Theory

Front 1

Describe the relationship, myth, goals, techniques, and mechanism of change (MOC) from a Psychoanalytic perspective.

Back 1

- Relationship
o Blank screen
o Expert, more directive
o Little self disclosure
- Myths
o Much of mental life is unconscious
o Humans nature is deterministic, behavior determined by irrational focus, unconscious motivations, instinctual drive
o Id = pleasure principle, ego = works according to reality principle, superego based on more concerns
- Goals
o Gain pleasure and avoid pain, avoid anxiety
o Get to root of problem
o Bring unconscious conscious
o Insight is goal of therapy
- Techniques
o Dream analysis, free association – leads to catharsis
o Interpretation of meaning is important/resistance
- Mechanism of change (MOC)
o Bring unconscious conscious, gain insight, catharsis, free association, dream analysis

Front 2

Describe the relationship, myth, goals, techniques, and mechanism of change (MOC) from a Cognitive Behavioral perspective.

Back 2

- Relationship
o Necessary but not sufficient
o Directive/teaching
o Models humans faults
- Myths
o Problems are from faulty thinking/schemas
o Focus on here and now, not concerned about history
- Goals
o Change faulty thinking, new schemas
o See behavioral change
o Help normalize problems, manageable
- Techniques
o Socratic questioning, good rhetoric
o Address faulty thinking (overgeneralization, lack of evidence, all or none thinking)
- MOC
o Changing schema, faulty thinking

Front 3

Describe the relationship, myth, goals, techniques, and mechanism of change (MOC) from a Interpersonal Therapy perspective.

Back 3

- Relationship
o Important, source of modeling for client
o Learn how to navigate relationship through relationship with therapist
- Myths
o Psychological problems due to problems in interpersonal functioning
- Goals
o First phase: Psychoeducation about problem, explore active problem, assess interpersonal functioning
o Middle phase: work through area of focus (grief, role transition, interpersonal dispute, interpersonal deficits)
o Final phase: emphasis on termination while addressing area of focus, reinforce progress and success, acknowledge termination as loss, discuss warning signs of future problems
- Techniques
o Exploratory techniques – Non-directive exploration (metacommunication and microskills)
o Encouragement of affect
o Clarification (pointing out contradictions)
o Communication Analysis – look for communication deficits
o Give feedback
- MOC
o Improve interpersonal function→improve overall functioning, specific topics – role transition, grief, etc.

Front 4

Describe the relationship, myth, goals, techniques, and mechanism of change (MOC) from a Person-Centered (Rogers) perspective.

Back 4

- Relationship
o Necessary and sufficient, most important factor
o Characterized by equality
- Myths
o Phenomenological: people structure lives according to perceptions of reality
o Conditions of worth cause problems,
o Humans inherently good, possess self-actualizing tendency
o Clients responsible and capable of healing themselves
o Fully-functioning person open to experience trust in one’s own experience, internal locus of values, sense of meaning or purpose, acct and trust others
- Goals
o Open up phenomenological field
o Facilitate client growth/healing
- Techniques/rituals
o Therapist demonstrates congruence, acceptance, unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding
o Focus on here and now
o Quality of relationship produces change
o Listening, accepting, respecting, understanding
o Reflection and sharing experience in therapy relationship
- MOC
o Showing UPR, reducing conditions of worth, providing empathy, congruence, safe place

Front 5

Describe Rogers (1957) Psychological Factors that are necessary and sufficient for change.

Back 5

- 2 people in psychological contact
- Client is in state of incongruence, and vulnerable or anxious
- Therapist is congruent or integrated in the relationship
- Therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for client
- Therapist experiences empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client
- Communication of the therapists unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding is to a minimal degree achieved

Front 6

Describe the relationship, myth, goals, techniques, and mechanism of change (MOC) from an Existential perspective.

