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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ECT. Biological approach |
Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT)•Patient lies on bed• Receives anaesthetic and muscle relaxant• Unilateral electrodes fixed to non-dominant hemisphere (right)•70-130 volts into brain through electrodes for 0.5 seconds• Current should induce convulsions that last for a minute•Treatments given 2-3 times a week for 3-4 weeks• Cerletti and Bini (1938): ECT originally developed to treat patients suffering from schizophrenia butis now used for depression
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ECT limitations |
We are still unsure exactly how the therapy works however research has shown that it it works of patients who are severely depressed. Strengths it can save lives only people who are severely depressed use this therapy therefore they could put that suicide. A weakness is that they have side-effectsincluding memory loss and cardiovascular disorders very expensive |
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Chemotherapy anti psychotic drugs Biological approach
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Anti psychotic drugs reduce the amount of dopamine going to the brain a discount that's the symptoms of psychotic illnesses like schizophrenia |
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Antidepressives drugs Biological approach |
Drugs like SSRIs look at the mechanism which reabsorb serotonin said this means less serotonin is absorbed so more is available. This combat symptoms of depression because low levels of serotonin can cause depression. |
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Anti-anxiety drugs biological approach |
These are are benzodiazepines and beta-blockers |
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Psycho analysis Psychological approach |
This is a second then we can approach to treat abnormalities step one free situation the patient talks about whatever it is on her or his mind to the therapist and why they think they have an abnormality. Step two dream analysis is used the therapist but it is the patient streams to see if he or she is having nightmares and nightmares about want to see how this could be linked to abnormality. Step three the patient associates certain things that the patient is going to do with the abnormality and goes over the issues again and again with the therapist until the therapist knows more about the patients abnormalities source. |
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Strengths and weaknesses of psychoanalysis |
Strength that the longer the psychoanalysis the more affective it is because the therapist can go through more issues and look at different ways in which the abnormality could have been caused. Weaknesses Service may plan to false memories into the patient by mistake because the therapist may have said something which he thought is the cause of the problem the patient may have agreed even though he or she cannot remember. This could make the situation worse. Ethical issues memories have been repressed because of the psychological harm that they have done to the patient. |
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drugs treatment evaluation |
strengths .Fisher and Greenberg: Anti-psychotics are fastand effective for schizophrenia. weaknesses Drug treatments often have side effects such asheart issues.Drugs only cure the symptoms of a disorderrather than the underlying psychological issue.Patient may become dependent on the drugPatient may become tolerant of the drug andrequire ever increasing doses.Ethical consideration must be taken as drugsmay be used to take control of patients. |
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Psychosurgery
outline |
•Surgical removal of brain regions that are related to a patient’s mental illness.
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Psychosurgery
evaluation advantages |
effective last resort |
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psychosurgery evaluation disadvantages |
Controversial treatment in which, aftertreatment, there is no way to reverse the effectsof it.
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Systematic desensitisation
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•Reverse conditioning to replace a maladaptive response to a situation or object by eliciting anotherincompatible healthier response to the situation or object.1) Training in techniques for muscle relaxation2) Patient imagines anxiety-provoking situations: starting from least powerful moving to most3) Reciprocal inhibition: where incompatible emotional states are experienced relaxation can inhibitthe anxiety4) Treatment completion: treatment ends when the client is desensitised, involving desensitizationto imagined situations and then finally real-life situations.
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Systematic desensitisation
evaluation advantages |
Emmelkamp (1994): learning the ability totolerate imagined stressful situations leads to areduction in anxiety with real-life situations.
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Systematic desensitization
evaluation disadvantages |
Symptoms can be substituted: where somesymptoms are removed by the desensitisationtheir underlying cause is not removed so othersymptoms may rise.
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Systematic desensitization
evaluation disadvantages |
Imagination techniques rely on the patient’simagination skill.
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Systematic desensitization
evaluation disadvantages |
Alternatives involve flooding where the patient isinstantly exposed to e.g. what they fear. Thismay be a faster alternative.
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Aversion therapy
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•Association of an undesirable habit with unpleasant consequences•Can be used for smoking and alcohol addictions. e.g. Alcoholic drink is combined with an emetic (adrug which causes vomiting), so eventually alcohol is strongly associated with illness and isconsequently avoided.
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Aversion therapy
evaluation advantages |
Baker and Brandon (1988): nausea paired withalcohol can result in effective conditionedaversions
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Aversion therapy
evaluation disadvantages |
Difficult to maintain associations afterdiscontinuation of therapy. Use of emetic cancause pain and discomfort
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Behaviour modification
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•Operant conditioning: maladaptive behaviour can be changed by reinforcing positive behaviour e.g.using token economies where patient is provided reward for healthy behaviour.
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Behaviour modification
advantages |
Isaac et al. (1960) behaviour modificationtreatment helped relieve mutism inschizophrenia
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Behaviour modification
disadvantages |
Token learning (Baddeley, 1990) – behaviourmay become dependent on reinforcement andtherefore the treatment loses effectivenesswhen reward is no longer offered.
Institutional bias: goals set may be biased andinfluenced by the needs of institution |
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CBT |
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)Overall beliefs and expectations underlying unhappiness are examined. Irrational negative thoughtsare replaced with a more positive, adaptive pattern of thinking.•Cognitive element: raise awareness of beliefs that contribute to anxiety or depression to helpclient understand the consequences of their faulty beliefs.•Behavioural element: role play and homework assignments allow patient to observe consequencesof their faulty cognitions. Goals are set for more realistic and rational beliefs to replace irrationalthoughts• Examples of CBT:Ellis’ (1962) Rational- Emotive Behaviour Therapy: the treatment becomes part of the patients wayof living, where it is effective in relieving anxiety and making the patient less disturbed.Beck et al. (1985) Cognitive Therapy: depression is relieved by challenging depressive thoughts
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CBT advantages |
Hollon et al. (1992) :as effective as drugs intreating depression
Fava et al. (1998) :CBT is a successful alternativeto long-term drug treatment Hole et al. (1979): treatment found effectivewhere it enables a reality testing of delusions inschizophrenia to reduce these delusions |
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CBT disadvantages
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Doesn’t address the causes of mental illness
Patient may become dependent on therapist |
