on
Open: parietal tunic off Modified open: same as closed but tunic is excised to enhance visualizatoin of contents |
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Where is the castration incision made in the scrotum of the horse?
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2cm on either side of the median raphe-- parallel to the raphe
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Describe where and how to position emasculators.
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right angle to spermatic cord
nut-to-nut leave in place for 1-2 minutes |
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Should horses be exercised post castration?
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after 24 hours- forced exercise will prevent swelling and promote drainage
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What are 3 causes of hemorrhage in castration?
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improperly applied emasculators
too sharp emasculators (need to crush) too much tissue in crush |
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How much swelling is acceptable post castration in the horse?
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it is common for edema and swelling to distend the scrotum to the size of the original testes
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When is evisceration likely to occur? What is the prognosis?
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usually within several hours
up to several days poor prognosis |
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What is funiculitis?
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infection of the spermatic cord
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What is champingnon?
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streptococcal funiculitis
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____ is an infection of the spermatic cord with pyogenic bacteria.
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schirrous cord
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What can be done to reduce the chance of evisceration after castration?
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stall horse 24 hours postsx
if previously known history--> put stitches around the inguinal ring. |
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Banding creates ischemia of testes with subsequent necrosis. What is the upper weight limit for banding babies?
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400kg
that's kinda big. |
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What are the most common complications of banding?
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tetanus
not getting both testes in the band |
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What is the difference between a testoctomy in a lamb vs a 4 yo bull?
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lamb-- remove distal 1/3 of scrotum, steady traction to stretch vasculature until it breaks
bull-- linear incisions parallel to median raphe (like horse), ligation and transection/emasculation |
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When should tetanus vaccinations be given to small ruminants that are being castrated?
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3-4 weeks prior to procedure and again at surgery
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What is a rig or a ridgling?
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cryptorchid horse
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What is a partial abdominal cryptorchid?
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epididymis descends but not testis
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What is a high flanker?
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inguinal cryptorchid
testis and epididymis descend into the inguinal canal but not into the scrotum |
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Left and right cryptorchids occur 50/50 in the horse, but whether or not they are retained in the abdomen is not of equal proportion. What side is more commonly retained in the abdomen?
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left (75%)
right (40%) |
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T/F: If you go to castrate a horse and find that he is cryptorchid, it is ok to go ahead and castrate him because a testicle in the abodomen is sterile due to the elevated temperature.
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False
refer- both testicles should be removed |
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What are the complications of equine caesarean sections?
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decreased fertility
retained placenta hemorrhage *adhesions |
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what is the most common approach to C-sections in the bovine? Why?
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left flank
prevents evisceration of small intestines |
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What sedative is preferred for bovine C-sections? Why?
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torb/ace-- no ataxia
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What muscles do you cut through during a flank approach to a C section?
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EAO, IAO, transversus, (peritoneum)
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How do you keep the uterus out of the abdomen during a flank approach C section?
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lock the hocks and feet outside the incision
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How many layers of closures are standard for a healthy C. section?
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4?
uterus peritoneum and transversus IAO/EAO skin (5 layers if sick/ complicated -- uterus gets and additional layer) |
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What are the restrictions for rebreeding a cow that had a flank C- section? a ventral C-section?
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flank: no restrictions
ventral: stall confinement for 6wks no mounting for 8wks |
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Lidocaine is toxic to small ruminants at any dose greater than ____ mg/kg.
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5
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Is vaginal prolapse more common in the horse or the cow?
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cow
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Vaginal prolapses are generally stitched back in via a variety of methods. What can you do to reduce swelling of the vulva and further encourage the tissue to relapse into the vagina?
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lubricate with glycerin or 10x sugar
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Of the methods to close a vaginal prolapse, which ones can be left in for parturition?
Which ones have to be removed? |
Ewe spoon
johnson buttons buhner suture bootlace suture |
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What is the differentiation between a first degree and a second degree perineal laceration in the mare?
