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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A meta-theory applicable to any dynamic, recurring process of events
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General Systems Theory
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The steady state order necessary for movement
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Homeostasis (General Systems Theory)
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When output from systems is put back into the system
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Feedback (General Systems Theory)
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This theory focuses on the inter-relatedness between people and the environment
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Ecological Theory (Life Model)
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Goodness of fit with the environment
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Adaptedness - Ecological Theory (Life Model)
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Environmental demand perceived as challenge and associated with positive feelings or discrepancy between demand and capacity for coping with it associated with negative feelings
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Stress - Ecological Theory (Life Model)
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Psychological, physiological and behavioral response that is set in motion as a result of the experience of emotional stress
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Coping - Ecological Theory (Life Model)
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The individual is viewed as the product of his past based on the concept of psychic determinism: that is that the functioning of mind is not random; all thoughts, feelings and behaviors are related to prior experiences and events. Human behavior is viewed on the basis of unconscious drives and motivations rather than on actions and thoughts.
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Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud)
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Three levels of consciousness
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1. Conscious
2. Pre-Conscious 3. Unconscious |
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Those thoughts and ideas of which we are aware is......
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Conscious
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Those thoughts and ideas of which we are not aware, but are easily accessible is.....
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Preconscious
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Those thoughts and ideas of which we are unaware and cannot access is....
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Unconscious
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Thoughts and ideas that create anxiety or distress are pushed from the Conscious to the Unconscious is......
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Repression
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What is the structural theory of Personality development? 3 major systems
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1. Id
2. Ego 3. Superego |
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What is the most primitive portion of the personality? This consists of basic instinctual drives, the most basic of which is sexual (Libido). This also requires immediate gratification
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ID
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This only acts to seek pleasure and avoid pain
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Pleasure principle (The Id follows this)
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A child's need for immediate gratification and fulfillment is delayed, is rational and it mediates between the demands of the individual and the often conflicting demands of the environment
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EGO
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As the Ego develops, the _______ emerges allowing the child to recognize that her/his desire for immediate gratification must be compromised for the realities of the environment
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Reality Principle
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This is the most sophisticated portion of the personality. It is the part of the personality that allows individuals to act not only out of need, but to consider the moral and ethical aspects of their behaviors as well. At age 5 they have the sense of right and wrong and uses internal and external rewards or punishments to control and regulate ID impulses.
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Superego
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There are two aspects of the Superego
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1. Conscious
2. Ego Ideal |
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Contains the "Should nots"
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Conscious
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Contains the "Shoulds"
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Ego Ideal
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An inability of the ego to reconcile the demands of the id, the superego and reality produces conflict which leads to a state of psychic distress is know as.....
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Anxiety
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A point in development where, for whatever reason, there is a failure to resolve a conflict is....
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Fixation
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According to Freud, personality develops as a result of 2 major events
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1. maturation and natural growth
2. learning to overcome frustration, avoid pain, resolve conflict, and reduce anxiety. |
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Development that occurs as a result of drive energy (libidinal or aggressive) which is invested in a different organ system at each stage is......
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Psychosexual Development (Freud)
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Humans develop and mature by progressing through 5 discrete and sequential Psychosexual Stages of Development. Freud believed that mentally healthy individuals successfully progress through each of the stages. What are the 5 stages?
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1. Oral
2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital |
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This psychosexual development is incorporative, the individual experiences the world and derives pleasure and gratification from the stimulation of her/his mouth and oral cavity, Dependency needs must be externally met; Libido centered in oral zone.
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Oral Stage ( 0-18 months)
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The Psychosexual stage of development in which regulation of impulses begins; some self -control; elimination and retention; holding on, letting go; conflict with parents
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Anal (18-36 months)
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This psychosexual stage of development the individual's affection is directed to the parent of the opposite sex; rivalry with same sex parent; fear of retaliation from same sex parent; libido invested in genital area. This is when the Oedipus Complex is seen
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Phallic (36 months-6 years)
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A boy becomes jealous of his father and competes with him for his mother's affection, attention and love is what.......
