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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Auguste Comte |
Coined the term Sociology Inventor of positivism |
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Effecient Cause |
(or material cause) - Starts with the object, focuses of cause and effect - Basis of natural sciences |
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Empiricism |
- Distinction between phenomena and lumena - knowledge is a social fact |
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Enlightenment |
- Subject of Immanual Kant essay - Shift from accepting truth based on authority to accepting truth based on logic and reason |
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Positivism
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- Auguste Comte - Knowledge that is truly scientific |
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Teleology |
- Greek word "telos" meaning end or purpose - (ideal) causality where people have an idea, intent, will, and means to actualize it |
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Methodological Individualism |
- Individual is fundamentally unchangeable - Society is the sum of the individual thoughts and beliefs |
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State of Nature |
- People are truly alone - Forced into society (floods etc.) |
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All Individuals Alone |
- The state is a disadvantage - Come together (social state) to have benefits of group |
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Social Contract |
- Assumes that everyone could consent to form of government - If not you have the right to revolt |
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General Will |
- The interest of the collective must sometimes have precedence over that of the individual |
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The Will of All |
- Rousseau - The aggregate of the particular wills of each individual |
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Invisible Hand |
- Deals with production, distribution, function - spontaneously creates order among the 3 |
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Sympathies |
- communication of sentiments - we act in view of others approval |
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Moral Sentiments |
- sentiments = emotions, passions, feelings - 3 kinds: social, anti-social, selfish |
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Selfish Passions |
- Adam Smith - Misery and Joy |
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Democracy vs Aristocracy |
- meshed together in web of relations and rule - servants associate themselves with their master for status |
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Equality |
- not have superiors or inferiors - equality established in civil society when people live in the same manner and seek wealth by the same means |
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Self-Interest Rightly Understood |
- differs from egoism and being selfish - represents the acts of individualism that act in the good of the public |
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The Social State |
- Tocqueville - The cause and effect of laws, customs and ideas |
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Tyrannny of the Majority |
- Majorities oppress minorities, independant of the law - Democracy based on horizontal relationsh |
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Association |
- You connect with people of your choosing - Build connections and trust by obtaining minor virtues (honesty, industriousness)
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Alienation |
- the workers feels foreign to the product of their labour - 4 kinds of alienation: |
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Appropriation of Surplus |
- Labour performed in excess of what is necessary - Surplus labour is usually uncompensated |
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Base/Superstructure |
- base = forces and relations of production - superstructure = culture, institutions, roles, rituals |
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Capital |
Merchant: buy cheap, sell for more Industrial: buy labourers, buy means of production, sell commodity for higher price than invested
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Capitalism |
- Economic structure - Accumulation of wealth |
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Class |
-Proletariat vs. bourgeoisie - exist to appropriate surplus |
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Class Consciousness |
- a persons beliefs in regards to ther social class (structure and interests) |
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Commodity |
Use Value: why we need the commodity or what is it used for Exchange Value: monetary value (quantitative into qualitative) |
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False Consciousness |
- idealogial control of proletariat - without FC undeclass majority would overthrow domination |
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Forces of production |
- determine productivity - quality of means of production |
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Free Labourer |
- free of ownership of productions means - free because he sells his labour at will |
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Ideology |
- not totally false, some truth - people who speak it, believe it |
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Labour Theory of Value |
- more labour more value - value is produced by labour, and realized on the market
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Means of production |
- used to create a commodity |
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Altuistic Suicide |
- Cannot meet social demands - Social bond too tight |
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Anomie |
A lack of regulation |
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Anomic Division of Labour |
- division of labour based on social and economic status instead of ability and effort - becomes a source of anomie |
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Anomic Suicide |
- One can never be satisfied - Social bond too loose |
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Conscience Collective |
- distinguishes function from cause - externally determined (at least in part) |
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Cult of the Individual |
- individual is sacred, therefore crimes committed against the individual are seen as heinous - used to be about religion |
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Egoistic Suicide |
- people are isolated - life is meaningless - social bond too loose |
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Mechanical Solidarity |
- little division of labour, primitive societies - individuals are the same |
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Organic Solidarity |
- complex division of labour, evolved societies - different organs within society |
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Repressive Sanctions |
- defends core values of society - disadvantage to the perpetrator of crime |
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Restitutive Sanctions |
- law maintains complex situation - focus on restoring previous state of affairs (parking tickets) |
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Sacred/Profane |
Sacred: having a higher dignity, divine properties Profrane: Daily symbols/objects, lacking divine properties |
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Social Fact |
- constraining and imposed on individual from the outside - general: needs to have a social origin, needs to be a fact |
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Asceticism |
- abstinence from worldly pleasure - Weber |
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Authority |
- legitimate by the fact it gave orders - traditional, rational-legal, charismatic |
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Bureaucracy |
- rule of the offices - apparatus that corresponds to rational-legal domination |
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Calvinism |
- look for signs they are among the saved - sins cannot be forgiven, need to struggle so that the good outweighs the bad |
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Charismatic Authority |
- personal devotion - charisma either becomes traditional or rational-legal authority (Jesus) |
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Class |
- a market relation - life chance |
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Ideal Type |
- seeks to understand rom one perspective - is abstract so it can be compared |
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Intrumental Rational Action
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- Success oriented - used to choose means |
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Interpretive Sociology |
- Study subjectively - Recognize multiple perspectives |
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Methodenstreit |
- the battle over which method to be used in social sciences - Natural vs. Human sciences - Durkheim vs Weber |
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Spirit of Captialism |
- correlation between being Protestant and being involved in business - religion as cause for economic conditions |
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Status |
- honour/recognition - high/low |
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Traditional Action |
- habitual - social action |
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Value Rational Action |
use to choose an end |
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Verstehen |
- outside observer - interpret social actions |
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Barbarian |
-metaphorically remote - not accepted in society |
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Objective culture |
- objectivity = freedom, no prejudice |
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Social Form |
- Different interactions take place
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Stranger |
- part yet apart from society - more objective |
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id |
- instinctual - pleasure principal: needs, and desires |
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ego |
-reality principal - balances the desires of the id and the super ego |
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super-ego |
- moralizing role - may stop one from doing what the id wants |
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cultural superego |
- ethics of a society |
