Cells, Muscles - Theory & Practice Of Therapeutic Massage

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Morphology

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the structure of an organism or body

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atoms

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consists of subatomic particles that all substances are composed of.

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molecules

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are specific arrangments of atoms

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cells

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are basic functional units of all living matter

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tissues

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are collections of similar cells that carry out specific bodily functions

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organs

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combinations of tissue and cells that form a complex structure to perform a certain function within the system

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organ system

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is a number of organs working together to perform a bodily function.

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protoplasm

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a colorless, jelly-like substance in which food elements, such as protein, fats, carbohydrates, mineral and water, are present.

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cytoplasm

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all of the substance within the cell wall other than the nucleus

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nucleus

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the main central body of living cells that contains the genetics informations for continuing life

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cell membrane

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permits soluble substances to enter and leave the protoplasm.

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cytoplasmic organelles

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discrete structure within a cell, having specialized functions, identifying molecular structures, and a distinctive chemical composition.

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differentiations

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the repeated division of the ovum during early developmental stages, resulting in specialized cells that differ from one another.

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mitosis

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the process of cell division in which a cell divides into two cells identical to the parent cells

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amitosis

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a process of cell division in which the nucleus and cytoplasm split in two

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metabolism

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the process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities

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anabolism

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the process of building up of larger molecules from smaller ones.

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catabolism

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the breaking down of larger substances into smaller ones

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enzymes

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are proteins that act as catalysts for chemical reactions in metabolism while remaining unchanged themselves.

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adenosine
triphosphate
(ATP)

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molecule that stores energy in the body and releases it when it breaks down into ADP

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endoderm

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the innermost layer of cells of the zygote.

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mesoderm

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the middle layer of cells of the zygote

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ectoderm

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the outermost layer of cells of the zygote

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epithelial tissue

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a protective layer that functions in the processes of the absorptions, excretion, secrtion, and protection

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skeletal membrane

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covers bone and cartilage.

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periosteum

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a fibrous membrane that functions to protect the bone and serves as an attachment of tendons and ligaments.

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perichondrium

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is the membrane covering cartilage

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synovial membrane

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a connective tissue membrane lining cavities and capsules in and around joints.

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areolar tissue

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loose connective tissue that binds the skin to the underlying tissues and fills the spaces between the muscles.

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superficial fascia

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refers to the connecting layer between the skin and those structure underlying the skin

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adipose tissue

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areolar tissue with an abundance of fat cells

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reticular tissue

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composed of fibers that form the framework of the liver and lymphoid organs

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fibrous connective tissue

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composed of collagen and elastin fibers that are closely arranged to form tendons and ligaments

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tendons

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are bands that attach muscle to bone

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ligaments

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are bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones

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fascia

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fibrous connective tissue that forms a network throughout the body, surrounding every structure to support, separate, and give shape to the body

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deep fascia

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refers to fibrous tissue sheaths that penetrate deeps into the body, separating muscle groups.

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fibrocartilage

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found between the vertebrae and pubic symphysis

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bone tissue

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connective tissues in which the intercellular substances is rendered hard by mineral salts, chiefly calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

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skeletal muscles

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are attached to bone by tendons and are responsible for moving the limbs, facial expression, speaking, and other voluntary movements

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voluntary muascles

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skeletal muscles that can be activated by conscious effort

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smooth muscle tissue

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lacks striations and cannot be stimulated to contracted by conscious effort

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cardiac muscle tissue

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occurs only in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood through the heart into the blood vessels.

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nervous tissue

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composed of neurons and initiates, controls, and coordinates the body's adaptation to it's surroundings.

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neuron

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the structural unit of the nervous system

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liquid tissue

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represented by blood and lymph

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anatomic position

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standing with feet shoulder width apart, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands facing forward

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sagittal plane

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divides the body into left and right parts

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coronal plane

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divides the body into the front and back

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transverse plane

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divides the body horizontally into an upper and lower portion

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epidermis

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the outermost layer of the skin

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dermis

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is the deeper layer of the skin that extends to form the subcutaneous tissue

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subcutaneous tissue

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regarded as a continuation of the dermis

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decubitus ulcers

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are bedsores.

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basal cells carcinoma

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a type of skin cancer

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malignant melanoma

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the most serious form of skin cancer.

