Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
201 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Western Hemisphere
|
When discussing the world longitudinally, geographers divide the world into two halves. This half includes North, Central, and South America as well as the Caribbean.
|
|
Crusades
|
Military expedition undertaken by European Christians in the 11th through 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims.
|
|
Holy Land
|
Palestine, which is now divided into Israel, Syria, Jordan, and the West Bank. Home to Jews, Muslims, Christians.
|
|
Kennewick Man
|
The name given to a human
skeleton discovered next to the Columbia River near Kennewick, Washington, in 1996. The skeleton is believed to be over nine thousand years old and appears to have facial features unlike those of other ancient Indian relics. |
|
Maize
|
Corn, this word comes from Native American Term
|
|
Mound Builder
|
The name given to a human
skeleton discovered next to the Columbia River near Kennewick, Washington, in 1996. The skeleton is believed to be over nine thousand years old and appears to have facial features unlike those of other ancient Indian relics. |
|
Mohammad
|
Born ca. 570 into an infuential family in Mecca,
on the Arabian Peninsula, around 610 Mohammed began having religious visions in which he was revealed as “the Messenger of God.” The content of his various visions was recorded as the Qur’an, the sacred text that is the foundation for the Islamic religion. |
|
Moors
|
Natives of northern Africa who converted to
Islam in the eighth century, becoming the major carriers of the Islamic religion and culture both to southern Africa and to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), which they conquered and occupied from the eighth century until their ouster in the late ffteenth century. |
|
Reconquista
|
The campaign undertaken by European
Christians to recapture the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors. |
|
Ferdinand and Isabella
|
Joint rulers of Spain (r. 1469–1504);
their marriage in 1469 brought together the rival kingdoms of Aragon and Castile and united Spain. |
|
Longhouses
|
Communal dwellings, usually built of poles
and bark and having a central hallway with family apartments on either side. |
|
pre-Columbian
|
Existing in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus
|
|
sub-Saharan Africa
|
The region of Africa south of the Sahara Desert.
|
|
millet
|
A large family of grain grasses that produce nutritious,
carbohydrate-rich seeds used for both human and animal feed. |
|
Fictive ancestor
|
A mythical figure believed by a social group
to be its founder and from whom all members are believed to be biologically descended. |
|
Henry the Navigator
|
Prince who founded an observatory
and school of navigation and directed voyages that helped build Portugal’s colonial empire. |
|
Songhai Empire
|
A large empire in West Africa whose
capital was Timbuktu; its rulers accepted Islam around the year 1000. |
|
Cape of Good Hope
|
A point of land projecting into the
Atlantic Ocean at the southern tip of Africa; to trade with Asia, European mariners had to sail around the cape to pass from the South Atlantic into the Indian Ocean. |
|
astrolabe
|
An instrument for measuring the position of
the sun and stars; using these readings, navigators could calculate their latitude—their distance north or south of the equator. |
|
Christopher Columbus
|
(Cristoforo Colombo) Italian explorer in the service of Spain
who attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, thereby arriving in America in 1492. |
|
Bahamas
|
A group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, east of
Florida and Cuba. |
|
John Cabot
|
(Giovanni Caboto) Italian explorer who led the
English expedition that sailed along the North American mainland in 1497. |
|
Amerigo Vespucci
|
Italian explorer of the South American
coast; Europeans named America after him. |
|
New World
|
A term that Europeans used during the
period of early contact and colonization to refer to the Americas, especially in the context of their discovery and colonization. |
|
Northwest Passage
|
The rumored and much-hoped-for
water route from Europe to Asia by way of North America that was sought by early explorers. |
|
Jacques Cartier
|
French explorer who, by navigating
the St. Lawrence River in 1534, gave France its primary claim to territories in the New World. |
|
Shamans
|
People who act as a link between the visible
material world and an invisible spirit world; a shaman’s duties include healing, conducting religious ceremonies, and foretelling the future. |
|
idolaters
|
A person who practices idolatry—idol
worship—a practice forbidden in the Judeo-Christian and Muslim traditions. |
|
reciprocal trade
|
A system of trading in which the objective is
equal exchange of commodities rather than proft. |
|
Columbian Exchange
|
The exchange of people, plants,
