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228 Cards in this Set
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Abortion
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expulsion of a dead fetus or a living one incapable of independent life at any period of gestation.
Between days 46 and 260 in cattle |
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Preterm
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birth of immature viable fetuses
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Still births
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dead fetuses expelled at term
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acceptable abortion rate in cattle herds
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2-5%
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bacterial causes of bovine abortion
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Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Camphylobacterosis
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viral causes of bovine abortion
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IBR, BVD
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mycotic causes of bovine abortion
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aspergillosis
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protozoal causes of bovine abortion
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trichomoniasis, neosporosis
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noninfectious causes of bovine abortion
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chemical, hormonal, nutritional, physical, genetic or congenital
twinning |
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which BVD type produces persistently infected calves?
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noncytopathic
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what kind of vaccine is safer for pregnant animals?
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killed
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prevention of neosporosis
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use seronegative heifers as replacement stock
keep dogs out of cow feed |
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Facts to remember about abortion in cattle
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- many go unnoticed (~70%) - causative agent missed
- diagnostic efforts should be initiated any time mroe than 3-5% of herd aborts - can be frustrating and unproductive - good record keeping helps monitor trends, assists in diagnosis and finding a solution - the only effective control in infectious cases is vaccination |
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hormonal induction of abortion in cows
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< 5 months - one dose of PGF2 alpha --> abortion in 10 days or more
> 5 months - PGF 2 alpha and dexamethasone - abortion 5 days after tx or estrogen |
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Orientation of bull testis
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axis is dorso-ventral
tail is ventral |
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orientation of dog testis
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axis is antero-posterior
tail is posterior |
same as stallion
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orientation of feline testis
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ventro-dorsal
tail is dorsal |
same as boar
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accessory sex glands in the bull
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seminal vesicles
prostate bulboruethral glands ampulla |
seminal vesicles - large, firm, lobulated
prostate - firm ridge on anterior urethra bulbourethral glands - paired on either side of urethra at ischial arch, not palpable ampulla - terminal, enlarged glandular portion of the ductus deferens |
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accessory sex glands of the stallion
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seminal vesicles
prostate bulboruethral glands ampulla |
seminal vesicles - larger than ruminant, contributes gel fraction
prostate - lobulated, lies on the neck of bladder bulbourethral glands - paired on either side of urethra at ischial arch, larger than bull, not palpable ampulla - terminal, enlarged glandular portion of the ductus deferens |
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accessory sex glands of the boar
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seminal vesicles
prostate bulboruethral glands |
seminal vesicles - contributes 20% of ejaculate
prostate - on the floor of the pelvis posterior to the bladder, contributes 60% of ejaculate bulbourethral glands - quite large, contributes gel fraction ampulla - not in the boar |
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accessory sex glands of the tom cat
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prostate
bulboruethral glands |
seminal vesicles - absent
prostate - on the floor of the pelvis posterior to the bladder bulbourethral glands - paired, on either side of the urethra at the ischial arch, nearly as large as the prostate ampulla - absent |
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accessory sex glands of the dog
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prostate
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seminal vesicles - absent
prostate - surrounds the neck of the bladder, round, bilobed ana palpable, use dual rectal and abdominal paolation to assess hypertrophy, will often extend into abdomen bulbourethral glands - absent ampulla - absent |
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turnover time for a new crop of sperm
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43-85 days
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Functions of the epididymis
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concentrates
helps in maturation storage |
concentraition - resorption occurs in the head
maturation - protoplasmic droplets migrate down the midpiece as the sperm traverse epididymis can phagocytize abnormal sperm storage in the tail |
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five hormones that control spermatogenesis
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LH
FSH testosterone inhibin activin |
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Role of LH
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stimulates testosterone production from Leydig cells
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Role of FSH
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stimulates Sertoli cells to support spermatitids
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Role of testosterone
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responsible for secondary sex characteristics
feed back on the hypothalamus and pituitary to reduce secretion of gonatotrophins |
from Leydig cells
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Role of inhibin
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inhibits secretion of FSH
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from Sertoli cells
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Role of activin
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stinulates secretion of FSH
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from Sertoli cells
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Role of immune system in infertility
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junctional complexes between Sertoli cells keep the post-pubertal seminiferous tubules, excurrent tract and gonadal cells outside the immune system. If the blood-testis-barrier is violted (infection, trauma) it leads to an autoimmune reaction, causing orchitis and/or infertility
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multinucleated giant cells and inflammatory cells in ejaculate indicate disruption of blood-testis barrier and a poor prognosis
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Important diseases of the male
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Brucella canis - dog
