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224 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Operant conditioning
(relates to Behavior Therapy) |
relates to rewards and punishments that occur after an event (a behavior) that reinforces or extinguishes the behavior.
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Classical conditioning
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aka responsive conditioning or antecedent conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning. The reinforcer occurs BEFORE the event
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In operant conditioning --
positive reinforcer, negative reinforcer, punishments or extinctions |
A positive reinforcer is something that increases the likelihood of a behavior.
A negative reinforcer – things by their absence increases the likelihood of a behavior. Punishments or extinctions – things that reduce the likelihood of a behavior. |
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Erikson's stages as related to Freud
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1) Oral – basic trust vs. mistrust
2) Anal – autonomy vs. shame, doubt 3) Phallic – initiative vs. guilt 4) Latency – industry vs. inferiority 5) Genital – identify vs. role confusion 6) Young adulthood – intimacy vs. isolation 7) Adulthood – generativity vs. stagnation 8) Maturity – ego integrity vs. despair |
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Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic (Freud)
--Philosophy-- |
• people motivated by primitive drives, psychic energy, early experience
• Bx determined by irrational forces • pathology rooted in repressed early childhood conflicts |
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Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic (Freud)
--Goals-- |
• Bring unconscious to consciousness
• reconstruct basic personality • re-live earlier experiences; work through repressed conflicts • Achieve intellectual and emotional awareness • assimilation of new material by the ego |
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theory that all aspects of a person's psychological makeup arise from specific causes or forces, as previous experiences or instinctual drives, which may be conscious or unconscious.
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Psychic Determinism
(Freud) |
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Tri-partite structure of personality (Freud)
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• Id (what I wanna do)
• Superego (what I oughta do) • Ego (what I decide to do) |
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Repression (Freud)
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serves to remove painful thoughts, memories, or feelings from conscious awareness by excluding painful experiences or unacceptable impulses.
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Reaction formation (Freud)
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A way of avoiding an unacceptable impulse is to act in the opposite extreme. By acting in a way that is opposite to disturbing desires, individuals do not have to deal with the resulting anxiety.
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Projection (Freud)
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Attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings or thoughts to others is the basis of projection.
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Displacement (Freud)
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When anxious, individuals can express their feelings not to an object or person who may be dangerous but to those who may be safe. ('Kick the dog')
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Sublimation (Freud)
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Somewhat similar to displacement, sublimation is the modification of a drive (usually sexual or aggressive) into acceptable social behavior.
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Rationalization (Freud)
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To explain away a poor performance, a failure, or a loss, people may make excuses to lessen their anxiety and soften the disappointment.
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Regression (Freud)
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To revert to a previous stage of development is to regress. Faced with stress, individuals may use previously appropriate but now immature behaviors.
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Identification (Freud)
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By taking on the characteristics of others, people can reduce their anxiety as well as other negative feelings.
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Intellectualization (Freud)
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emotional issues are not dealt with directly but rather are handled indirectly through abstract thought.
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• therapeutic listening/responding
• dream interpretation • free association • analysis of resistance • insight/assimilation of new material • therapeutic alliance |
Clinical Applications of Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theory
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Psychoanalytic Neo-Freudians
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Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Eric Erikson, Melanie Klein, Anna Freud, Wilfred Bion
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Theory Stating: Humans motivated by social interest, striving toward collective goals & dealing with life tasks.
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Adlerian Psychotherapy
--Philosophy-- |
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Adlerian Psychotherapy
--Goals-- |
• Challenge client's basic premises & life goals
• Offer encouragement • Develop a sense of belonging |
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Theory Emphasizing:
• Unity of personality • Finding meaningful goals • Struggle between superiority/inferiority • Understanding the family constellation • Importance of birth order |
Adlerian Psychotherapy
--Key Concepts-- |
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Adlerian Psychotherapy
--Clinical Application-- |
• Provide encouragement
• Acknowledge the client’s experience • Client change cognitive perspective, Bx • Gather life-history data • Questionnaires/Homework • Acting as if • The Question: 'What would be different if you were well?” |
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theory that human being is by nature religious, psychology of this can be explored
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Jungian Therapy
--Philosophy-- |
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Jungian Therapy
--Goals-- |
• individuation via integration of conscious and unconscious
• one must individuate to become whole |
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Archetypes (Jung)
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images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious
represent the possibility of types of perceptions; they take a person’s reactions and put them into a pattern. pathways from the collective unconscious to the conscious, which may lead to an action |
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Persona (Jung)
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means “mask” in Latin, is the way individuals present themselves in public; the roles they play
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Anima/animus (Jung)
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qualities of the other sex, such as feelings, attitudes, and values. For men, the anima represents the feminine part of the male psyche, such as feelings and emotionality; animus is the masculine part of the female psyche, representing characteristics such as logic and rationality.
