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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rhetoric
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discovering all possible means of persuasion
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Dialectic
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One-on-one discussion
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rhetoric is one person
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adressing many
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Means of persuasion
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Logical(Logos), Ethical(Ethos), Emotional(Pathos)
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Logos
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Logical proof, which comes from the line of argument in a speech
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Logical Proof
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Lines of argument that make sense
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Enthymeme
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incomplete version of formal deductive syllogism that is created by leaving out premise already accepted by the audience or by leaving obvious conclusion unstated
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Ethical Proof
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Preceived source of credibility
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Ethos
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ethical proof, which comes from the speaker's intelligence, character, and goodwill toward the audience as these personal characteristics are revealed through the message
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Pathos
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emotional proof, which comes from the feelings the speech draws from those who hear it
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Aristotle
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*anger vs. mildness
*Love vs. hate *Fear vs. confidence *shame vs. shamelessness *indignition vs pity *admiration vs. envy |
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Golden mean
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virtue of moderation; the virtuous person develops habits that avoid the extreme
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22- Kenneth Burke
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believes language is strategic human response to specific situation
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Dramatism
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Identification, The dramatistic Pentad, The guilt-redemption cycle
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Identification
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recognized common ground between speaker and audience
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Homophily
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precieved similarity between speaker and audience. "consubstatiation"
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Dramatistic Pentad
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tool to analyze a speaker's persuasive intent
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Burke regarded persuasion as
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the communicator's attempt to get the audience to accept his or her view of reality as true
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God term
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word a speaker uses to which all other positive words are subservient
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Devil term
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word a speaker uses that sums up all that is reguarded as bad, wrong, or evil
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Burke's pentad directs critic's attention to 5 elements
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1.Act (response) what was done
2. Scene (situation) context of the act 3. Agent (subject) who performs act? 4.Agency (stimulus) method/means the agent uses to do act 5. Purpose (target) why? |
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To determine intent..
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look for pentadic ratios
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Guilt
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Burke's catch-all term for tension, anxiety, embarrassment, shame, disgust, and other noxious feelings intrinsic in human condition
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hierarchy
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what we live in. systems that rank ourselves and others.
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Burkes Man is...
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the symbol-using inventor of the negative seperated from his natural condition by instruments of his own making goaded with the spirit of hierarchy and rotten with perfection.
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Redemption possible through two choices of "purification"
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Mortification, Victimage
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Mortification
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confession of guilt and request for forgiveness; self-blame (difficult)
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Victimage
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Scapegoating; the process of naming an external enemy as the source for all personal or public ills (easy)
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easiest way to identify with an audience
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lash at what or whom they fear
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ch 23. *The Narrative paradigm is the interpretive counterpart to the ____
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B. Rational-world paradigm
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** According to the narrative paradigm, we evaluate stories based on:
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B. Narrative Fidelity and coherence
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Paradigm
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conceptual framework; universal model that calls for people to view events through a common interpretive lens
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Narrative paradigm
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there is no communication of ideas that is purley descriptive or didactic (educational)
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fishers five assumptions of prevailing rational-world paradigm
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1. People r rational 2.Decisons made on basis of arguments 3. Type of speaking situation (legal, scientific,legislative) determines course of argument 4. Rationality determined by how much we know how well we argue (experts) 5. World is a set of logical puzzles that we can solve through rational analyis
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Narrative paradigm
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theoretical framework that views narrative as basis of all human communication
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We make decisions on basis of..
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good reasons which vary depending on communication situation, media, and genre (philosophical, tech, rhetorical, artistic)
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Narrative Rationality
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way to evaluate the worth of stories based on the twin standards of narrative coherence and narrative fidelity
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Narrative coherence
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internal consistency with characters acting in a reliable fashion; the story hangs together
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Narrative fidelity
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congruence between values embedded in a messade and what listeners regard as truthful and humane; the story strikes a responsive chord.
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Story has fidelity when
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it provides good reasons to guide our future actions
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Values
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set narrative paradigm apart from the rational-world pardigm
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Ideal audience
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actual community existing over time that believes in values of truth, the good, beauty, health, wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, harmony, order communion, friendship, and oneness with the Cosmos
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CH 30 Accommodation Theory
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accomodate eachother in the way we speak to gain the other's approval
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Accomodation
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constant movement toward and away from others by changing communicative behavior
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Two kinds of accomodation strategy
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Convergence and Divergence
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Convergence
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Strategy through which you adapt communication behavior to become more similar to another person
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Divergence
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Strategy of accentuating the difference between yourself and aother
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Self-handicapping
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for elderly, a face-saving strategy that invokes age as a reaso for mnot performing well
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Maintencance
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Persisting in your orginal communication style reguardless of the communication behavior of the other
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Overaccomodation
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demeaning or patronizing talk; excessive concern paid to vocal clarity or amplitude, message simplification, or repetition
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Main motivation for convergence
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desire for social approval
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Social Identity
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group memberships and social categories that we use to define who we are
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Initial Orientation
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communicator's predispostion to focus on either thier individual identity or group identity during a convo
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Collectivistic cultural context
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reguard stranger from another land a member of a homogenous outgroup and assume the outsiders will respond in the same way
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Sterotypes
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The more specific and neg images people have of outgroup results in thinking of social identity terms and resort to divergent communication
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Norms
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expectations about behavior members of a community should or should not occur
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Listeners regaurd Convergence as..
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positive
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listeners regard divergence as...
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negative
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Attribution
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perceptual process by which we observe what people do and then try to figure out their intent or disposition
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CH 35. Kramarae maintains language is...
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literally a man-made construction
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Women's words
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discounted in our society
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womens thoughts
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devalued
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man-made lanuage
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"aids in defining, depreciating, and excluding women"
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Muted group
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people with little power who must re-encode their thoughts to be understood
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Mutedness
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due to lack of power at low end of totem pole
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Women vs. men
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women experience labor
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frame the discussion
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men
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gatekeepers
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editors and others arbiters of culture who determine which books, essays, poetry, scripts, plays, flim scripts, ectt. will appear in the mass media
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Back channel routes
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diaries, gossip, journals, letters, and art
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Ultimate goal of the Muted group theory is..
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to change the man-made linguistic system that keeps women "in their place"
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Compiled a feminist dictonary in 1985
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Kramarae and Treichler
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Feminist dictionary
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offers definitions for womens words not in websters new inter. and alternative feminine readings of words that are listed
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Sexual Harrasment
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unwanted impostion of sexual requirements in the context of relationship of unequal power. First used in court in 70's as only legal term defined by women.
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