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first degree- skin and mucus membrane
second degree- constrictor vulvae muscle and perineal body |
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Third degree vaginal tears in the mare should be allowed to heal by second intention prior to surgical intervention. How long?
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6-8 wk preferably after foal is weaned
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How soon can you rebreed a mare after repairing a 3rd degree perineal tear?
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3 mo natural service
3 wks AI |
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Define a penile hematoma.
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rupture of the tunica albuginea and hemorrhage of the corpus cavernosum
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What qualifies for a conservative treatment for penile hematomas? What is conservative therapy?
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hematoma is <15cm diameter
* separate from cows for 6 wks hydrotherapy and massage for 3 weeks |
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Toxins can cause abortions because they are lethal to the fetus. PGF2a works differently. How?
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lyses CL that is maintaining pregnancy
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When do abortions due to Energy defecit generally occur?
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horse: early gestation
cow: late gestation |
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____ is the MOST common cause of abortion in both cattle and horses.
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Twinning
*due to insufficient space for placental attachment |
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Palpation before day ___ can result in an increase in incidence of atresia coli in calves.
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45
*loss occurs a month later |
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Most insect borne abortigenic viruses result in __ and __.
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fetal deformities
hydranencephaly |
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____ viruses tend to cause necrosis throughout the fetus with organ failure and death. Immunity is poor and infected animals tend to carry them for life.
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herpes
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When do most bacterial abortions occur?
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last trimester
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As a general rule, bacteria cause dramatic and obvious ____ with subsequent placental failure.
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placentitis
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How are bacterial pathogens that cause fetal death maintained in a population?
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host mounts an effective immune response after abortion
(abortion, contamination of environment, infection of naive host, abortion...) |
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Many of the abortigenic protozoa have a ____ stage in the carnivore host and a ____ phase in the herbivore host.
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coccidia-- carnivore
tissue-- herbivore |
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How are most protozoa introduced to the host?
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feedstuffs
milk *tends to be a novel infection of immunologically naive pregnant animals |
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Fungi cause abortion most commonly in what species?
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ruminants
Placentitis due to systemic mycotic infection (not yeast ascending urogenital tract) |
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Placentitis can be cause by __ or ___.
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bacteria
fungi |
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What is the cycle length of a sheep? a goat?
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17 days
21 days |
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Why do ewes have a silent first estrus?
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require falling progesterone levels to achieve standing estrus
this means that the first ovulation will provide the necessary CL and progesterone (falling levels) for the next estrus |
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What is the effect of introducing a ram to a group that is cycling?
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luteolysis and subsequent synchronization of estrus in a large number of the animals
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When will goats come into heat with the male effect?
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2-4 days after exposure
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In general what breeds tend to be more fecund?
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dairy
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Sm Rum: Who and when do you begin flushing?
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only works in adults (SHEEP only )
cheap feedstuffs 3weeks prior to mating |
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What mode of ultrasound is used to detect fetus and placenta?
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B mode
A mode: detects fluid |
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When do ewes and does generally bag up?
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a month prior to parturition
variable |
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___ is a reliable way to predict parturition within 12 hours in small ruminants.
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relaxation of the sacrotuberous ligaments
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what estrogenic forage can increase the incidence of vaginal prolapse in small ruminants?
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clover
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____ is incomplete dilation of the cervix at parturition.
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Ringwomb
*can be related to chlamydia |
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After what time period are placentas considered to be retained?
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12 hours
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What are important bacterial causes of abortion in small ruminants?
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Campylobacter
Chalmydia Coxiella Toxoplasma Border disease Herpesvirus (goats) |
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Will a ram's breeding numbers go up or down with a flock of aged sheep?
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up
aged ewes actively seek out the male when they are in heat |
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Scrotal circumference is correlated to ___ and ___ in female offspring.
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age at maturation
fecundity |
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What is ram-lamb epididymitis?
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rams around puberty
commensals ascend the tract and cause epididymitis |
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What are the contributing factors of ulcerative posthitis?