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Shadow (Jung)
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potentially the most dangerous and powerful of the archetypes, representing the part of our personalities that is most different from our conscious awareness of ourselves.
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Self (Jung)
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energy that provides organization and integration of the personality.
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Synchronicity (Jung)
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coincidences that have no causal connection; e.g. dreaming of seeing two snakes and then seeing snakes the next day.
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Interventions for this theory include:
• Examining Archetypal material in dreams • Active Imagination • Creative Techniques • Projective Techniques • Measures of Personality (Myers-Briggs) |
Jungian Therapy
--Clinical Applications-- |
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Erik Erikson: 8 Psychosocial Developmental Stages
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Infancy
Early Childhood Preschool Age School Age Adolescence Young Adulthood Middle Age Later Life |
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Infancy (Erikson)
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Trust vs. Mistrust
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Early Childhood (Erikson)
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Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
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Preschool Age (Erikson)
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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School Age (Erikson)
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Industry vs. Inferiority
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Adolescence (Erikson)
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Identity vs. Role Confusion
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Young Adulthood (Erikson)
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
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Middle Age (Erikson)
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
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Later Life (Erikson)
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Integrity vs. Despair
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Id (Freud)
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• inherited, primal, infantile, survival instincts
• home of pleasure principle, libido, cathexis, primary process • impulsive, self-indulgent, destructive |
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Cathect / Cathexis (Freud)
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investment of energy; the id cathects in objects that will satisfy its needs
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Primary Process (Freud)
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action of id that satisfies a need, reducing drive tension by producing mental image of a need-satisfying object
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Ego (Freud)
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• delaying id gratification in support of Reality Principle, maintaining external environment
• planning, logical thinking, for satisfying needs later on • anticathexis |
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Anticathexis (Freud)
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• control/restraint over id,
• imposing limits on investment of energy in need-satisfying object |
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Superego (Freud)
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• learned/perceived social standards, values, ego ideals, seeking approval
• irrational, idealistic, strict, unrealistic, high standards |
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Types of Superego Anxiety (Freud)
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• realistic
• neurotic • moral |
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Realistic Anxiety (Freud)
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fear of external consequences
(Freud) |
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Neurotic Anxiety (Freud)
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fear of reprimand, loss of control
(Freud) |
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Moral Anxiety (Freud)
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fear of superego failure, rule violation, badness
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Psychosexual Stages of Development (Freud)
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• Oral: 0-18 months
• Anal: 18 mo. – 3 years • Phallic: 3 yr. – 6 yr. • Latency: 6 yr. – 12 yr. • Genital: 12 yr. – ∞ |
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Oral Stage (Freud)
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• 0-18 months
• eating, gaining knowledge • fixation on breast/parent/etc |
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Anal Stage (Freud)
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• 18 mo. – 3 years
• body self-esteem • retentive vs. expulsive • control over self & others |
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Phallic Stage (Freud)
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• 3 yr. – 6 yr.
• penis envy, castration anxiety • Oedipus Complex sublimated into future sexual relations |
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Latency Stage (Freud)
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• 6 yr. – 12 yr.
• post-oedipal • sex instinct appears dormant • libido festering unconsciously |
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Genital Stage (Freud)
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• 12 yr. – ∞
• focus of sex drive is on others as sex objects |
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psychosocial stage involving: safe attachment, dependency, survival needs, drives
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Trust vs. Mistrust
--Infancy-- (Erikson) |
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Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
--Early Childhood-- (Erikson) |
psychosocial stage involving: bladder/bowel control, self/body awareness, independence
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psychosocial stage involving: acquisition of basic skills, cognitive & sociosexual roles
(Erikson) |
Industry vs. Inferiority
--School Age-- (Erikson) |
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psychosocial stage involving: resolution of oedipus crisis, investment of energy in competence/confidence
(Erikson) |
Initiative vs. Guilt
--Preschool-- (Erikson) |
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psychosocial stage involving: self-esteem, goal setting, interpersonal confidence
(Erikson) |
Identity vs. Role Confusion
--Adolescence-- (Erikson) |
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psychosocial stage involving: cooperative social/work relationships, vulnerability & closeness with others
(Erikson) |
Intimacy vs. Isolation
--Young Adulthood-- (Erikson) |
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
--Middle Age-- (Erikson) |
psychosocial stage involving: movement beyond intimacy, toward productivity, worldliness, accomplishment
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Integrity vs. Despair
--Later Life-- (Erikson) |
psychosocial stage involving: gerotranscendence, shift from materialistic & rational vision to peace of mind & spirituality
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• neo-freudian theory focusing on unconscious childhood views of internalized love objects
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Object Relations
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mother who adequately allows infant to move from omnipotence to awareness of others
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Good-Enough Mother (Winnicott)
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True Self (Winnicott)
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• spontaneous
• realness • distinct/individuated self/other |
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False Self (Winnicott)
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• compliant
• slave to expectation |
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• develop true self, extinguish false self
• help client understand “false self” • help client to feel they are center of attention in therapy • controlled regression in Tx to repair defective early childhood parenting |
Object Relations Therapy (Winnicott)
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Splitting (Kernberg)
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• normal defensive process of keeping incompatible feelings separate from each other
• more apparent in Borderline features |
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Controlled Regression
(Object Relations) |
• process in which patient returns to stage of early dependence. Therapist must sense what 'being the client' is like and be the subjective object of client's love or hate.