Brucella ovis - ram Mycoplasma - dog |
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Properties of antimicrobials that can penetrate the blood-testis barrier
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lipid solubility
pKa protein binding |
pKa - semen is slightly acidic, so weak bases are ionized at pH less than the pKa will be trapped and will be trapped
protein binding - highly protein bound drugs are less available |
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libido
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willingness and eagerness of a male to mount and attempt to copulate a female (influenced by olfactory and auditory stimuli)
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mating behavior of the bull
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- primarily uses visual stimuli, olfactory is secondary
- estrous females will stand - single greatest stimulus is immobility - service capacity is 9-83 times per day (average is 20) |
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mating behavior of ram
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- visual stimuli
- immobilization - ewes will form a harem and seek out male - capacity is 8-10 ewes per day |
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mating behavior of the boar
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- olfactory and auditory stimuli stimulate standing reaction in female
- immobilization; easily broken to dummies - saliva has 16 androstenes (attracts females) |
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indications for breeding soundness exam
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to determine breeding potential
- perpurchase - prior to breeding - determine the cause of infertility |
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breeding soundness base on:
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sperm motility
morphology teseticular circumference sperm concentration |
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causes of male infertility
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copulatory problems - ability to detect estrous, libido, erection ...
ejactulatory problems - verify by examining dismount samples fertilization problems physiologic, managerial problems |
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changes in endocrine communicatio at the onset of puberty
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threshold for negative feedback from estradiol in hypothalamus increases as puberty approaches
- increase in frequency of LH and GnRH pulses - eventually sufficient to support follicular maturation and ovulation - followed by progesterone increase - |
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definition of puberty in female
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female - onset of cyclical reproductive activity
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definition of puberty in male
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period at which sexual organs are functionally developed, the sexual instincts are prominent and reproduction is possible
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age of puberty in heifer
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one year
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age of first breeding for a cow
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third cycle
first calving should be around 2 years |
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age of puberty in bull
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9-12 months
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when does bull's penis separate from prepuce
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4 weeks
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when does bull's urethral process separate?
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8 weeks
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when does sigmoid flexure begin to develop in bull?
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12 weeks
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when is development completed in bulls?
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32 weeks, unless accelerated through androgen administration
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why is it important to breed bulls that develop early?
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bulls taht mature earlier with large testicles tend to produce daughters that mature early and are more fertile
the earlier a cow matures, the more likely she is to settle early and be more productive throughout life |
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when does the bitch reach puberty?
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when she attains adult body weight - usually 8-12 months
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when should you first breed a bitch?
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second or third estrous - 12-24 months
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when do male dogs reach puberty?
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seven to eight months
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when do queens reach puberty?
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80% of adult body weight
6-9 months pure breds are later than domestics |
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when does the tom reach puberty?
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8-10 months
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when does the mare reach puberty?
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18 months - influenced by breed, season of birth, nutrition, management and systemic disease
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when can a mare be bred for the first time?
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2-3 years
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what is ovarian morphogenesis?
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seen in mares
during the first 4-6 months of age, ovaries change from oblong to the characteristic bean shape with a recognizable ovarian fossa |
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when does stallion reach puberty?
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18 months
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when does gilt reach puberty?
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5-8 months
500-800 lbs *chronological age is more accurate indicator than weight or growth rate |
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when does boar reach puberty?
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5-7 months - gradual process
physiological and psychological maturity are important |
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when does doe reach puberty?
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6-8 months
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when does the buck reach puberty?
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8 months
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when does the ewe reach puberty?
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first or second year of life
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when does the ram reach maturity?
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8 months
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how long is the estrous cycle of a cow?
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average is 21 days
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hormones in female cycle
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- FSH - corresponds with follicular growth
- LH - very low, then spikes before ovulation (preovulatory surge); required for ovulation - Progesterone - produced by CL, stays high if pregnant, goes back down for next cycle. - PGF2alpha - produced by endometrium, causes lyteolysis and beginning of next cycle |
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what is unique about the estrous cycle of the mare?