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Oedipus Complex (Phallic stage of the psychosexual development-Freud)
Electra Complex (for a girl) |
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This Psychosexual stage of development in which formal learning occurs; peer friendships develop; same sex peer relationships are primary; and energy is invested in world outside of self and family.
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Latency (6-11 years)
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This Psychosexual stage of development in which intense love now is capable of sexualization; egotistic and altruistic; ambivalence toward parents and other adults; and energy invested is in the self
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Genital (Puberty-11-15 years and Adolescence -11-19)
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What is the treatment goal of psychosexual development?
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To resolve the intra-psychi conflict; treatment involves dealing with the repressed material in the unconscious using: clarification, confrontation, interpretation, working through.
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What theory states that the personality develops as a result of interaction with and mastery of the social environment with a progressive development throughout the life cycle. Stages of development represent the benefit and the danger of the psychosocial challenge of each developmental period
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Psychosocial Theory (Erik Erikson) - Ego Psychology
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Changing the environment in order to adapt
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Alloplastic Behavior
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Changing one's own behavior or self in order to adapt.
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Autoplastic Behavior
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What is the ego function, which allows the individual to adapt to her/his social environment, the ability to differentiate between accurate perceptions of the self and the environment?
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Reality Testing
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What is the ego function, which allows the individual to adapt to her/his social environment, the ability to identify and weigh the consequences of a behavior before acting?
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Judgment
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What is the ego function, which allows the individual to adapt to her/his social environment, the ability to not only perceive things accurately, but to experience them that way as well, maintaining distinct boundaries?
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Sense of Reality
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What is the ego function, which allows the individual to adapt to her/his social environment, the ability to control drives, impulses, and affect in accordance with reality, and tolerate intense, unpleasant emotions without becoming overwhelmed?
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Regulation and Control of Drives and Impulses
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What is the ego function, which allows the individual to adapt to her/his social environment, the ability to interact with others, capacity to view self as separate from others and complete in oneself and to relate to others?
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Object Relations (Mahler's object relations theory)
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What is the ego function, which allows the individual to adapt to her/his social environment, the ability to have goal-directed, organized, and realistic thought
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Thought Processes
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What is the ego function, which allows the individual to adapt to her/his social environment the ability to let go of reality and experience aspects of the self that ordinarily are inaccessible
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Adaptive Regression
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What is the ego function, which allows the individual to adapt to her/his social environment the ability to use unconscious mechanisms to reduce anxiety and painful experiences?
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Defensive Functioning
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What is the ego function, which allows the individual to adapt to her/his social environment the ability to maintain current level of functioning despite increases and/or decreases in stimulation
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Stimulus Barrier
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What is the ego function, which allows the individual to adapt to her/his social environment, the presence of certain, conflict-free functions that are capable of functioning continuously, e.g., learning, memory, perception, and concentration
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Autonomous Functions
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What is the ego function, which allows the individual to adapt to her/his social environment, the ability to successfully interact with the environment?
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Mastery - Competence
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What is the ego function, which allows the individual to adapt to her/his social environment, the ability to integrate parts of the personality to resolve conflict
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Synthetic/Integrative Functioning
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Each stage focuses on a particular area of growth, builds on the preceding stages, and paves the way for subsequent stages, what is the name of this developmental theory?
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Psycho-social development (Erik Erikson) - Each stage is marked by a psychosocial Crisis, which must be resolved by the Ego for development to continue
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What are the 8 stages of Psychosocial Development?