• Therapist must deal with irrationality and strong feelings of patient without getting angry or upset at patient. |
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Self-Psychology (Kohut)
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• emphasis on narcissism, not as pathological condition, but as motivating organizer of development in which love for self precedes love for others.
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Developer of Self-Psychology
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Heinz Kohut
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Developed Object Relations framework for working with Borderline presentations
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Otto Kernberg
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Names associated with classic Object Relations theory
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Winnicott, Kernberg, Mahler, Klein
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Narcissism
(Kohut) |
motivating organizer of development in which love for self precedes love for others.
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narcissistic, all loving, all lovable, self-concept in Self-Psychology
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Grandiose Self
(Kohut) |
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• core/center of individual
• initiative, motivation • provides central purpose to personality • responsible for patterns of skills/goals • comprised of: object, subject, self-object |
Self
(Kohut) |
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in Self-Psychology: internalized image of idealized parent
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Object
(Kohut) |
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Self-object
(Kohut) |
in Self-Psychology:
• patterns of unconsc. thoughts, images, ideas of other • internalized representation of oneself |
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Subject
(Kohut) |
in Self-Psychology: internalized Grandiose Self of the child
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in Self-Psychology:
• develops through series of small empathic failures • negotiating 'bipolar self' via reality-testing |
Sense of Self
(Kohut) |
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Bipolar Self
(Kohut) |
in Self-Psychology:
• choice between parent expectations (idealized object) and internal desire (grandiose self) • negotiation of this facilitates strengthening Sense of Self |
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Narcissistic Outbursts
(Kohut) |
in Self-Psychology:
• due to removal of mirroring selfobject, Grandiose self incorporates idealized object (Parent) to perform function of mirroring (in service of narcissism) |
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theory that disorders occur b/c
• lack of stable narcissistic images • lack of stable idealized object (parent) • damaged narcissism (lost self-esteem) |
Self-Psychology
Theory of Pathology (Kohut) |
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In Self-Psycholgoy: When the parent reflects or mirrors the child’s view of him/herself.
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Mirroring
(Kohut) |
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Twinship Transference
(Kohut) |
in Self-Psychology: analysand's need to rely on the analyst as a narcissistic function possessing characteristics like herself.
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Founders of Existential Thought
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Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Jean Paul Sartre, Martin Buber
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Founders of Existential Psychology
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Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, James Bugental, Irv Yalom
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Types of Dream Content (Freud)
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• Manifest Content: as experienced by dreamer
• Latent Content: symbolic/unconscious motives within dream |
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Types of Assessment in Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
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• Rorschach
• Blacky Test • Working Alliance Inventory |
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Negative Transference in Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
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• Transference Psychosis: intense and primitive feelings in delusional periods of deep regression
• Projective Identification |
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Style of Life (Adler)
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methods of adaptation to obstacles, creating solutions, achieving goals
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Stages of 'Social Interest' development (Adler)
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• Aptitude: for cooperation/social living
• Ability:for expressing aptitude • Secondary Dynamic Characteristics: attitudes & interests as means for expressing Social Interest |
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Factors threatening development of self-confidence & social interest (Adler)
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• pampering
• physical disabilities • neglect |
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Inferiority Complex (Adler)
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presentation of one to oneself & others that one is not strong enough to usefully solve problems
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Superiority Complex (Adler)
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means of inflating one's self-importance in order to overcome feelings of inferiority
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Reorientation Techniques (Adler)
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• Immediacy
• Encouragement • Acting As If • Catching Oneself • 'The Question' • Spitting in the Client's Soup • Avoiding the Tarbaby • Push-Button Technique • Paradoxical Intention • Task Setting & Commitment • Homework |
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Spitting in the Client's Soup (Adler)
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therapist making comments that cause unwanted behaviors to seem unattractive to client
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Avoiding the Tarbaby (Adler)
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exercising care around confirming client's negative self-perceptions
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Push-button technique (Adler)
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imagine positive memory to overshadow hurt/anger/failure/etc
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Paradoxical Intention (Adler)
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prescribing intensification of symptoms to expose problem behaviors to client with hope that bx will be changed
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Recognition Reflex
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'unconscious, uncontrollable grin signaling a sudden, not quite conscious awareness that an interpretation is correct'
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Stages of Change
Brief Therapy |
• BEHAVIORAL description of prob
• UNDERLYING rules of interaction • REORIENTATION to possibility that rules can change • PRESCRIBING new behavioral rituals |
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study of objects as they are experienced in the consciousness of individuals
