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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Egoistic Suicide |
Individual in not well integrated into larger society and individual in not apart of society |
Durkheim |
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Altruistic Suicide |
Suicide when Social integration is too strong |
Mass suicide/ 9/11 terrorists |
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Anomic suicide |
Suicide when regulated powers of society are disrupted, Indiv dissatisfied bc there is little control over their passions |
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Marx: value |
Labor time required to produce an item under normal conditions with average skills and intensity |
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Marx: Labor |
Humans primary activity, materialize species being by making objects |
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Marx: Surplus Value |
diff. Between money invested and larger amnt of money from selling a commodity. Shows exploitation |
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Marx: Alienation |
Entire system of economic production and social relations, workers feel alienated from labor, products, Fellow workers, species being, |
not doing it for their own personal needs, can’t afford their own bread they baked. put in competition of each other, workers only feel alive in their animal state (eat, drink, procreate). |
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Marx: Exploitation |
In capitalism, exploitation appears as natural, impersonal, and objective results of the market. Workers have no choice but accept wages offered by employers |
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Marx: Base |
How people meet material needs, material goods and process, change starts here |
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Marx: Superstructure |
Social relations, social institutions, and prevalent ideas are shaped. On top of the structure, ex. religion , art, culture |
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Marx: Ideology |
Ideas used to justify exploitation, systems of ideas. 1. Make contradictions coherent 2. Blame problems on individuals 3.make exploitation seem natural |
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Marx: Reification |
When humanly created social forms (such as capitalism) come to seem natural, absolute, universal |
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Marx: Fetishism |
How products of our labor develop and markets develop independent of the people who make them |
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Marx: Proletarianization |
squeezing more people into the working class (Walmart takes over mom and pop shop) |
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Marx: Materialism |
the way people provide for their material needs |
economic relations.. the base |
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Fatalistic Suicide |
high regulation people are overly controlled by external forces |
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Seven forces that led to development of soc theory |
P. political revolution I. Industrial rev & capitalism G. growth of science F. feminism U. urbanization R. religious change S. socialism |
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Tocqueville |
Supports freedom, criticisms equality make mediocrity. Threat of central govt. Individualism leads to less interest in community |
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Claude Saint-Simon |
radical and conservative. Wanted social reform not via overthrow. |
positivist |
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August Comte |
coined sociology, positivist, evolutionary theorist |
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3 stages of evolutionary theory |
1. theoretical stage 2. metaphysical 3. positivist stage |
Comte |
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Georg Simmel |
focuses on small scale interactions, hugely influential in USA. Studied conflict and interactants (strangers). Social Possibilities |
dyad and triad |
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Social Possibilities |
Social possibilities happen in an interaction between a dyad turns into a triad. Possibilities include domination, mediation, and arbitration. |
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social statics |
existing social structures, like family, govt, economics and interaction between |
Comte |
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social dynamics |
social change, evolution of society |
Comte |
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Feuerbach |
materialist, Marx influencer. believed god was a projection of humans characteristics onto impersonal forces |
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Dimensions that shaped British Sociology |
1. Political Economy 2. Ameliorism 3. Social Evolution |
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Political Economy |
Invisible hand shaped the market for goods and labor. Supply and Demand |
Adam Smith |
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Ameliorism |
attempt to solve problems by fixing the individual |
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Social Evolution |
theories focused on stages of development and success in the social hierarchy of stratification |
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Herbert Spencer |
Survival of the Fittest before Darwin. Believed in evolution |
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Evolutionary perspective |
1. Societies grow by multiplying and combining groups 2. evolve from militant to industrial societies |
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Society as an organism |
Comte, Spencer, and Durkheim |
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Max Weber |
Kantian approach, cause and affect. stratification of society is multidimensional, class, power, and status. tried to round out Marx approach, sometimes in opposition. Bureaucracy in modernity |
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Pareto |
80/20 rule, 80 % of the wealth comes from 20% of the invested output. Elite ruled over the masses for self interest |
Veered from Enlightenment philosophers, non-rational |
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Martineau on marriage |
unequal even though equal interest on agreement |
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Human Suffering |
Comes from nature bc we are fragile and there are inadequacy of regulations |
Freud |
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Hegelian Dialectic |
Hegel idealistic way of thinking, dialectic, contradictive factors leading to solutions. |
thesis+antithesis=synthesis |
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material dialectic |
Modes of production the proletariat and means of production the bourgeois. Leads to exploitation |
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Circulation of commodities |
M---->C---->M' Money to commodities to more money, the capitalist way |
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capitalist system based on |
accumulation |
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costs in capitalism |
materials, equipment, and labor (which can be squeezed, leads to exploitation) |
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Class Consciousness |
from a class in itself: recognize class stratification, to a class for itself: working for the entire class |
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How to keep wages low by Karl Marx? |
Reserve of the unemployed, low wages for a chance |
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Criticisms of Marx |
1. failure of existing communist states 2. missing free people making their own decisions 3. lack of gender dimension 4. highlights production and ignores consumption 5. uncritical acceptance of progress |
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Social Facts |
Structures, norms, and values that are coercive and external to an individual. Can be studied empirically |
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sui generis |
of its own kind, unique |
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Material Social Facts |
directly observable, material things like architecture, law codes, population size |
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Non Material Social Facts |
Norms, values, beliefs arise from interactions between individuals must use material SF to study |
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Types of non material SF |
Morality, collective representation, social currents |
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morality |
what we ought to do |
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collective representation |
widely shared concepts and coercive social force |
replace class conscious |
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social currents |
how do we feel as a society |
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mechanic solidarity |
sentiments widely shared and more generalists in labor |
Gears, Repressive Law (eye for eye) |
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organic solidarity |
specialization in labor rely on each other more, systems working together |
Human Body, Restitutive Law |
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What caused the shift from mechanical to organic solidarity? |
dynamic density & specialized labor |
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dynamic density |
population grows and so does competition for the same resources |
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Specialization labor |
from competition to cooperation allows great efficiency in meeting needs |
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Durkheim Division of Labor |
Division of labor is what pulls people together by forcing people to be dependent of each other creates solidarity. |
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Changes in the rates of suicide due to |
Differences in levels of social facts. groups have different collective sentiment, creates currents , low or high |
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Durkheim: Religion |
Religion is not an illusion, a pervasive social fact that must have some basis in realtiy |
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Durkheim: Totemism |
plants/animals become sacred emblems, material representations in the non-material world (norms, values) |
nature-->symbol-->clan |
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Durkheim components of religion |
Needs to have beliefs, rituals, and church |
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Durkheim: profane |
the mundane aspects of life |
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Durkheim: sacred |
things that are set apart from everyday life, like religion, held to higher |
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Durkheim: attachment |
healthy voluntary commitment to larger group |
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Durkheim: autonomy |
impulse of the will grounded in rationality and society. it is good! |
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Durkheim: Politics and Morality |
1. restorative=conservative(catholic church) 2. revolution=radicals (Marx) 3. reform=Durkheim (education) |
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Relativist on morals |
Morals do and should change |
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Traditionalist on morals |
morals can only arise from collective moral traditions not individuals |
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Parts of Morality |
Discipline, Attachment, and Autonomy |
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Morality Discipline |
what makes us free and happy |
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How do people in the world experience integration? |
via institutions |
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