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bimodal FSH curve in diestral period.
MARE CAN OVULATE IN DIESTRUS --> twin problem also, the mare produces a CORPUS HEMORRHAGICUM before CL due to large follicle size |
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what is unique about the estrous cycle of the queen?
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queens are induced ovulators
also, if copulation occurs, but the mating is unfertile, the queen will go through pseudopregnancy for 30 to 50 days |
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what is unique about the bitch estrous cycle?
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dog ovulates ~15 days after bleeding starts
dog has an obligatory diestrus period lasting about 60 days |
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causes of prolonged diestrus
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early embryonic death
uterine infection/metritis pyometra |
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anovulation in cattle
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caused by cystic ovaries
folicular or luteal treatment for folicular - GnRH or hGC treatment for luteal - PGF2 alpha |
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pasture mating
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stallion with groups of mares in pasture - pregnant mare farms
experienced stallions only |
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advantages of pasture mating
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saves labor input, conception rates are high
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disadvantages of pasture mating
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loss of supervision, spread of venereal disease, coital injury and loss of stallion power
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hand mating
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natural cover - supervised
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advantages of hand mating
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strict hygienic conditions, accurate records, decreases chance of coital injury
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disadvantages of hand mating
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foaling rates are lower, cost of housing, labor for observation and breeding, cost of facilities
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signs of stallion ejaculation
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tail flagging, palpable pulsations of urethra
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advantages of artificial insemination
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extends breeding capability of the stallion and conserves stallion power
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what volume is deposited where when inseminating a mare?
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10mL - 25 million motile sperm - deposited in the uterus
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conditions to decide when to breed a mare
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a. mare is receptive
b. large (>35mm) follicle is present (U/S) c. cervix is relaxed, down and os is open d. absence of evidence of infection |
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time of ovulation for a mare
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1-2 days before the end of estrus (estrus is 2-13 days)
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time of ovulation for a cow
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10-25 hours after the end of estrus (estrus is ~18 hrs)
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time of ovulation for a ewe
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12-24 hours before the end of estrus (estrus is 30-36 hrs)
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time of ovulation for doe
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last day of estrus (estrus is 36-48 hrs)
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time of ovulation for a sow
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30-40 hrs after onset of estrus (2-4 days)
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hydrocele
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pathologic accumulation of serous fluid between visceral and parietal vaginal tunics
- fluid insulates --> can cause temperature-induced dysfunction of spermatogenesis |
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hematocele
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collection of hemorrhagic fluid between tunics
- small hematocele will cause no problem, but a large one may insulate and impair spermatogenesis |
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varicocele
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dilation and torturosity of the veins in the panpiniform plexus
- effect on fertility is undocumented in stallions, but 50% of men have normal seminal quality |
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two remnants of the Mullerian duct system and their location in the male reproductive system
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appendix testis - near the head of teh epididymis
uterus masculinis |
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what are the methods available to determine the timing of ovulation in companion animals
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serum progesterone
vaginal cytology ultrasound |
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when is optimum fertility obtained in the mare?
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when frozen semen is used if the mare is inseminated 0-12 hours before ovulation
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how can you induce ovulation in a mare?
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2500 IU (or less) of hCG
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how can you determine the ideal time for breeding a bitch?
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[10-14 days after onset of prosetrus]
- serosanguinous vaginal discharge - not receptive - vaginal cytology (parabasal and intermediate cells, WBC, RBC) [2-3 days after onset of estrus] - straw colored vaginal discharge - LH SURGE AND INCREASE IN PROGESTERONE - vaginal cytology (superfucial cells, NO WBC) |
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how can you tell when to breed a queen?
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* behavior - lordosis, vocalization
- natural - 3-5 breedings/day until end of estrus (induced ovulators) - 3x per week or daily for 4-5 days with a mature tom - AI - collection, use hGC to induce ovulation |
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heat detection rate
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number of open cows that were in heat or estrus during each 21 day period (aka AI submission rate)
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conception rate
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number of cows that become pregnant OF THOSE INSEMINATED in each 21 day period
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pregnancy rate
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number of pregnancies achieved in ALL OPEN cows during each 21-day period
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relationship of heat detection rate (HDR), conception rate (CR) and pregnancy rate (PR)
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HDR x CR = PR
in a fixed (or timed) AI program, CR=PR |
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voluntary wait period
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no breeding is done from days 45-60 post partum
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cystic CL
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normal CL, cavity CL
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luteal cyst
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will keep cow from coming into heat, pathology
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duration of estrus in a cow
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12-28 hrs
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signs of estrus in a cow
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standing to be mounted, riding, bellowing, restlessness, head butting
decreased milk production mucus discharge, loss of hair, muddy flanks |
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what is the optimal time to inseminate a cow?