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high protein diet****
C. renale |
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Why do breeders select against split scrotums?
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they lead to hypospadia
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_____ causes salpingitis resulting in thin shelled misshapen (wrinkled) eggs, thin watery albumin, drop in egg production
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Infectious bronchitis virus
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What causes the wrinkling of eggs when birds are infected with IBV?
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inflammation and swelling of the oviduct
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_____ causes a dramatic drop in egg production (often completely stops), misshapen eggs, soft shelled or shell-less eggs.
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Acute oophoritis/ salpingitis
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____ is a sequel to coliform septicemia or respiratory tract infection, esp w/ S. pullorum in birds.
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Oophoritis
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What causes vaginal prolapse in chickens?
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enlargement of the abdominal fat pad
FAT chickens |
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Calcium deficiency or Ca:P imbalance can cause _____ due to abdominal vaginal muscle fatigue or thin shelled/shell less eggs.
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egg-binding (dystocia)
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What does Zearlenone mycotoxicosis cause in birds?
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mortality
cyanotic combs and wattles difficulty walking reduced fertility decreased sperm viability ascites cysts in oviduct salpingitis |
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What are some behavioral problems that can reduce reproductive efficiency in birds?
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mismatched pairs
environmenta distractions broodiness |
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What is Egg binding?
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egg impaction (dystocia)
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What is the potential problem with chronic egg layers?
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calcium drain-- egg binding
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What causes chronic egg laying? How can it be reduced?
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too much light exposure
give them fake eggs |
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What should be included in the physical exam of a bull outside of the reproductive exam?
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ID
breed/age BCS eyes/nose feet/legs |
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What should be included in the reproductive exam of a bull?
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palpate penis, testes, epididymis
scrotal circumference palpate ampulla, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands -semen evaluation |
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What things do you assess when evaluating semen?
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volume
color consistency motility >30% morphology >70% normal |
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Penile hematomas are a rupture of the tunica albuginea at the distal sigmoid flexure. Where would you see swelling?
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at the neck of the scrotum
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Medical therapy for penile hematomas includes ____, ____, and sexual rest for how long?
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cold hydrotherapy
massage sexual rest for 2 months |
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What are 4 possible sequellae of penile hematomas?
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damaged dorsal nerve
abscessation of the hematoma cavernosal venal shunts adhesions |
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Why are Bos indicus breeds predisposed to preputial injuries?
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they have a pendulous prepuce
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Why are polled breeds predisposed to preputial injuries?
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they lack a retractor prepuce muscle
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Preputial injuries should be allowed to completely heal before surgical intervention if it's necessary. How long does it take to heal pre and post surgery?
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2-6 weeks pre
8 weeks post |
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What causes a spiral deviation of the penis in the bull?
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Dorsal apical ligament slips to one side
shortened DAL |
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what is the result of a cavernosal shunt in the penis?
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inability to maintain an erection
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Name 3 infectious agents that can cause seminal vesiculitis in young bulls.
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Chlamydia
Mycoplasma Ureaplasma Brucella Mycobacterium bovis Pseudomonas Actinobacillus seminis |
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What is the cause of testicular degeneration? Treatment?
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heat
frostbite lameness old age No treatment |
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Parturition stage 1 is 2-6 hours. It begins with ___ and ___ and ends with ____.
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uterine contracion and cervical dilation
fetus in birth canal |
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Parturition stage 2 is 2 hours long. It consists of ____ reflex and subsequent _____.
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Ferguson Reflex
fetal delivery |
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Stage 3 of parturition results in delivery of the _____.
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fetal membrane/ placenta
*considered retained after 12 hours |
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T/F: Calving ease is a genetic trait that can be selected for in bulls.
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True
*select for low birth weight |
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What are the 3 Ps of dystocia?
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Presentation
Position Posture |
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This "P" refers to the relation of the dorsum of the fetus to the quadrants of the maternal pelvis.
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position
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This "P" refers to the relation of the extremeties to the body of the fetus.