and animals among Europe, Africa, and North America that occurred after Columbus’s arrival in the New World. |
|
acquired immunity
|
Resistance or partial resistance
to a disease; acquired immunity develops in a population over time as a result of exposure to harmful bacteria or viruses. |
|
syphilis
|
An infectious disease
usually transmitted through sexual contact; if untreated, it can lead to paralysis and death |
|
malarial
|
Related to malaria, an
infectious disease characterized by chills, fever, and sweating; malaria is often transmitted through mosquito bites. |
|
cash crops
|
A crop raised in large quantities for sale
rather than for local or home consumption. |
|
manioc
|
Also called cassava, a root vegetable native to South
America that became a staple food source throughout the tropical world after 1500. |
|
nonliterate
|
Lacking a system
of reading and writing, relying instead on storytelling and mnemonic (memory-assisting) devices such as pictures. |
|
Slave Coast
|
A region of
coastal West Africa adjacent to the Gold Coast; it was the principal source of the slaves taken out of West Africa from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth century. |
|
absolute monarchs
|
Rulers of a kingdom in which every aspect
of national life—including politics, religion, the economy, and social affairs—comes under royal authority. |
|
Ninety-five theses
|
A document prepared by Martin
Luther in 1517 protesting certain Roman Catholic practices that he believed were contrary to the will of God as revealed in Scripture. |
|
Reformation
|
The sixteenth-century rise of Protestantism,
with the establishment of state- sponsored Protestant churches in England, the Netherlands, parts of Germany and Switzerland, and elsewhere. |
|
the elect
|
According to Calvinism, the people chosen by
God for salvation. |
|
Protestantism
|
From the root word protest, the beliefs
and practices of Christians who broke with the Roman Catholic Church; rejecting church authority, the doctrine of “good works,” and the necessity of the priesthood, Protestants accepted the Bible as the only source of revelation, salvation as God’s gift to the faithful, and a direct, personal relationship with God as available to every believer. |
|
divine right
|
The idea that
monarchs derive their authority to rule directly from God and are accountable only to God. |
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
A
political entity, authorized by the Catholic Church in 1356, unifying central Europe under an emperor elected by four princes and three Catholic archbishops. |
|
Henry VIII
|
King of England
(r. 1509–1547); his desire to annul his frst marriage led him to break with Catholicism and establish the Church of England. |
|
Elizabeth I
|
Queen of England
(r. 1558–1603); she succeeded the Catholic Mary I and reestablished Protestantism in England; her reign was a time of domestic prosperity and cultural achievement |
|
dissenters
|
People who do
not accept the doctrines of an established or national church. |
|
encomendero
|
A landowner
or proprietor in the encomienda system, Spain’s system of bonded labor in which Indians were assigned to Spanish plantation and mine owners in exchange for a tax payment and an agreement to “civilize” and convert them to Catholicism. |
|
conquistadors
|
Spanish
soldiers who conquered Indian civilizations in the New World. |
|
Treaty of Tordesillas
|
The
agreement, signed by Spain and Portugal in 1494, that moved the line separating Spanish and Portuguese claims to territory in the non-Christian world, giving Spain most of the Western Hemisphere. |
|
Hernando Cortes
|
Spanish
soldier and explorer who conquered the Aztecs and claimed Mexico for Spain. |
|
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
|
Spanish soldier and
explorer who led an expedition northward from Mexico in search of fabled cities of gold, passing through present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Kansas; gave Spain a claim to most of the American Southwest. |
|
Stuart Kings
|
The dynasty of
English kings who claimed the throne after the death of Elizabeth I, who left no heirs. |
|
The Netherlands/Holland/Dutch
|
Often used
interchangeably, the frst two terms refer to the low-lying area in western Europe north of France and Belgium and across the English Channel from Great Britain; the Dutch are the inhabitants of the Netherlands. |
|
privateer
|
A captain who owned
his own boat, hired his own crew, and was authorized by his government to attack and capture enemy ships. |
|
gentry
|
The class of English
landowners ranking just below the nobility. |
|
Sir Walter Raleigh
|
English
courtier, soldier, and adventurer who attempted to establish the Virginia Colony in 1578 |
|
Roanoke Island
|
Island off
North Carolina that Raleigh sought to colonize beginning in 1585. |
|
Inflation
|
Rising prices that
occur when the supply of currency or credit grows faster than the available supply of goods and services. |
|
armada
|
A fleet of warships.
