Therapeutics Respiration

Front 1

primary function of respiratory tract

Back 1

provide O2 for metabolism in tissues and remove CO2 as a waste product

Front 2

secondary function of the respiratory tract

Back 2

speech, sense of smell, acid/base balance

Front 3

ventilation

Back 3

amount of air going in and out of the lungs

Front 4

diffusion

Back 4

gas exchange (mvt. of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and RBC's)

Front 5

perfusion

Back 5

red blood cell mvt. in pulmonary capillaries

Front 6

what regulates involuntary control of respiration

Back 6

brain stem

Front 7

dyspnea

Back 7

shortness of breath

Front 8

stridor

Back 8

obstruction that leads to gasp/wheeze in breath sounds

Front 9

cyanosis

Back 9

blue skin; LATE sign of hypoxia to organs

Front 10

subcutaneous air

Back 10

air in the SQ tissue; crepitus or SQ emphysema

Front 11

crackles/rales

Back 11

fluid filled alveoli, collapsed airway or alveoli; often with pneumonia

Front 12

rhonchi

Back 12

mucus filled alveoli; have patient cough and if mucus/sound moves it is Rhonchi

Front 13

wheezes

Back 13

bronchospasms/reactive airway

Front 14

apnea

Back 14

no breath for > 15 seconds

Front 15

bradypnea

Back 15

<10 breaths per minute

Front 16

tachypnea

Back 16

>20 breaths per minute

Front 17

Kussmaul respirations

Back 17

deep and regular tachypnea; client is in metabolic acidosis and is trying to remove CO2

Front 18

Biot's respirations

Back 18

abnormally shallow 2-3 breaths followed by irreg. period of apnea

Front 19

Cheyne-Stokes

Back 19

shallow-deep-shallow-apnea pattern

Front 20

anemia and respirations

Back 20

decrease capacity to carry O2 on RBCs will affect respiration

Front 21

altitutde and O2

Back 21

increase altitude = decrease O2

Front 22

fever and respirations

Back 22

fever increases temperature which increases metabolic needs which increases CO2

Front 23

hyperventilation

Back 23

excess ventilation to eliminate Co2; caused by cellular metabolism or chemicals like aspirin overdose

Front 24

hypoventilation

Back 24

alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet body's O2 needs or CO2 elimination needs; from severe atelectasis

Front 25

what does body use to measure how to breathe

Back 25

CO2 levels! unless chronic resp disease, then O2 levels

Front 26

hypoxia

Back 26

inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level

Front 27

CO2 retainers

Back 27

increased body stores of CO2 from impaired elimination (alveolar hypoventilation or strangulation)

Front 28

pulse oximeter

Back 28

O2 sat (normal is 95%-100%),

Front 29

peak flow meter

Back 29

instrument that measures flow of air int he early part of forced expiration (asthma test, etc.)

Front 30

arterial blood gas

Back 30

gives info about gas diffusion across the alveolo-capillary membrane and adequacy of tissue oxygenation (how much O2 is getting to tissues)

Front 31

6 components of ABG

Back 31

pH, PaCO2, PaO2, o2 sat, base excess, bicarb

Front 32

acid

Back 32

substances that donates a hydrogen ion in a solution

Front 33

base

Back 33

substance that accepts hydrogen ions in a solution

Front 34

H and pH

Back 34

pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration; increase hydrogen is a decrease pH

Front 35

normal body pH

Back 35

7.35-7.45

Front 36

acid buffering system

Back 36

buffers in the ICF, ECF, blood and bone that neutralize acids by combining with excess H ions; neutralize to keep pH normal

Front 37

bicarb buffering system

Back 37

keeps ratio of bicarb to carbonic acid 20:1 but is slow acting (up to 20 hours to balance pH); linked to both renal system (carbonic acid) and resp system (bicarb)

Front 38

renal regulation of respiration

Back 38

can buffer by excreting or reabsorbing more bicarb to balance acid

Front 39

compensation

Back 39

regulatory mechanisms to return pH to normal by transferring acids and bases in the body (kidneys can either retain or excrete bicarb and lungs can expire more or less CO2)