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posture
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This "P" refers to the relataion of the spine of the fetus to that of the dam and the direction of the fetus entering the pelvic canal
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Presentation
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Order these by prognosis for the fetus in the case of dystocia.
cow sow mare |
mare (30-40 min)
sow (4-6 hours) cow (3-12 hours) |
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What is an obstetrical mutation?
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repulsion and rearrangement to normal 3Ps
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Pigs mature at ____ months and ____ pounds.
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6-9 mo
230 lbs |
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T/F: Purebred gilts will mature faster than crossbred gilts, especially in larger more rapid growing breeds.
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False
* crossbreds mature faster |
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Trucking gilts >_____ days old will result in spontaneous induction of heat/puberty ____ days later.
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> 180days
4-7 days later |
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Gilts should be exposed to boars around ___ days to hasten puberty. Lack of exposure may lead to ____.
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160-170 days
anestrus |
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Why is a gilts first estrus silent?
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lack of progesterone priming of brain centers
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When do sows reach maximum fecundity?
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2-4 years
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The sow has a postpartum estrus within 5 days of farrowing. Can you breed her then?
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no. this is a nonfertile estrus
*fertile estrus (2nd) is 4-8 days after weaning |
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What are 2 signs of estrus unique to the sow?
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ears elevated in presence of boar
champing of jaws with salivation |
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During diestrus of the sow, progesterone peaks at day ___.
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7
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If a sow fails to catch, can you use PGF2a to shortcycle her back for rebreeding?
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no. she is unresponsive to PGF2a until day 12 and she will recycle on her own at day 16 (4 days is not advantageous)
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In the bitch prolactin is luteotropic. In the sow ____ is luteotropic.
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estrogen
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How many eggs does a gilt produce versus a sow?
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gilt: 10-15
sow: 18-25 |
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Flushing is common for gilts. Energy intake is increased ___ weeks prior to estrus to increase ova by ___.
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2 weeks
2-3 more ova |
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Why does heterospermic insemination increase farrowing rates?
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minimizes subfertility of males
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On what day does the pregnant sow recognize the presence of an embryo?
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day 12
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When does implantation occur in the sow?
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day 15-17
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what is going on days 9-12 of pregnancy in the sow?
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intrauterine migration of the zygotes for spacing of the embryos
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how many embryos are necessary to maintain pregnancy in a sow?
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4
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Pregnancy in the sow can be diagnosed based on serum progesterone which comes from the CL, or serum estrone sulphate which comes from the ____.
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fetus
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Normal gestation length of the sow is:
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3mo 3wk 3da
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What effect does ACTH have on pregnancy?
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increased cortisol = decreased progesterone, increased estrogen
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What is the effect of relaxin?
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softening of the cervix
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How do you know when a sow has finished farrowing?
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she's quiet, no longer restless
nursing voids large amount of urine |
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eCG acts like ___ in the horse and ___ in the sow.
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LH in the horse
FSH in the sow |
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Administering ___ after 5 mo of age (160days) will induce estrus in 90% with a 75% farrowing rate. At what point do you know this is necessary?
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GnRH
gilts do not show estrus 42da after pen-mates trucking and boar exposure ineffective |
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Induction of estrus in postpartum sows is heavily influenced by ___ and ___.
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group weaning
environmental HEAT *also nutrition, early weaning, heavy lactation |
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using prostaglandins to induce parturition in the sow may reduce ___ and ___.
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stillborns
MMA complex Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia |
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What are the reproductive goals for swine?
Farrowing rate live piglets stillbirths mummies |
Farrowing rate: 85%
live piglets: 10.5 stillbirths <7% mummies <1.5% |
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What are the 2 most common NONinfectious causes of reproductive issues in sows?
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hydrosalpinx
polycystic ovaries |
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sow abortions occur before ___ days of gestation versus stillborns which die shortly before, during, or after birth.
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110days
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When does early embryonic death occur in th sow?
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before 35days
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When do mummies occur in the sow?