Back 6

- relationship
o necessary, egalitarian
- myths
o problems are always problems inherent to all human existence
o all confront: meaninglessness, freedom, isolation, death
- Goals
o Discuss anxieties of life
o Focus on values to combat sense of meaninglessness
o Come to acceptance of human existence
- Techniques
o Discuss meaninglessness/anxieties
o Normalize experience
o Focus on values
- MOC
o Modeling and self-disclosure, values as blueprint, talking about anxiety of life and death

Front 7

Describe the relationship, myth, goals, techniques, and mechanism of change (MOC) from an Behavioral perspective.

Back 7

- relationship
o directive, expertise
o necessary but not sufficient
- Myths
o Behavior due to antecedents and consequences
o Change environment and change behavior
o Not worries about history
o Clients must be active, engage in behavioral change, carries plan into natural environment, homework important
- Goals
o Behavior assessment, when, how frequently, before and after, feels and thinks during behavior, what client has already tried
o Testable, measurable, manualizatioin
- Techniques
o Behavior analysis
o Reciprocal inhibition (Wolpe – anxiety and relaxation can’t coexist)
o Shaping/successive approximations
o Token economy
o Contingency management
o Systematic desensitization
o Modeling
- MOC
o Change through environment, antecedent/consequences, conditioning, social learning (Bandura)

Front 8

Describe the relationship, myth, goals, techniques, and mechanism of change (MOC) from an Solution Focussed perspective.

Back 8

- Relationship
o necessary but not sufficient
o Work together to find solutions
- Myths
o Don’t focus on problems – look for solutions
o Assume clients want to change, have capacity to envision change, and doing the best to make change happen
o Assume solution or part of it, is already happening
o Treatment brief (usually less than 6 sessions)
o Small changes lead to big changes
o Clients are experts and can be trusted to solve own problems
- Goals
o Help client construct solutions, imagine how client would like things to be different and what it will take to make that happen
o Validate and join
- Techniques
o Validate and join,
o Use solution language, listen ro solution theme
o Normalize
o Use scaling questions
o Transfer competence across context
- MOC
o Problem-solving, focus on solutions, don’t dwell on past, technique focused

Front 9

Describe the relationship, myth, goals, techniques, and mechanism of change (MOC) from an Feminist perspective.

Back 9

- Relationship
o Partnership between equals
o Necessary (& sufficient?)
o Self-disclosure
- Myths
o Personal is political
o Clients best understood in context of social environment
o Disease model is rejected
o Distress is reaction to unjust system
o Views strengths/skills, resources as primary, diagnosis second
- Goals
o Equality, empowerment, valuing diversity
o Transform client and society
- MOC
o Client advocacy and societal change, brining injustice to light, self as context, egalitarian

Front 10

Describe the relationship, myth, goals, techniques, and mechanism of change (MOC) from an Social Influence (Dorn) perspective.

Back 10

- therapist’s attritional efforts are intended to
o increase accuracy of client’s attributions so client can better guide own behavior
o Externalize socially undesirable behavior to eliminate emotional reactions
- Counselor social power
o Change in behavior = social power – resistance and opposition
o B = P –(O+R)
- 5 social power bases
o expert
o referent – perceived attractiveness
o legitimate – place held in society, trustworthiness
o information – info that others don’t have
o ecological – when counselor assist client in controlling environment
- trustworthiness is essential
- expertness doesn’t have to be proven right away, but is essential
- Resistance – counselor’s influence incompatible with client/relationship level
- Opposition – generated by content of suggestion
- MOC
o Counselor’s social power matched with client

Front 11

Describe the relationship, myth, goals, techniques, and mechanism of change (MOC) from an Acceptance and Commitment (Hayes, Harris) perspective.

Back 11

- Relationship
o Necessary but not sufficient
o Somewhat directive/expert
- Myths
o Experiential avoidance is wrong – can’t get rid of unwanted feelings, so just accept them
o Pushing negative feelings away makes it worse/more salient
o Living a value-driven life is essential
o Root of suffering is human language, human “mind”
- Goal
o Create a rich meaningful life while accepting pain that inevitably happens
o Hexaflex: contact the present moment, defusion, acceptance, self-as-context, values, committed action
o Increase psychological flexibility
- Techniques
o Metaphors
o Exercises/Mindfulness

Front 12

Describe the relationship, myth, goals, techniques, and mechanism of change (MOC) from an Client Directed Outcome Informed (Miller & Duncan) perspective.