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1. Trust v. Mistrust
2. Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative v. Guilt 4. Industry v. Inferiority 5. Identity v. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy v. Isolation 7. Generativity v. Stagnation 8. Ego Integrity v. Despair |
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Psycho-Social Developmental (Erikson) tasks: sufficient supplies enable infant to be assured of care. Soothing so not overwhelmed by stimuli. Outer predictability and inner certainty of mother
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1. Trust v. Mistrust (0-12 months)
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Psycho-Social Developmental (Erikson) tasks: Verbal and conceptual stimulation, language develops, permission to explore with protection against danger, support of growth, capacity to move away, and beginning differentiations
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2. Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt (18-30 months)
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Psycho-Social Developmental (Erikson) tasks: Beginning to be away from home, permission for explorations, play with peers, learning world outside of home, pride in self and achievements separate from parents, superego development
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3. Initiative v. Guilt (3-6 years)
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Psycho-Social Developmental (Erikson) tasks: Conformity in the educational institution at the sacrifice of some creativity and imagination, intellectual and social mastery begins, and cooperation with others (peers and teachers) is signal
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4. Industry v. inferiority (6-11 years)
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Psycho-Social Developmental (Erikson) tasks: Partial separation from parents, peer relations are primary, sexual identity is confirmed, conformity within group, development of a vocational goal, and second individuation phase
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5. Identity v. Role Confusion (11-18 years)
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Psycho-Social Developmental (Erikson) tasks: Leaving home, development of a career, developing an intimate relationship, reciprocal commitments to sex, role identity, occupations, and social role
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6. Intimacy v. Isolation (19-30 years)
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Psycho-Social Developmental (Erikson) tasks: Achievement of stable new family, achievement and productivity in vocational area
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7. Generativity v. Stagnation (30-65 years)
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Psycho-Social Developmental (Erikson) tasks: Acceptance of mortality, satisfaction with previous life roles, opportunity for further self development, and adequacy in dealing with loss (death and illness)
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8. Ego Integrity v. Despair ( 65 + years)
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These are automatic, involuntary, usually unconscious psychological activity by which human beings attempt to exclude unacceptable thoughts, urges, threats, impulses from awareness because of fear of disapproval, punishment, or other negative outcomes. Ego's way of dealing with stress - denying reality
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Mechanisms of Defense
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This mechanism of defense pushes a negative or painful image, thought, or idea out of consciousness to avoid the associated pain. This is the primary defense mechanism
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Repression
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This mechanism of defense is the primitive defense the inability or refuses to acknowledge true significance of thoughts, feelings, wishes, behavior, or external reality factors which are consciously intolerable
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Denial
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This mechanism of defense shifts repressed feelings from where they originate to some other object
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Displacement
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This mechanism of defense which separates or postpones a feeling that normally would accompany a situation or thought
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Dissociation
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This mechanism of defense is a form of denial in which the object of attention is presented as "all good" masking true negative feelings toward the other. May be conscious or unconscious
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Idealization
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This mechanism of defense is the universal mechanism whereby person patterns self after significant others. The unconscious modeling of one's self upon another person's behavior.
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Identification
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This mechanism of defense which identifies with some idea or object so deeply that it becomes a part of that person, e.g. in severe depression, unconscious unacceptable hatred is turned towards self.
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Introjection
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This mechanism of defense is a primitive defense that attributes a painful thought or idea to another person, e.g. believing spouse is angry at the kids when one is really angry at oneself.
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Projection
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This mechanism of defense which replacing of some painful or negative event with the complete opposite, person adopts affects, ideas, attitudes, behaviors which are opposites of those he harbors consciously or unconsciously, e.g. excessive moral zeal masking strong but repressed asocial impulses or being excessively sweet to mask unconscious anger.
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Reaction Formation
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This mechanism of defense represses, dissociated or disconnected important feelings that are "dangerous" to psychic well being. Causes person to get out of touch with her/his feelings and leads to feelings of a "fragmented self." This is seen in borderline personality
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Splitting
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This mechanism of defense frequently used by persons with narcissistic personality organization which is the corollary of omnipotence. It is the split of primitive idealization.
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Devaluation
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This theory focuses on the reciprocal relationship between a mother and her infant and its effect on the infant's development of sense of self.
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Object Relations Theory (Margaret Mahler)
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What are the 4 sub-phases of a child's progress toward Object Constancy of the Object Relations Theory (Mahler)?