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middle to end of estrus (6-24 hours before ovulation)
AM/PM rule: if onset of estrus is in the morning, the animal is bred in the afternoon, and if onset of estrus is in the afternoon, she is bred the next morning * only followed when onset of estrus can be determined * timed AI after induced ovulation is best |
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signs a gilt is in estrus
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* ears pricked, immobilization in response to manual back pressure
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when is it best to AI a gilt?
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12 and 24 hours after onset of estrus
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when is it best to AI a sow?
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24 and 36 hours after onset of estrus
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what is a known effect of griseofulvin in pregnant cats?
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multiple skeletal and brain abnormalitis
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what is a known effect of flumethasone in dogs?
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clinical signs associated with increased incidence of cleft palate and other congenital malformations, and they may induce premature labor and abortion.
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what are 5 reasons equine twins may be missed on examination?
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1. difficulty distinguishing structures
2. variable growth patterns 3. inability to detect heart beats of adjacent embryos 4. operator experience 5. resolution of equipment |
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criteria for positive diagnosis of bovine pregnancy
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1. palpation of amniotic vesicle (4.5-8.5 weeks)
2. palpation of fetus (>9 weeks) 3. fetal membrane slip (>6 weeks) 4. palpation of placentomes (>90 days) |
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endocrinology of bovine pregnancy
(seven hormones) |
1. progesterone high throughout pregnancy, dec 2-3 days prior to parturiation (luteolysis)
2. estrogen rises throughout 3. gonadotropins - low during pregnancy 4. corticosteroids - inc in last week 5. PGF 2 alpha - inc 48-72 hrs before parturition (luteolysis) 6. relaxin - inc close to partruition 7. oxytocin - inc before stage II of parturition |
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what is fremitus
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sensation of feeling blood flow and vibration caused by it with fingers
detectable on pregnant sign by week 12, gushing by week 16 |
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gestation length of a cow
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278-290 days
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gestation of sheep
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150 days
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gestation length of goat
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150 days or 5 months
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caprine pesudopregnancy
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"cloudburst" - unique to goat
follows unsuccessful breeding or loss of early pregnancy' luteal structures are retained - looks like pregnancy, but no kids are born |
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define presentation
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relationship of spinal axis of fetus to the dam
possibilities rare longitudinal (anterior and posterior) or transverse |
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define position
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relationship of the dorsum (in longitudinal) or head (in transverse) or the fetus to the pelvis of the dam.
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define posture
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relationsihp between the fetal extremities to its body.
legs could be extended or flexed or retained beneath the body of the fetus. |
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how can you induce parturition in a cow?
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corticosteriods with PGF2alpha
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clinical signs of bovine uterine torsion
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trying to calve for 8-18 hours with no true signs of labor
may see hemorrhage from ruptured uterine vessels displacement of upper commisure signs of colic, tachycardia |
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how do you diagnose uterine torsion in a cow?
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vaginal and rectal exam
- stenosed vagina with palpable folds - twisted broad ligaments |
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when is manual correction of bovine uterine torsion possible? how do you do it?
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post cervical torsion when the cow is standing
apply rotational force to the uterus through the fetus |
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If a cow is recumbent, how would you fix a uterine torsion?
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roll the animal over its uterus in the direction of the torsion.
keep palpating to make sure you're rolling the right way |
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when do you usually see uterine torsion in the cow?
mare? |
first stage of labor (sometimes second)
mare - third trimester |
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what is the Schaffer method?
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slowly rolling a cow or mare using a board to help derotate uterine torsion
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what are clinical signs of uterine torsion in a mare?
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signs of colic in third trimester
inc heart rate, sweating, restlessness, anorexia, abdominal pain, frequent attempts at urination may not be evidence of labor or contractions because of timing |
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what are the properties of an ideal antibiotic treatment for the male reproductive tract?
