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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Three essential features of all therapies |
A sufferer who seeks help
A trained, socially accepted healer A series of contacts with the goal of changing attitudes, emotional states, or behaviours |
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Psychotherapies |
use words and acts to overcome psychological difficulties
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Biological therapies |
drugs and physiological interventions such as surgeries
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Who are clinicians? |
Clinical psychologists
Psychiatrists Social workers Counsellors |
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Stigma |
There has been a significant reduction in the stigma associated with mental illness Perceptions of stigma continue to play a role in people’s decisions about whether or not to acknowledge their mental issues and whether or not to seek treatment
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Where IsTreatment Conducted? |
Public institutions, such as hospitals and clinics, schools, private offices
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Canadian MentalHealth Act |
Outlines patient rights and conditions for involuntary admittance
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Most people aretreated as outpatients |
Negative effects of long-term hospitalization
Reduction in psychiatric beds in Canada since 1964(deinstitutionalization) |
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Types of Treatments |
Insight therapies Behavioral & cognitive-behavioural therapies Biomedical therapies |
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Insight therapies |
“talk therapy”
Complex verbal interactions to achieve insight into their difficulties Verbal interactions to enhance self-knowledge, promoting healthfulchanges in personality and behaviorInsights into source of problem achieved through verbal exchanges |
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Behavioral & cognitive-behavioural therapies |
Based on learning principles
Direct attempts to change maladaptive behavior |
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Biomedical therapies |
Intervention into a person’s biological functioning Drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Usually associated with psychiatry
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“Patient” |
Associated with medical perspective
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“Client”
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Associated with psychological perspective
Have implications in their results |
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Insight therapy:psychoanalysis |
Based on Freud’s psychodynamic theory Abnormal behavior the result of hidden inner conflict Conflicts among the id, ego, and superego Many problems rooted in childhood Goal of psychoanalysis is to gain insight into unconscious conflicts,motives and defenses |
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Six core techniques of psychoanalysis |
Free-association-ranting Interpretation Dream analysis Resistance Transference Working through |
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Interpretation |
Therapist’s role is to explain the significance of the client’s thoughts, feelings, emotions, memories, & behaviors
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Resistance |
A largely unconscious defensive maneuver intended to hinder therapy
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Transference |
Clients unconsciously relating to the therapist in ways that mimic their critical relationships
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Modern psychodynamic therapy |
Brief psychodynamic therapy
10-25 sessions Focus on interpersonal skills via the process of transference |
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Evaluation of Psychoanalysis |
Research shows not the most effective form of therapy
Costly and time consuming Based on untested (untestable?) theory Largely restricted to YAVIS patients (young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful) Not practical or effective for a large portion of psychological disorders e.g. schizophrenia |
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Humanistic Therapies |
Basic principles
Optimistic view Striving to reach ones potential; becoming a whole, self-actualizedperson Focus on the present, not the past Client-Centered Therapy/Person-Centered Therapy |
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Carl Rogers |
Abnormal behavior is based on distorted self-concept
Goal of therapy to eliminate unrealistic conditions of worth Allow client to understand and accept all aspects of themselves |
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Humanistic therapeutic climat |
GenuinenessUnconditional positive regardEmpathic understandingTherapist and client work as equalsClient sets the pace of therapy Therapist’s key task is clarificationHighlighting key themesHelp clients become more aware |
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Evaluation of Humanistic Therapies
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Often based on untested (untestable?) theories Effectiveness often not empirically evaluated Client must have high verbal ability and be able to participate in therapy Not suited to all types of psychological disorders
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Behavior Therapies |
Focus on present behaviour Many psychological disorders result from learning Goal of therapy is to teach more adaptive behaviours, habits and skills
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Behaviour therapy: Classical Conditioning |
TherapiesLearn to associate certain reactions withcertain stimuli
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Flooding and systematic desensitization |
Break the association of fear with phobic object Relaxation training + anxiety hierarchy
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Aversion therapy |
Alcohol and an emetic drug (causes nausea and vomiting
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Operant Conditioning Therapies |
1.Identify the undesirable behaviours
2. Identify the reinforcers 3.Change the environment so the maladaptive behaviours are not reinforced |
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Token economies |
Children and hospitalized patients
Rewards for good behaviour |
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Modeling |
The therapist demonstrates the fear or skill in a safe environment to be copied by the patient Assertiveness or social skills training |
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Evaluation of behaviour therapy |
More likely to be empirically evaluated
Some suggestion more successful than insight therapy Not suited for the treatment of all disorders …but very well suited for many other disorders, or some symptoms of disorders Often (successfully) combined with cognitive therapies |
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Cognitive & Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy |
Psychological disorders as stemming from faulty or disordered modes of thought Inappropriate beliefs, focusing on negative events, poor self-esteem Goal of therapy is to recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs
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Rational-Emotive Therapy |
Albert Ellis Irrational thoughts “musts”, “awfulizing”, and “catastrophizing” Persuade client to see them as irrational
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Beck’s Cognitive Therapy |
Distorted & self-defeating modes of thought Therapist and client work to identify and challenge illogical beliefs
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Evaluation of Cognitive & Cognitive-Behavioural Therapies |
More likely to be empirically evaluated Tend to be one of the more effective forms of therapy Especially when paired with behavioural principles (e.g. cognitive-behavioural therapies)
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Biomedical Therapies |
Biologically Based Therapies
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) |
artificially induced seizures treatment for depression
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Psychosurgery |
prefrontal lobotomy often had serious consequences modern versions MUCH less severe
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Psychopharmacotherapy |
Treatment of mental disorders with medication Must be prescribed by a medical doctor
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Antianxiety Drugs |
Relieve tension, apprehension,& nervousness Benzodiazepine family :Valium (diazepam), Xanax (alprazolam), Ativan (lorazepam)
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Antidepressant Drugs |
(Tri)cyclics, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and MAO inhibitors
Influence neurotransmitters, especially serotonin |
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Lithium |
Used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorder
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Antipsychotic Drugs |
Reduce hallucinations, thought disorders, anxiety and hostility Work by blocking dopamine receptors
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Psychostimulants |
To treat attention problems e.g. ADHD Common examples include Ritalin and Adder all
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Evaluating Drug Therapies |
Can be very effective Disorders which do not respond to other treatments Often used in connection with other treatments But are not cures Do not eliminate problems Some only provide short-term benefit Many have side-effects
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Is therapy effective? |
Issues:Spontaneous remission Placebo effects Self-serving biases Regression to the mean Often a lack of empirical validation of therapeutic techniques More research is needed…but ethical concerns
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