Back 12

- Relationship
o Necessary and sufficient
o Client as expert, equal
- Myths
o Client knows how to solve their own problems
o Not about diagnosis, focus on what client wants
o Feedback about relationship is important, track progress
- Goal
o Go where client goes, doesn’t matter if it sounds crazy
• You need to believe in it too, though
o Track outcomes, create best “fit”, refer when no improvement
o Create a place to discuss relationship/SRS
- Techniques
o ORS/SRS
o Roger’s listening skills

Front 13

In the Social Influence Model (Dorn, 1984), what are the 5 main power bases that a therapist uses to influence a client?

Back 13

(1) Expertness (2) Trustworthiness (3) Attractiveness (4) Informational (5) Ecological

Hint 13

E TAINE

Front 14

In the Social Influence Model (Dorn, 1984), what are the "Big 3" power bases that are related to client satisfaction and outcomes?

Back 14

Expertness, Trustworthiness, & Attractiveness

Front 15

In the Social Influence Model (Dorn, 1984), which therapist power base is the best predictor of change in client concept?

Back 15

Trustworthiness

Front 16

What are the 5 stages of Prochaska and Diclimente's Transtheoretical Model?

Back 16

(1) Precontemplation (2) Contemplation (3) Preparation (4) Action (5) Maintenance

Hint 16

PC PAM

Front 17

What are the mechanisms of change for the psychodynamic psychological orientation?

Back 17

Increased insight, catharsis, interpretations

Front 18

What are the mechanisms of change for the cognitive psychological orientation?

Back 18

Altering automatic thoughts and dysfunctional beliefs, taking initiative and responsibility

Front 19

What are the mechanisms of change for the behavioral psychological orientation?

Back 19

Reinforcement management, behavioral activation, conditioning and/or counterconditioning

Front 20

What are the mechanisms of change for the person-centered psychological orientation?

Back 20

Helping relationship with the therapist, emotional support, increasing self-acceptance and openness

Front 21

What are the mechanisms of change for the interpersonal psychological orientation?

Back 21

Helping relationship with therapist, increased social support, better functioning relationships, acquiring more effective communication skills

Front 22

What are the 4 requirements for Bandura's Social Learning Theory?

Back 22

(1) Attention (2) Retention (3) Reproduction (4) Motivation

Hint 22

ARRM

Front 23

Describe Heider's (1958) fundamental attribution bias.

Back 23

Our attributions of others tend to be based on internal (dispositional) traits while self-attributions tend to be based on external attributions (the situation/environment)

Front 24

Dumont (1993) applied research on heuristics and biases to a clinical context. What is the Representativeness Heuristic?

Back 24

When people overestimate their ability to accurately predict the likelihood of an event.

Front 25

Dumont (1993) applied research on heuristics and biases to a clinical context. What is the Availability Heuristic?

Back 25

Formulating problems with the information that is the easiest for us to access, such as diagnosis of a client.

Front 26

Dumont (1993) applied research on heuristics and biases to a clinical context. What is the Confirmation Bias?

Back 26

ONce we make an initial judgment, we are resistant towards further information and alternative modes of reasoning.

Front 27

Dumont (1993) applied research on heuristics and biases to a clinical context. What are Illusory Correlations?

Back 27

Perceiving a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviors) even when no such relationship exists.

Front 28

Dumont (1993) applied research on heuristics and biases to a clinical context. What is overconfidence in clinical judgment?

Back 28

Therapists are more confident about difficult decisions but are less accurate.

Front 29

Gelso & Carter (1985) describe 3 domains of the therapeutic relationship. What are they and when are they most important?