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longer than 21 days
must penetrate blood-testis barrier - lipid soluble, weak base, low protein binding |
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time of first breeding for
- bitch -heifer -mare |
bitch - 18-24 monhts
heifer - calving at 2 years mare - 2-3 years |
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How is the mare estrous cycle unique?
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bimodal progesterone curve - can ovulate in diestrus
long day breeders |
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hwo is the cat estrous cycle unique?
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long day breeders
induced ovulators spines of the tom stimulate cervix |
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how is the bitch estrous cycle unique?
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60 day obligatory diestrous
proestrus bleeding progesterone levels can be used to determine when to breed |
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what can prolong estrous?
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increased follicular activty
cystic ovaries presence of multiple foliucles granulosa-thecal cell tumor |
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what cna cause anovulation or delayed ovulation?
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cystic ovaries (cattle)
delqyed ovulation LH insufficiency |
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what is a cystic ovary?
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- anovulatory follicle-like structure (>2cm) that may persist on the ovary with or without the presence of CL
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how can you treat a cystic ovary?
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Luteal - PGF2dalpha
Follicular - GnRH or hGC |
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what cna cause a prolonged diestrus
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early embryonic death
urterine infection/metritis pyometra |
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How can you supress estrus?
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progestin --> suppresses FSH and LH --> stops progesterone, maturation of dominant follicle and occurrence of estrus
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what is used to induce luteolysis?
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PGF2alpha
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what cna be used to induce follicular growth?
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gonadotrophins or FSH
light (equine) weaning (swine) |
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How can you induce ovulation?
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LH, GnRF --> release of LH
hGC --> LH-like action |
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three ways to synchronize cattle
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1. progestins in feed or as an intravaginal device +PGF2alpha
2. Progestin+estrogen implants 3. PGF2alpha 4. PGF2 alpha + GnRH |
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how can you synchronize mares?
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termination of luteal phase with PGF2alpha
lengthening of luteal phase with exogenous progestins exposure to 16 hours of light/day for two months |
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How can you synchronize bitches?
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most difficult because of obligatory anestrous
eCG+FSH |
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How can you synchronize cats?
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incrase lighting (14-18hrs/day)
eCF+FSH |
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How do you synchronize sheep and goats?
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-progesterone
-pgf2alpha - only in breeding season with CL present - introduce male at beginning of breeding season |
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how do you synchronize sows?
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progesterone - expect pigs to be in estrus in 2-7 days
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why is aborting pregnancies to synchronize cycles a bad idea?
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decreases subsequent conception rate
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when should you inseminate the mare?
bitch? |
mare - 0-12 hours before ovulation
bitch - 13-15 days after onset of proestrus |
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how do you konw it's time to breed a horse?
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mare is receptive to stallion
presence of a large (>35mm) follicle cervi is relaxed, down and cervical os is open absence of evidence of infection |
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how long is the estrous cycle in ewes? does?
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ewes - 14-20 days
does 15-24 days |
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what is the gestation length in a dog? horse? cat?
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dog and cat - 63days
horse - 335-342 days |
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what is the role of progesterone and how do levels change during pregnancy?
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- maintains pregnancy
-produced by CL or fetal-placental unit - decreases prior to parturition |
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when can you diagnose preganacy via radiograph in a dog?
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after 48 days when calcification is sufficient
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what is the role of FSH and how do levels change during pregnancy?
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- stimulates follicle development
- increases during late pregnancy --> increase in estrogen, small surges through gestation (horse) |
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what can you check to diagnose equine pregnancy (besides ultrasound and palpation)?
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progesterone
eCG ELISA |
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what are some differentials for pregnancy diagnosis?
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fecal balls
pyometra pseudopregnancy |
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how can you tell if pups are still alive on a radiograph?
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fetal death is indicated by overlapping of fetal skull bones (collapse of calvarium), intrafetal or perifetal gas, abnormal fetal posture
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what's the gestation length of a cow? sheep? goat? sow?
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cow 278-290
sheek 150 goat over 150 sow 115 +/- 3 |
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changes you can palpate that are assocaiated with bovine pregnancy
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CL is maintained
fremitus - 12 weeks fetal membrane slip - 6 weeks |
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which hormones increase leading up to parturition?
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estrogen
corticosteroids PGF2a relaxin oxytocin |
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Which hormones decrease leading up to parturition?