|
|
cabildo secular
|
Secular
municipal council that provided local government in Spain’s New World empire. |
|
feudal
|
Relating to a system in
which landowners held broad powers over peasants or tenant farmers, providing protection in exchange for loyalty and labor. |
|
requiremento
|
A provision
in Spanish colonial law that required conquistadors to inform Indians that they were subject to Spanish authority and to absorb them peacefully. |
|
serfs
|
Peasants who were bound
to a particular estate but, unlike slaves, were not the personal property of the estate owner and received traditional feudal protections. |
|
Henry Hudson
|
Dutch ship
captain and explorer who sailed up the Hudson River in 1609, giving the Netherlands a claim to the area now known as New York. |
|
Dutch West India Company
|
Dutch investment company
formed in 1621 to develop colonies for the Netherlands in North America. |
|
patroonships
|
Huge grants of
land given to any Dutch West India Company stockholder who, at his own expense, brought ffty colonists to New Netherland; the colonists became the tenants of the estate owner, or patroon. |
|
New Netherland
|
The colony
founded by the Dutch West India Company in present-day New York; its capital was New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. |
|
burghers
|
Town dwellers
who were free from feudal obligations and were responsible for civic government during the medieval period in Europe; in New Amsterdam these were men who were not Dutch West India Company offcials, but who governed civic affairs through their political infuence. |
|
Saint Augustine
|
First
colonial city in the present- day United States; located in Florida and founded by Pedro Menéndez de Aviles for Spain in 1565. |
|
Samuel de Champlain
|
French explorer who traced the
St. Lawrence River inland to the Great Lakes, founded the city of Quebec, and formed the French alliance with the Huron Indians. |
|
New France
|
The colony
established by France in what is now Canada and the Great Lakes region of the United States. |
|
Company of New France
|
Company established by
Cardinal Richelieu to bring order to the running of France’s North American enterprises. |
|
coureurs du bois
|
Literally,
“runners of the woods”; independent French fur traders who lived among the Indians and sold furs to the French. |
|
Community of Habitants of New France
|
Company
chartered by Anne of Austria to make operations in New France more effcient and proftable; it gave signifcant political power to local offcials in Canada. |
|
Company of the West
|
Company chartered by Colbert
after New France became a royal colony; modeled on the Dutch West India Company, it was designed to maximize profts to the Crown. |
|
Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle
|
French explorer who
followed the Mississippi River from present-day Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico, giving France a claim to the entire riverway and adjoining territory. |
|
Louisiana
|
French colony
south of New France; it included the entire area drained by the Mississippi River and all of its tributary rivers. |
|
Don Juan de Onate
|
Spaniard
who conquered New Mexico and claimed it for Spain in the 1590s. |
|
Acoma pueblo
|
Pueblo
Indian community that resisted Spanish authority in 1598 and was subdued by the Spanish. |
|
Hopi indians
|
Indians who
were related to the Comanches and Shoshones and took up residence among the Pueblo Indians as agricultural town- dwellers; their name means “peaceful ones.” |
|
Santa Fe
|
Spanish colonial
town established in 1609; eventually the capital of the province of New Mexico. |
|
ascetic
|
Practicing severe
abstinence or self-denial, generally in pursuit of spiritual awareness |
|
Pueblo Revolt
|
Indian
rebellion against Spanish authority in 1680 led by Popé; succeeded in driving the Spanish out of New Mexico for nearly a decade. |
|
Creek Confederacy
|
Alliance of Indians living in
the Southeast; formed after the lethal spread of European diseases to permit a cooperative economic and military system among survivors. |
|
Fort Orange
|
Dutch trading
post established near present- day Albany, New York, in 1614. |
|
Mohicans
|
Algonquin-
speaking Indians who lived along the Hudson River, were dispossessed in a war with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, and eventually were all but exterminated. |
|
buffalo
|
The American bison, a
large member of the ox family, native to North America and the staple of the Plains Indian economy between the ffteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries. |
|
Caddoan
|
A family of languages
spoken by the Wichitas, Pawnees, Arikaras, and other Plains Indians. |
|
Lakotas/Dakotas
|
Subgroups
of the Sioux Nation of Indians; Lakotas make up the western branch, living mostly on the Great Plains; Dakotas, the eastern branch, live mostly in the prairie and lakes region of the Upper Midwest. |
|
subsistence farming
|
Farming
that produces enough food for survival but no surplus that can be sold. |