Back 29

(1) Working Alliance - early (2) Unreal Relationship - transference/countertransference; continues throughout (3) Real Relationship - later phases

Front 30

Bordin (1979) conceptualized the working alliance as consisting of three parts. What are they?

Back 30

(1) Tasks (2) Goals (3) Bond

Front 31

According Gelso & Carter (1895), what is role does transference have in the therapeutic relationship?

Back 31

Always an error, unconscious, and occurs when the client experiences the therapist and the relationship in a way that echoes relationships and issues from the client's earlier life

Front 32

According Gelso & Carter (1895), what role does countertransference have in the therapeutic relationship?

Back 32

Based on the therapist's past significant relationships.

Front 33

According to Horvath & Greensburg, what is the effect size of the working alliance on therapeutic gains?

Back 33

.25 (6% of the variance, considered a medium effect)

Front 34

True or False: Experience of the therapist is related to the quality of the relationship in psychologists.

Back 34

FALSE

Front 35

What are Tuckman's 5 phases of group functioning?

Back 35

(1) Forming (2) Storming (3) Norming (4) Performing (5) Adjourning

Front 36

Which of Tuckman's 5 phases of group functioning is described below?

o General features: definition of group, anxiety,; orienting self to environment; testing out the environment; identification of boundaries; finding one’s place within the group; navigating tension and dealing with one’s anxiety; defining goals; seeking approval and acceptance
o Member behaviors: search for meaning and structure; seek approval from others; evaluate leader on skill ability and trustworthiness
o Leader behaviors: foster inclusion; set rules regulations and structure; discuss confidentiality; define goals and expectations for the group
o Vital leader skills: active listening, supporting, empathizing, goal setting, facilitating, protecting, and modeling

Back 36

Forming

Front 37

Which of Tuckman's 5 phases of group functioning is described below?

o General features: conflict resolution/management; resistance; dominance; defensiveness; confrontation; and questioning
o Member behaviors: challenge other members and the group leader; struggle to find comfort in sharing; resist feedback; join with other members into cliques
o Leader behaviors: demonstrate awareness of emotional make-up of group; encourage affective expression; participates in struggle; communicates appropriateness of interactions; encourages exploring new ways of behaving within the group.
o Vital leader skills: clarifying, questioning, interpreting, reflecting feelings, confronting, initiating, self-disclosing, blocking

Back 37

Storming

Front 38

Which of Tuckman's 5 phases of group functioning is described below?

o General features: problem exploration, conflict resolution, decreased aggression, increased trust/self-disclosure/compromise/ risk-taking
o Member behaviors: increased commitment to group; more willing to share; take a more active role
o Leader behaviors: linking; suggesting direction; sharing leadership; reinforce cooperation
o Vital leader skill: reinforce cooperation

Back 38

Norming

Front 39

Which of Tuckman's 5 phases of group functioning is described below?

o General features: resolving issues; increasing responsibility; increasing self-disclosure and honesty
o Vital leader skills: provides more opportunities for group members to take leadership roles

Back 39

Performing

Front 40

Which of Tuckman's 5 phases of group functioning is described below?

o General features: closure; evaluation/follow up
o Member behaviors: preparation for separation; share concerns about what will happen when group ends; evaluate progress
o Leader behaviors: resolve unfinished business; structure the goodbye; provide appropriate feedback to each member
o Vital leader skills: evaluating, resolving issues; identifying strengths and weaknesses; terminating

Back 40

Adjourning

Front 41

Who should be screened out from participating in group psychotherapy?

Back 41

- Severe psychosis & mental illness
- Aggressive & hostile
- Suicidal
- Axis II

Front 42

List and describe as many of Yalom's (1975) curative factors at work in groups.

Back 42

- Instillation of hope
- Universality
- Imparting of information
- Altruism
- Corrective recapitulation of the primary family group
- Development of socializing techniques
- Modeling
- Interpersonal relationships:
- Group cohesiveness
- Catharsis
- Existential Factors

Front 43

What is thought to be the most important curative factor of Yalom's (1975) at work in groups?

Back 43

Group Cohesiveness