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progesterone
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when can you ultrasound for openness?
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~24 days
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What are the positive signs of pregnancy via rectal palpation?
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fetal membranes (slip or amniotic vesicle)
fetus placentomes |
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What is a cloudburst?
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following a normal and uncsuccessful breeding or loss of pregnancy, CL is retained, causing pseudopregnancy
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define abortion
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expulsion of a dead fetus or a livign one incapable fo independent life at any period of gestation
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define premature birth
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delivery of an immature viable fetus
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define still birth
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delivery of dead fetus expelled at term
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define fetal maceratino
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dead fetus taht does not result in abortion, but becomes septic
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what is a fetal mummy?
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aseptic dead fetus
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how old must a bovine fetus be to survive if it is premature?
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>260 days
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what is the acceptable level of aboriton in cattle?
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2-3%
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how do you induce abortion in cattle?
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single luteolytic dose of PGF2a or prostaglandin analog up to 5 months of pregnancy
- after 5 months, luteolytic dose of PGF2a+dexamethasone |
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what samples should you send to the lab from aborted animals?
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fetal membrane with cotyledon and fresh fetus
if you can't send the whole thing, send fetal liver, lung, kidney, brian, abomasal contents, heary, blood and exudates from body cavities - from adults - blood ans sera, fresh vaginal discharge |
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what pathogens should ewes develop natural immunity to?
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chlamydia, Toxoplasma and Campylobacter
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what are abortion rates in goats?
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~5%
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most abortions in mares occur between which months of gestation?
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5 - 10
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most common cause of bacterial abortion in a mare
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strep zooepidemicus
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most important infectious cause of equine abortion
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EHV-1
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most important noninfectious cause of equine abortino
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twinning
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what are your recommendations regarding management of twin ovulations?
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- do not breed until 2nd follicle if induced during diestrus using prostaglandin
- do nothing and allow body do resorb one - manually reduce (crush) smaller embryo |
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how do you induce abortion in mares
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PGF2a
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what nutritional deficnency will cause resorption, abortion and stillbirth in cats?
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taurine
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explain the hormonal changes associated with parturition
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fetal adrenals produce cortisol --> reduces placental progesterone while increasing estrogen and PGF2a in the endometrium/fetal membrane --> uterine PGF2a leads ot luteolysis of the CL and decrease in luteal P4
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why must P4 decrease prior to parturition?
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P4 blocks uterine contraction by adversely affecting the repolarization process. Withdrawl allows the myometrial stimulatory effects of estrogen and PGF2a to manifest
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what is the result of an increase in estrogen?
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spontaneous myometrial activity and relaxation of the cervix and vagina
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what is the funciton of PGF2a
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causes myometrial stimulaiton and luteolysis
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when does oxytocin begin to rise?
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2nd stage of parturition - helps with expulsion of the fetus
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what's the incidence of equine dystocia?
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1.5-2.5% - it's a true emergency!
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True or False - feto-maternal disparity is common in horses as it is in cattle
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False - usually larger sires bred to smaller mares do not result in bigger foals.
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what's the primary cause of dystocia in mares?
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abnormal presentation, position and posture.
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what are the fetal reflexes
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manual depression of hte eyes
finger inserted deeply into mouth finger inserted into anus (posterior presentation) pinch limb or skin |
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what are the available options for resolving equine dystocia?
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1. assisted vaginal delivery - don't use mechanical aids!
2. controlled vaginal delivery - keep hind quarters in the air 3. fetotomy - best to preserve mare when fetus is dead 4. Cesarean section |
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why do we prefer to have cows and mares in right lateral recumbency?
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in left, the weight of the body keeps head from being pulled into the pelvic cavity
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what are possible eequine postural abnormalities
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carpal flexion,
shoulder flexion foot-nape posture - upward displacement of legs |
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what are abnormal presentation problems?
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transverse presentation - abdo straining absent
dog sitting - ventro-vertical presentation breech - bilateral hip flexion in posterior longitudinal presentation |
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what is a body pregnancy?
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when a foal develops in the body of the uterus rather than a horn.
Rare in mares, but will cause a contracted foal |
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when might dystocia be suspected in the dog?