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after day 35
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How do you know if EED in the sow occurred before or after implantation?
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before implantation = no pregnancy = return to estrus in 21 days
after implantation = longer (28d) |
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Porcine Parvovirus has different effect depending on the stage of pregnancy during which the sow becomes infected.
<35 days = 35-70days = >70 days = How is it diagnosed |
<35 = EED
35-70 = mummies >70 = fetal recovery virus in fetal lungs HI titer in precolostral serum |
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How do you prevent PPV?
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vax at 2-3mo
6 mo boost at farrowing Forced exposure |
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This virus often coinfects with PPV.
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Porcine enterovirus
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What kind of virus is porcine pseudorabies? Where do they carriers carry this infection?
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herpes
trigeminal ganglia |
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PRV is spread via ____. Clinical signs include ___, reproductive, and ___ signs.
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respiratory secretions
CNS, respiratory |
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How is PRV controled/prevented?
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depopulate
disinfect 2x/week vacate 30 days repopulate |
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PRRS is transmitted by ____. Clinical signs include ____, ____, and ___ in sows and ___ ,____ in piglets.
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aerosol
anorectic, febrile, LATE term abortion weakness, respiratory compromise |
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What tissues can be used to diagnose PRRS?
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brain
lung kidney aborted fetus |
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Leptospira pomona causes what in pigs?
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mid-late term abortion or stillbirth
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How often should pigs be vaccinated for lepto?
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at 6mo and 2x year-- after each farrowing
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Brucella suis can affect the boar or the sow... how?
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boar: orchitis, epididymitis
sow: placentits, abortion at any stage |
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How is Eperythrozoon suis transmitted?
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louse
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What are two protozoan infections that can cause reproductive disorders in pigs?
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Eperythrozoon suis
Toxoplasma gondii |
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How long is the spermatogenic cycle?
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45 days
|
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What is the breeding ratio and the average breeding time of the boar?
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1:20
5 min |
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What is the ideal volume and # sperm to inseminate the sow with via AI?
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50 ml
2 billion |
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Bo: What is happening in the ovary during metestrus?
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CH is turning into a CL
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Bo: During diestrus what is the dominant structure and hormone on the ovary?
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CL
progesterone |
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Bo: luteal cells produce ___ ,in addition to progesterone, which plays a role in luteolysis.
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oxytocin
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Bo: What's happening during proestrus?
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formation of ovulatory follicle
increased estrogen secretion |
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Bo: When does ovulation occur in relation to estrus?
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10-18 hours after the end of estrus
only lasts ~7hours |
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In the cow, if day 0 is estrus
day 1-3 = day 4-18 = day19-21 = |
1-3= metestrus
4-18= diestrus 19-21= proestrus |
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Why should you wait until the end of standing heat before you artificially inseminate a cow?
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if you inseminate at the beginning of standing heat the sperm could die before the cow ovulates
*she ovulates 10-18 hours AFTER the END of standing heat |
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Bo: What phase of the estrous cycle occurs from the regression of the CL to ovulation?
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Follicular phase
*proestrus and estrus |
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Bo: What is the dominant ovarian structure and hormone during the follicular phase?
|
follicle
estrogen |
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Bo: follicles grow in a wave like fashion every ____ days.
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8-12
|
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Bo: What are the hormone levels during the recruitment phase of the follicular wave?
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high FSH
low LH NO inhibin |
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Bo: What are the hormone levels during the dominance phase of the follicular wave?
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low FSH
high LH high inhibin |
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Bo: what is the luteal phase? What is the dominant structure and hormone?
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period from ovulation to regression of the CL
CL progesterone |
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What estrous stages make up the luteal phase?
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metestrus
diestrus |
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the CL in the cow is nonresponsive to PGF2a prior to day ___ (day 0 = ovulation). Responsiveness is best after day ____.
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nonresponsive= day 5
best after day 7 |
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Cystic ovaries occur due to failure of ___.