|
bosch loopers
|
Dutch term
meaning “woods runners”; independent Dutch fur traders. |
|
Dutch Reform Church
|
Calvinistic Protestant
denomination; the established church in the Dutch Republic and the offcial church in New Netherland. |
|
Natchez
|
An urban, mound-
building Indian people who lived on the lower Mississippi River until they were destroyed in a war with the French in the 1720s; survivors joined the Creek Confederacy. |
|
Chickasaws
|
An urban,
mound-building Indian people who lived on the lower Mississippi River and became a society of hunters after the change in climate and introduction of disease after 1400; they were successful in resisting French aggression throughout the colonial era. |
|
Choctaws
|
Like the
Chickasaws, a mound-building people who became a society of hunters after 1400; they were steadfast allies of the French in wars against the Natchez and Chickasaws. |
|
Chesapeake
|
The Chesapeake
was the common term for the two colonies of Maryland and Virginia, both of which border on Chesapeake Bay. |
|
Church of England
|
The
Protestant church established in the sixteenth century by King Henry VIII as England’s offcial church; also known as the Anglican Church. |
|
Parliament
|
The lawmaking
branch of the English government, composed of the House of Lords, representing England’s nobility, and the House of Commons, an elected body of untitled English citizens. |
|
Restoration
|
The era
following the return of monarchy to England, beginning in 1660 with King Charles II and ending in 1688 with the exile of King James II. |
|
Glorious Revolution
|
A term
used to describe the removal of James II from the English throne and the crowning of the Protestant monarchs, William and Mary. |
|
entrepeneur
|
A person who
organizes and manages a business enterprise that involves risk and requires initiative. |
|
joint-stock company
|
A
business fnanced through the sale of shares of stock to investors; the investors share in both the profts and losses from a risky venture. |
|
Jamestown
|
First permanent
English settlement in mainland America, established in 1607 by the Virginia Company and named in honor of King James I. |
|
head right system
|
The grant
of 50 acres of land for each settler brought over to Virginia by a colonist. |
|
House of Burgesses
|
The
elected lawmaking body of Virginia, established by the Virginia Company; the assembly frst met in 1619. |
|
staple crop
|
A basic or necessary
agricultural item, produced for sale or export. |
|
Indentured Servants
|
People
working out their compulsory service for a fxed period of time, usually from four to seven years, in exchange for passage to the colonies; a labor contract called an indenture spelled out the agreement. |
|
separatists
|
English Protestants
who chose to leave the Church of England because they believed it was corrupt. |
|
Pilgrims
|
A small group of
separatists who left England in search of religious freedom and sailed to America on the Mayfower in 1620. |
|
William Bradford
|
The
separatist who led the Pilgrims to America; he became the frst governor of Plymouth Plantations. |
|
Mayflower Compact
|
An
agreement drafted in 1620 when the Pilgrims reached America that granted political rights to all male colonists who would abide by the colony’s laws. |
|
Squanto
|
A Patuxet who
taught the Pilgrims survival techniques in America and acted as translator for the colonists. |
|
John Winthrop
|
One of the
founders of Massachusetts Bay Colony and the colony’s frst governor. |
|
Great Migration
|
The
movement of Puritans from England to America in the 1630s, caused by political and religious unrest in England. |
|
hierarchy
|
A system in which
people or things are ranked above one another. |
|
femme couverte
|
From the
French for “covered woman”; a legal term for a married woman; this legal status limited women’s rights, denying them the right to sue or be sued, own or sell property, or earn wages. |
|
sainthood
|
Full membership in
a Puritan church. |
|
Quakers
|
Members of the
Society of Friends, a radical Protestant sect that believed in the equality of men and women, pacifsm, and the presence of a divine “inner light” in every individual. |
|
heretic
|
A person who does not
behave in accordance with an established attitude, doctrine, or principle, usually in religious matters. |
|
Roger Williams
|
Puritan
minister banished from Massachusetts for criticizing its religious rules and government policies; in 1635, he founded Providence, a community based on religious freedom and the separation of church and state. |
|
Anne Hutchinson
|
A
religious leader banished from Massachusetts in 1636 because of her criticism of the colonial government and what were judged to be heretical beliefs |
|
magistrates
|
Civil officers
charged with administering the law. |
|
Pequot War
|
Confict in
1636 between the Pequot Indians inhabiting eastern Connecticut and the colonists of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut: the Indians were destroyed and driven from the area. |