Front 40

complete compensation

Back 40

pH is normal but bicarb or CO2 are abnormal

Front 41

partial compensation

Back 41

pH is abnormal but CO2 and bicarb are also abnormal (body recognizes pH is off and is starting to compensate)

Front 42

decompensation

Back 42

pH is off and is getting abnormally worse

Front 43

uncompensated

Back 43

pH is abnormal and nothing is fixing it yet

Front 44

Base deficit/excess

Back 44

indirect picture that shows how hard the body is working to keep pH normal; normal is -2 to +2; if too high or low, there is a lot going on to keep body in range

Front 45

respiratory acidosis: define and causes

Back 45

caused by conditions that impede elimination of CO2 (airway obstruction, foreign body, asthma, emphysema, guillan-barre)

Front 46

respiratory acidosis compensation

Back 46

increase the rate/depth of resp to blow off CO2, kidneys elminate H+ and retain bicarb

Front 47

treatment of resp acidosis

Back 47

improve ventilation, encourage deep breathing, provide fluids to liquefy secretions, give O2, bronchodilators, antibiotics

Front 48

respiratory alkalosis causes; associated with what electrolyte levels??

Back 48

hyperventilation and hypocapnia; pregnancy, anxiety, pain, resp. center stimulation (trauma to CNS, fever, etc.)

Front 49

signs and symptoms of resp alkalosis

Back 49

hyperventilation, tachycardia, palpitations, anxiety, muscle cramps, tingling of extremities (spasms d/t calcium levels)

Front 50

compensation for respiratory alkalosis

Back 50

kidneys conserve H+ and excrete bicarb to fix the high pH

Front 51

resp alkalosis treatment

Back 51

slow ventilator rate, medicate to slow respirations, encourage rebreathing of CO2 (breathe into paper bag)

Front 52

metabolic acidosis

Back 52

occurs when acids other than carbonic acid accumulate in the ECF or with loss of bicarb; low base excess, hyperkalemia

Front 53

signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis

Back 53

headache, lethargy, hyperventilation, diarrhea, hypotension, dysrythmia, peripheral vasodilation

Front 54

metabolic acidosis causes

Back 54

GI problems (n/v, diarrhea), renal failure, shock, sepsis, DKA, aspirin overdose, alcoholic ketosis

Front 55

metabolic acidosis compensation

Back 55

lungs eliminate CO, kidneys conserve bicarb

Front 56

metabolic acidosis treatment

Back 56

correct underlying problem; water to rehydrate, alkalotic IV solution, if from DKA give insulin

Front 57

metabolic alkalosis

Back 57

loss of H ion or increase in bicarb level, high pH

Front 58

signs/symptoms of metabolic alkalosis

Back 58

tachycardia, dysrythmias, hypertension, resp failure, hypovent, dizziness, confusion, n/v

Front 59

metabolic acidosis causes

Back 59

large losses of gastric secretions, overuse of anti-acids, potassium wasting diuretics, massive blood transfusions

Front 60

metabolic alkalosis compensation

Back 60

lungs keep CO2, kidneys conserve H+ and excrete bicarb

Front 61

metabolic alkalosis treatment

Back 61

treat underlying cause, give chloride so that kidneys absorb sodium and excrete bicarb, restore fluid balance with saline IV

Front 62

anion gap

Back 62

measure of difference betwee body's cations and anions to determine cause of METABOLIC acidosis

Front 63

anion gap > 12

Back 63

DKA, renal, alcoholic ketosis, aspirin OD

Front 64

anion gap < 12

Back 64

normal! GI bicarb loss, ingestion of chloride salts, renal tubular acidosis, hypochloremic acidosis

Front 65

normal PaCO2

Back 65

35-45 mm Hg

Front 66

normal bicarb (HCO3)

Back 66

22-26 meq/L

Front 67

normal base excess

Back 67

-2 to +2

Front 68

normal PaO2

Back 68

80-100 mm Hg

Front 69

normal O2 sat

Back 69

95-100%