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ovulation
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How long does a follicle have to persist for it to be considered cystic?
|
10 days
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There are 2 types of cysts, follicular and luteal. explain how the symptoms differ? Which one is more common?
|
follicular: persistent estrus
***luteal: persistent anestrus |
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Bo: what is the treatment for cystic ovaries?
|
GnRH or hCG
PGF2a 10days later |
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ovarian cysts
pyometra mummified fetus segmental aplasia infantile genitalia can all cause ___. |
anestrous
inactive ovaries |
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GnRH is a decapeptide made in the hypothalamus. It can be used in cows to do what?
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induce ovulation
treat cystic ovarian disease synchronization programs |
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What does GnRH do to a bull?
|
LH stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone
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hCG is used similarly to GnRH . What hormone does hCG actually behave like?
|
LH
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What is FSH used for?
|
superovulation-- embryo transfer
|
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endogenous release of oxytocin is stimulated by several things, name 3.
|
sight of calf
smell of calf suckling rectal palpation-- ferguson reflex udder stimulation |
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Oxytocin acts on the uterus in the presence of what hormone?
|
estrogen
|
|
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What produces progesterone other than the CL?
|
placenta
adrenal |
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What is a CIDR and how is it used?
|
progesterone IVD
suppresses estrus-- synchronize cows by taking them all out at the same time |
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What types of cells produce estrogen?
|
granulosa cells of Graffian follicles
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how does dexamethasone stimulate parturition?
|
stimulates hydroxylase enzyme in the placenta which shifts progesterone to estrogen
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Endogenous prostaglandins come from ___.
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endometrium
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a single injection of PGF2a will synchronizes 60% of cows while a double injection syncs 95% of cows. How far apart should the 2 injections be given?
|
11-14days
*estrus is sync'd but not ovulation-- still requires heat detection |
|
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What are the estrogen synchronizing options for cows?
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every week- lots of labor
every 2 weeks- good at preg checks- sync open cows (careful not to cause an abortion)~ |
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T/F: CIDRs go in for a week and you give a shot of PGF2a when you take them out.
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False
give PGF2a on day 6 take CIDR out on day 7 |
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What is the longest synchronization protocol for cows?
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Melengestrerol acetate (oral progesterone)
2 short cycles-- 35-37 days |
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Describe the theoretical longest and shortest gestation scenarios for the cow? (mother baby pair)
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long : Cow with male calf
short : heifer with female twins |
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What maintains the calf pregnancy up to day 150? day 150-250?
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<150d CL
150-250 CL + placenta |
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What two conditions can result in prolonged gestation?
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adrenal hypoplasia-- fetal giants
pituitary aplasia-- malformed |
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What size are the placentomes of a 120 day pregnancy?
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quarter
|
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What size are the placentomes of a 90 day pregnancy?
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dime
|
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All of the following are cardinal signs of pregnancy except:
amniotic vesicle membrane slip middle uterine artery fremitus palpation of fetus palpation of placentome |
middle uterine artery fremitus
|
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Why might some pregnancy cows show heat?
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biphasic FSH waves persist at all times
|
|
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why does double ovulation twinning occur?
|
lack of dominance of a follicle
|
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When can you detect a membrane slip via rectal palp?
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35+
|
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When can you palpate the placentomes via rectal palp?
|
80+
|
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Bo: When can you palpate the fetus?
|
70+
|
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When are the critical times for pregnancy wastage in the cow?
|
embryo descent into the uterus
maternal recognition during/at completion of organogenesis |
|
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Fetal mummification often occurs at ___ months. What does it feel like on palpation?
|
5-6 months
hard mass no fluid no membrane slip no placentomes CL on ovary!!! |
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What is a colpotomy and when would it be appropriate?
|
incision through the vagina to get to the uterus to remove a... mummy
versus a laparotomy: incision through the lateral abdominal wall to get to the uterus |
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how do you tell the difference between a fetal mummy and a fetal maceration scenario?
|
macerated feti have
crepitation fluid in uterus |
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What is hydrops and when does it occur?