|
Metacom
|
A Wampanoag
chief, known to the English as King Philip, who led the Indian resistance to colonial expansion in New England in 1675. |
|
guerilla tactics
|
A method
of warfare in which small bands of fghters in occupied territory harass and attack their enemies, often in surprise raids; the Indians used these tactics during King Philip’s War. |
|
Half-Way Covenant
|
An
agreement (1662) that gave partial membership in Puritan churches to the children of church members even if they had not had a “saving faith” experience. |
|
Dominion of New England
|
A
megacolony created in 1686 by James II under the control of one royal governor; William and Mary dissolved the Dominion when they came to the throne in 1689. |
|
patronage
|
Jobs or favors
distributed on a political basis, usually as rewards for loyalty or service. |
|
suffrage
|
the right to vote
|
|
property requirement
|
The
limitation of voting rights to citizens who own certain kinds or amounts of property. |
|
William Penn
|
English
Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681. |
|
yeoman
|
Independent
landowner entitled to suffrage. |
|
James Oglethorpe
|
English
philanthropist who established the colony of Georgia in 1732 as a refuge for debtors. |
|
indigo
|
Shrublike plant with
clusters of red or purple fowers, grown on plantations in the South; it was a primary source of blue dye in the eighteenth century. |
|
femme sole
|
From the French
for “woman alone”; a legal term for an unmarried, widowed, or divorced woman who has the legal right to own or sell property, sue or be sued, or earn wages. |
|
unprecedented
|
Unheard
of or novel. |
|
subsistence society
|
A society
that produces the food and supplies necessary for its survival but does not produce a surplus that can be marketed. |
|
absentee planter
|
An estate
owner who collects profts from farming or rent but does not live on the land or help cultivate it. |
|
tidewater
|
Low coastal land
drained by tidal streams in Maryland and Virginia. |
|
carrying trade
|
The business
of transporting goods across the Atlantic or to and from the Caribbean. |
|
seasoning
|
A period during
which slaves from Africa were held in the West Indies so they could adjust to the climate and disease environment of the American tropics. |
|
middle passage
|
The
transatlantic voyage of indentured servants or African slaves to the Americas. |
|
apprentice
|
A person bound by
legal agreement to work for an employer for a specifc length of time in exchange for instruction in a trade, craft, or business. |
|
manumit
|
To free from slavery
or bondage. |
|
demographics
|
statistical data
on population. |
|
Scots-Irish
|
Protestant Scottish
settlers in British-occupied northern Ireland, many of whom migrated to the colonies in the eighteenth century. |
|
Stono Rebellion
|
Slave revolt
in South Carolina in 1739; it prompted the colony to pass harsher laws governing the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways. |
|
Paxton boys
|
Settlers in
Paxton, Pennsylvania, who massacred Conestogans in 1763 and then marched on Philadelphia to demand that the colonial government provide better defense against the Indians. |
|
Enlightenment
|
An
eighteenth-century intellectual movement that stressed the pursuit of knowledge through reason and challenged the value of religious belief, emotion, and tradition. |
|
Philosophe
|
Any of the
popular French intellectuals or social philosophers of the Enlightenment, such as Voltaire, Diderot, or Rousseau. |
|
deism
|
The belief that God
created the universe in such a way that it could operate without any further divine intervention such as miracles. |
|
social contract
|
A theoretical
agreement between the governed and the government that defnes and limits the rights and obligations of each. |
|
established church
|
The
offcial church of a nation or colony, usually supported by taxes collected from all citizens, no matter what their religious beliefs or place of worship. |
|
congregationalism
|
A
form of Protestant church government in which the local congregation is independent and self-governing; in the colonies, the Puritans were Congregationalists. |
|
charismatic
|
Having a spiritual
power or personal quality that stirs enthusiasm and devotion in large numbers of people. |
|
itinerant
|
Traveling from place
to place. |
|
Great Awakening
|
A series of
religious revivals based on fery preaching and emotionalism that swept across the colonies during the second quarter of the eighteenth century. |
|
George Whitefield
|
English
evangelical preacher of the Great Awakening whose charismatic style attracted huge crowds during his preaching tours of the colonies. |
|
denomination
|
A group of
religious congregations that accept the same doctrines and are united under a single name. |
|
proprietor
|
In colonial America,
a proprietor was a wealthy Englishman who received a large grant of land from the monarch in order to create a new colony. |