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tumor

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an abnormal growth of swollen tissue that can be located on any part of the body

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venereal diseases

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associated with the sexual organs and are characterized by sores and rashes on the skin

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syphilis

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a serious disease that is transmitted by sexual contact with an infected person

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gonorrhea

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a venereal disease characterized by a discharge and burning sensation when urinating

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herpes

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a virus that affects the mouth, skin, and other facial parts, commonly called cold sores and fever blister.

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shingles

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an acute inflammation of a nerve trunk by the herpes varicellazoster virus

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is an enlarged area on the ends of long bones that articulates with other bones

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epiphysis

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is a layer of hyaline cartilage covering the end surface of the the epiphysis

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articular cartilage

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is the bone shaft between the epiphyses

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diaphysis

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is a fibrous membrane that functions to protect the bone and serves as an attachment of tendons and ligaments.

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periosteum

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forms the hard bone found in the shafts of long bones and along the outside of the flat bones

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compact bone tissue

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located inside long bones, consists of irregularly shaped spaces defined by thin, bony plates

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spongy bone

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is the hollow chamber formed in the shaft of long bones that is filled with yellow bone marrow

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medullary cavity

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is the connective tissue filling in the cavites of bones that forms red and white blood cells

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marrow

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is made up of bones of the skull, thorax, vertebral column, and the hyoid bone

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axial skeleton

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is made up of bones of the shoulder, upper extremities, hips, and lower extremities

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appendicular skeleton

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have no space and are held together by fibrous connective tissue

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fibrous joints

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are joints held together with cartilage with no jooint cavity

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cartilaginous joints

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have a joint cavity surrounded by an articular capsule

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synovial joints

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are bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones

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ligaments

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are fibrous sacks lined with synovial membrane and lubricated with snyovial fluid, functioning as a cushion in areas of pressure

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bursae

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is a weakening of the intervertebral disc resulting in a protrusion into the vertebral canal, potentially compressing the spinal cord

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herniated disk

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is an injury to a joint resulting in stretching or tearing of the ligaments

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sprain

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a degenerative arthritic condition affecting the vertebrae.

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spondylosis

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is the capacity of muscles to receive and react to stimuli

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irritability

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is the ablitiy of a muscle to contract or shorten and thereby exert force

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contractility

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refers to tissue's ability to return to normal resting length when a stress that has been placed on it is removed

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elasticity

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is the ability of a muscle to stretch

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extensibility

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is the cell wall of the muscle cell

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sarcolemma

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the smallest functional unit of the muscle cell containing the actin and myosin filaments

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sarcomere

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a protein that forms filaments that make up nearly 50% of muscle tissue and are involved in muscle contraction

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myosin

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a protein in muscle tissue that forms filaments that interact with myosin filaments to cause muscle contractions

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actin

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system of channels within the muscle cell containing extracellular fluid that helps transmit nerve impulses throughout the cell

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transverse tubules

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is a network of membanous channels within the muscle cell that release calcium ions, causing muscle contraction

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sarcoplasmic reticulum

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the connection point of the motor nerve and the muscle cell

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myoneural junction

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located in the belly of muscle, alert the CNS as to the length and stretch and speed of the muscle

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spindle cell

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consists of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls

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motor unit

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makes energy for reconstituting ADP in cell mitochondrion

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aerobic cellular respiration

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is a process in which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen

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anaerobic respiration

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is a condition in which the muscle ceases to respond due to oxygen debt from rapid or prolonged muscle contractions

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muscle fatigue

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is a type of muscle contraction present in healthy muscles even when at rest

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muscle tone

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is a point where the end of a muscle is anchored to an immovable section of the skeleton

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origin of a muscle

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is the more mobile attachment of a muscle to bone

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insertion of a muscle

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occurs when a muscle contracts and the ends of the muscle do not move

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isometric contraction

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occurs when a muscle contracts and the distance between the ends of the muscle changes

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isotonic contraction

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occurs when a muscle contracts while the ends of the muscle move farther apart

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eccentric contraction

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the primary muscle responsible for a specific movements

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prime mover

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a prime mover

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agonist

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the muscle that performs the opposite movement of the agonist

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antagonists

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muscles that assist the agonist

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synergists

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muscle that act to stabilize a body part so another muscle can act on an adjacent limb or body part

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fixator

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primary function of muscle

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heat production, movement, posture