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- gestation is prolonged >68 days
- uterine contractions occur and first puppy isn't delivered in 5 hours - failure to respond to oxytocin - interval after pup is >3 hrs - strong contractions for 1hr+ with no fetus delivered - presence of greenish discharge without delivery of pup for 30 min |
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in what dogs is primary uterine inertia more common?
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- bull dogs
- dogs with distended uterus, overweight and underexercised during late gestation - hypocalcemic animals |
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what are some causes of secondary uterine inertia>
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- maternal - insufficient dilation of cervix, vaginal stenosis, vaginal neoplasm, abnormal pelvis
- fetal - abnormal fetus, abnormal position or posture, jamming of two fetuses into pelvic inlet |
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what are the options for managing dog dystocia?
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- 10% calcium borogluconate solution --> stim uterine contraction
- oxytocin (2 units/100lb, IM) --> stim uterine contraction and milk let down - C-section |
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what's the incidence of dystocia in the queen?
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6-19%
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why might dystocia be suspected in the cat?
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- strong, nonproductive contractions lasting longer than 1 hr after rupture of fetal membranes
- if straining lasts longer than one hour between kittens |
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what is uterine torsion?
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rotation of the uterus (usually gravid) on it's long axis due fetal movement (?). Twist can occur either in the vaginal area or in the uterine body
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when do bovine torsions occur?
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stage 1, sometimes stage 2 of parturition
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True or False - A cow with uterine torsion will be straining to deliver fetus.
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False - twist prevents fetal entry into the pelvis, thus preventing stimulation of abdominal contractions.
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what is the presentation of a cow with uterine torsion?
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trying to calve for the last 8-18 hours without true labor
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hwo do you diagnose uterine torsion?
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vaginal examination followed by rectal exam
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what are the options available to treat uterine torsion?
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- manual detorsion - if cow is standing and twist is post cervical, use fetus to apply rotational force
- drop animal and roll it in direction of torsion - Schaffer method - use a board and roll slowly - C-section |
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What causes uterine torsion in a horse?
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extreme movement of the fetus and/or rolling of the mare.
Torsion ranges from 189-540 degrees in either direction |
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what are the CS of a mare with uterine torsion
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mild colic in third trimester
no signs of approaching partruitino |
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how do you diagnose uterine torsion in a small ruminant?
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look for a twisted appearance of the vulva
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what are possible sequelae of uterine torsion in small ruminants?
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vaginal tear due to circulatory disturbance
rupture of the uterine artery |
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what are the treatment options for uterine torsion in small ruminants?
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laparotomy followed by either vaginal delivery or hysterotomy.
most often fail to have a life fetus. |
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when should fetal membranes be shed for
cow? horse? small ruminant? |
cow - 12 hours
horse - 3 hours small ruminant - 6 hours |
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what are the possible causes of retained fetal membranes?
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damage to uterus by obstetrical manipulation
hormonal imbalance |
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what is the difference between primary and secondary retention of fetal membranes?
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- primary - lack of detachment from maternal caruncles
- secondary - mechanical difficulty (uterine atony) |
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what are the options for removing a retained fetal membrane?
ruminant equine small ruminant |
- manual removal - if entire membrane is free
- collagenases - to breakdown bovine placentomes - oxytocin - mare - oxytocin or PGF2a - small ruminants, often no hormonal treatment is needed until septicemia or abnormal vaginal discharge is present |
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what are the important sequelae to retained fetal membranes in the mare?
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metritis and laminitis due to Strep zooepidemicus infection
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how do you treat a vaginal/cervical eversion?
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Buhner's method while standing with epidural - reduce mass and suture vulva lips
Minchev's method - suture anterior poriton of the vaginal wall to the dorsolateral wall of the sacrosciatic ligament, used in chronic cases small ruminant - use plastic retainer, cull dam and offspring |
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how do you treat a uterine eversion>
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same as vaginal, but give tetracycline, oxytocin and calcium after reduction
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in which species do we see rupture of prepubic tendon?
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Bovine, ovine, but mostly draft horses
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what are the clinical signs of prepubic tendon rupture?
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marked, tense, painful edeam on the abdominal wall, extending from the udder to the xyphoid process.
If sudden, will only see severe pain, sweating and distress |
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How do you manage prepubic tendon rupture?
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bandages applied to abdomen to hold everything in and reduce edema.
induce if close to parturition |
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