|
insubordination
|
Resistance to
authority; disobedience. |
|
sovereignty
|
The ultimate
power in a nation or a state. |
|
policy
|
A course of action taken
by a government or a ruler. |
|
salutary neglect
|
The British
policy of relaxed enforcement of most colonial trade regulations as long as the mainland colonies remained loyal to the government and proftable within the British economy. |
|
enumerated
|
Added to the list
of regulated goods or crops. |
|
corporate colony
|
A self-
governing colony, not directly under the control of proprietors or the Crown. |
|
bureaucrat
|
A government
offcial, usually appointed, who is deeply devoted to the details of administrative procedures. |
|
power of the purse
|
The
political power that is enjoyed by the branch of government that controls taxation and the use of tax monies. |
|
deference
|
Yielding to the
judgment or wishes of a social or intellectual superior. |
|
Creek Confederacy
|
Alliance
of the Creeks and smaller Indian tribes living in the Southeast. |
|
Treaty of Paris
|
The treaty
ending the French and Indian War in 1763; it gave all of French Canada and Spanish Florida to Britain. |
|
George III
|
King of England
(r. 1760–1820); his government’s policies produced colonial discontent that led to the American Revolution in 1776. |
|
delusions
|
False beliefs that
are strongly held in spite of evidence to the contrary. |
|
George Grenville
|
British
prime minister who sought to tighten controls over the colonies and to impose taxes to raise revenues. |
|
Covenant Chain
|
An alliance
of Indian tribes established to resist colonial settlement in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region and to oppose British trading policies. |
|
Pontiac
|
Ottawa chief who
led the unsuccessful resistance against British policy in 1763. |
|
Proclamation Line of 1763
|
Boundary that Britain
established in the Appalachian Mountains, west of which white settlement was banned; it was intended to reduce confict between Indians and colonists. |
|
mercantile theory
|
The
economic notion that a nation should amass wealth by exporting more than it imports; colonies are valuable in a mercantile system as a source of raw materials and as a market for manufactured goods. |
|
import duties
|
Taxes on
imported goods. |
|
Currency Act
|
British law of
1764 banning the printing of paper money in the American colonies. |
|
customs service
|
A government
agency authorized to collect taxes on foreign goods entering a country. |
|
Sugar Act
|
British law of
1764 that taxed sugar and other colonial imports to pay for some of Britain’s expenses in protecting the colonies. |
|
civil court
|
Any court that hears
cases regarding the rights of private citizens. |
|
vice-admiralty court
|
Nonjury
British court in which a judge heard cases involving shipping. |
|
depression
|
A period of drastic
economic decline, marked by decreased business activity, falling prices, and high unemployment. |
|
Stamp Act
|
British law of
1765 that directly taxed a variety of items, including newspapers, playing cards, and legal documents. |
|
direct tax
|
A tax imposed to
raise revenue rather than to regulate trade. |
|
external taxation
|
Revenue
raised in the course of regulating trade with other nations. |
|
Sons of Liberty
|
A secret
organization frst formed in Boston to oppose the Stamp Act. |
|
Samuel Adams
|
Massachusetts revolutionary
leader and propagandist who organized opposition to British policies after 1764. |
|
Thomas Hutchinson
|
Boston
merchant and judge who served as lieutenant governor and later governor of Massachusetts; Stamp Act protesters destroyed his home in 1765. |
|
Patrick Henry
|
Member of the
Virginia House of Burgesses and American revolutionary leader noted for his oratorical skills |
|
boycott
|
An organized
political protest in which people refuse to buy goods from a nation or group of people whose actions they oppose. |
|
loyalist
|
An American colonist
who remained loyal to the king during the Revolution. |
|
Minutemen
|
Nickname frst
given to the Concord militia because of their speed in assembling; the term later applied generally to colonial militia during the Revolution. |
|
Battles of Lexington and Concord
|
Two confrontations
in April 1775 between British soldiers and patriot Minutemen; the frst recognized battles of the Revolution. |
|
American Prohibitory Act
|
British law of 1775 that
authorized the royal navy to seize all American ships engaged in trade; it amounted to a declaration of war. |
|
Common Sense
|
Revolutionary pamphlet
written by Thomas Paine in 1776; it attacked George III, argued against monarchy, and advanced the patriot cause. |
|
Declaration of Independence
|
A formal
statement, adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1776, that listed justifcations for rebellion and declared the American mainland colonies to be independent of Britain. |
|
insurrection
|
An uprising
against a legitimate authority or government. |