|
abnormal accumulation of fetal fluid in the uterus
mid- late gestation |
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how do you tell the difference between hydroallantois and hydroamnios?
|
fetus and placentomes are only palpable in hydramnios
|
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Hydroallantois is a ____ malformation where as hydramnios is a ______ malformation.
|
placental
fetal |
|
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Which hydrop condition occurs faster, hydroallantois or hydroamnios?
|
hydroallantois (5-20 days)
|
|
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What does pluripara mean?
|
has had multiple babies and the area of the vagina is less elastic (more likely to prolapse)
|
|
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Bo: What breeds and conditions are predisposed to vaginal prolapse?
|
holstein
hereford santa gertrudis FAT, pluripara |
|
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How does fetal stress cause birth?
|
stress--> fetal acth--> fetal cortisol---> signals dam to release estrogen and PGF2a
|
|
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what problems does periparturient paresis cause for the cows uterus if it occurs preparturition?
|
uterin intertia
dystocia uterine prolapse |
|
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Uterine torsion occurs during ___ stage of parturition. Signs include tail up, restless, kicking abdomen. How do you definitively diagnose this?
|
1st stage
spiral folds at the anterior vagina on manual vaginal examination |
|
|
What is the most common degree of torsion?
|
180 degrees to the left
|
|
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For a uterine prolapse, once you put the uterus back in and secure, you administer antibiotics, antiinflammatories, ___ and ___.
|
calcium
oxytocin |
|
|
Is a retained placenta grounds for culling a cow?
|
no
*common in dairy cows, not in beef cows |
|
|
twinning
dystocia induced parturition abortion vit E and Se deficiency infection are all contributing factors to what condition in cows? |
retained placenta
|
|
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Bo:How long will it take to get rid of a retained placenta if left untreated?
|
5-7days
caruncles will slough |
|
|
why is the cow more likely to develop metritis than the mare?
|
blood supply is better in the mare-- diffuse placenta vs cotyledons in the cow
|
|
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Why is the cow more likely to develop salpingitis as a sequelae to metritis than the mare?
|
mare has very tight uterotubal junction
cow does not |
|
|
what is necessary for a pyometra in the cow?
|
Pus in the uterus
persistent CL * cow thinks she's preggers |
|
|
If there is no embryo to implant why doesn't the cow's uterus expel the pyometra?
|
prostaglandin release is reduced due to the impaired endometrium
there is also luteotropic PGE production from the WBC in the pus |
|
|
why do you have to be careful when doing a uterine lavage in the cow?
|
poor uterotubal jx
don't push fluid into the oviduct |
|
|
In case of abortions in a farm the serology should focus on what diseases?
|
brucella
lepto neospora IBR BVD !&2 |
|
|
BVD infections that occur during pregnancy have different effect depending on the stage:
1st trimester: 1-2nd trimester: 3rd trimester: |
1- reduced conceptions
2- abortion/ dev abnormalities 3- carrier |
|
|
BHV causes no gross lesions in the fetus. What does have lesions?
|
multifocal coagulative necrosis in the liver
|
|
|
How is brucella spread?
|
infeced uterine discharge
|
|
|
What two infectious agents cause mid-gestation abortions in cows?
|
brucella abortus
neospora caninum |
|
|
this infectious agent causes abortions due to purulent intercotyledonary placentitis with necrosis of cotyledons
|
brucella abortus
|
|
|
These two venereal diseases are self limiting in the cow in about 4 months.
|
Trichomonas fetus
Campylobacter fetus venerealis |
|
|
Trichomonas fetus colonizes where?
|
prepuce
vagina uterus |
|
|
Where does campylobacter fetus venerealis colonize?
|
uterus
oviduct |
|
|
T/F: trichomonas causes cows to fail to concieve.
|
false
*campylobacter causes cows to fail to conceive both may have EED or abortion |
|
|
What infectious agent is associated with POST BREEDING PYOMETRA?
|
trichomonas fetus
|