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1. Attachement (0-5/6 mon)
2. Separation (6-18 mon) 3. Rapprochement ( 15-36 mon) 4. Object Constancy |
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Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) (Albert Ellis) also referred to as the ABC Theory of Emotion
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1. When individuals thoughts and beliefs were rational, they were healthy and functional. When individuals' thoughts and beliefs were irrational, they were disturbed or dysfunctional.
2. In the "ABC" model, "A" represents the activating event; "B" represents the individual's thought/beliefs about "A"; and "C" represents the emotional and behavioral consequences of "B" |
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This theory focuses on the holistic nature of human experience. It emphasizes the total person rather than an individual with separate parts. This disagrees with the Psychoanalytic Theory's focus on the past and belief that actions and behaviors are the result of unconscious drives. This theory focuses on the present and believes that behaviors are conscious and can be controlled by the individual.
The individual must be viewed as a whole: the mind, body, emotions, and behaviors cannot be separated from each other |
Gastalt Theory "wholeness"
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This child cognitive development theory attempts to describe and explain the processes by which individuals perceive and organize thoughts and knowledge to understand the environment.
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Theories of Cognitive and Moral Development - Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
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Piaget categorized four discrete stages of a child's cognitive development, what are they?
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1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
2. Pre-Operational (2-7 years) 3. Concerte Operations (7-11 years) 4. Formal Operations (11+) |
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Name some characteristics for the Sensorimotor Stage of Piaget's Cognitive developmental Theory?
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- Retains image of objects
- Develops primitive logic in manipulating objects - Begins intentional actions - Play is imitative - Signal meaning begins-infant invests meaning in an event, i.e. babysitter arrives means mother is leaving -Symbolic meaning (language) begins in last part of this phase |
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Name some characteristics for the Pre-Operational Stage of Piaget's Cognitive developmental Theory?
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- Language development facilitates further development of symbolic functional to occur
- Night terrors and magical thinking -Thinking is not generalized it is: Concrete, irreversible, egocentric, centered on one detail or event -Child is self-centered; s/he sees everything as it relates to her/himself |
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Name some characteristics for the Concrete Operations Stage of Piaget's Cognitive developmental Theory?
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- Beginnings of abstract thought
- Plays games with rules; "fairness' is an issue - Cause-effect relationship understood - Can comprehend past, present, future - Thinking is independent of experience Rules of logic are developing |
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Name some characteristics for the Formal Operations Stage of Piaget's Cognitive developmental Theory?
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- Higher level of abstraction; hypothesis testing
- Construction of ideals -planing for future -Can take the perspective of others -Assumes adult roles and responsibilities -Hypothetical thinking |
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Action sequences and behavior patters; organization and adaptation
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Schemata (Piaget)
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The tendency of an organism to draw the resources of the environment toward itself inward; the integration of external elements into the evolving structure of the organism.
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Assimilation (Piaget)
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The tendency of an organism to adapt to the events of the environment
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Accommodation (Piaget)
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The steady state of cognitive processes which is maintained by a balance of assimilation and accommodation; a balance between person and the environment
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Equilibrium (Piaget)
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A developmental theory of morel reasoning that parallels cognitive development in that the child cannot achieve higher levels of moral reasoning until achieving higher levels of cognitive reasoning
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Moral Developmental Theory (Kohlberg)
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What are the Levels of Moral Reasoning?
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1. Pre-conventional
2. Conventional 3. Post-conventional |
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This level of moral reasoning is based on avoiding punishment; and to serve one's own needs, "right" is relative to the moment.
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1. Pre-Conventional (0-9 years)
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This level of moral reasoning is based on the need to look good in one's own eyes and the eyes of others; to maintain the social system, shared social perspective "we need to have rules to keep the whole thing moving along." Looking good to others
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2. Conventional (9-15 years)
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This level of moral reasoning believes in greater moral principles and a sense of personal commitment to doing what is right because it is right, regardless of individual needs. Sense of commitment to the "greater good for the greatest number." It is the right thing to do....
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3. Post-Conventional (15-adult)
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What are the stages of Death and Dying? (Kubler-Ross)
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1. Denial
2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance |