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Phenomenology (Husserl)
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study of objects as they are experienced in the consciousness of individuals
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Phenomenology (Husserl)
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Heidegger's word for 'personhood existing in reality'
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Dasein (Heidegger)
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Daseinanalysis (Boss)
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degree to which ppl relate with openness & clarity in context of time (mood dependent)
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• Umwelt
• Mitwelt • Eigenwelt • Überwelt |
Levels of 'Dasein'
(Heidegger) |
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Level of Dasein:
• biological world • drives • beyond control • 'thrown world' |
Umwelt (Heidegger)
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Level of Dasein:
• human relationships • mutual awareness of 'other' |
Mitwelt (Heidegger)
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Level of Dasein:
• relationship with self • self-awareness viewing world |
Eigenwelt (Heidegger)
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Level of Dasein:
• relationship with spiritual • ideal world • belief system • values |
Überwelt (Heidegger)
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Types of Anxiety
(Existential Therapy) |
• Normal: situation appropriate, not repressed
• Existential: regret, guilt for self-betrayal • Neurotic: out of proportion, destructive, evasive |
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Dasein
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personhood in reality
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umwelt
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bio. world, drives/instincts
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mitwelt
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human relationships
'middle world' |
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eigenwelt
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relationship with self
'own world' |
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überwelt
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ideal world
relationship with spiritual |
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Anxiety for Existentialists
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Normal
Existential Neurotic |
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Existentialist Concepts
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Living/Dying
Freedom Responsibility Will/Choice Isolation Loving Meaning/Meaninglessness |
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Types of Isolation
(Existentialist) |
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal Existential |
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Interpersonal Isolation
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geographical, psychological, social distance from others
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Intrapersonal Isolation
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separated parts of self using defense mechanisms to hide own wishes
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Existential Isolation
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idea that we are all uniquely separate in our experience of the world
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Stages in Development of Existential Awareness (May)
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• Innocence/Openness of Infant
• 2-3 yrs: Reaction to external world • Consciousness of self as indiv. • Transcendant Consciousness: more objective view of self & experience |
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Objective/Projective Assessments in Existential Therapy
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rorschach
TAT PIL Experiencing Scale Templer's Death Anxiety Scale Silver Lining Questionnaire |
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Therapeutic Love
(Existential Psych) |
loving friendship, nonreciprocal, intimacy, openness, trust, sharing, caring, authentic
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Iatrogenic Effects
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negative effects caused by treatment
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Existential Therapy
--Goals-- |
develop authenticity re: central genuineness & awareness of being
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Existential Therapy
--Clinical Application-- |
• listen for themes of isolation, meaninglessness, responsibility, morality
• assess for ability to face life honestly • projective/objective instruments • help client to clarify values |
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Person/Client Centered (Rogers)
--Philosophy-- |
human being is positive at the core, able to self-actualize, care for self, etc
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Person/Client Centered (Rogers)
--Goals-- |
• become self-directed, self-actualized
• increase positive self-regard • empower client to make choices increasing their own capacities |
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Person/Client Centered (Rogers)
--Key Terms-- |
• Empathic Understanding
• Congruence • Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Organismic Sensing (Rogers)
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trusting one's own reactions to the environment
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Positive Regard (Rogers)
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• need increases with age
• experience affects self-regard |
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Conditions of Worth (Rogers)
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• process of evaluating one's own experience based on beliefs/values of others
• may limit development of individual |
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Conditional Regard (Rogers)
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leads to misdirected, disorganized love-seeking Bx, inauthentic self, anxiety due to difficulty conforming to perceived (distorted) expectations
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Congruence (Rogers)
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• agreement between individual's experience and view of self
• matching of inner experience with external Bx expression |
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Person/Client Centered (Rogers)
--Clinical Applications-- |
• Active listening
• reflection of feeling • clarification • relationship b/t therapist & client • focus on present moment • focus on what is right with client |
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Necessary & Sufficient Conditions for Change (Rogers)
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• Psychological Contact: engaging, connecting, impacting
• Incongruence: b/t self-perception & experience, brought into awareness • Congruence/Genuineness: w/o facade from therapist • Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR) • Empathy • Perception (by patient) of UPR |
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Aspects of Client Experience
(Rogers) |
• Experiencing Responsibility
• Experiencing the Therapist • Experiencing Process of Exploration • Experiencing the Self • Experiencing Change |
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Types of Perceived Empathy
(Rogers) |
• Cognitive: experience/motivation understood
• Affective: therapist involved in client's feeling-state • Sharing: therapist shares relevant opinions • Nurturing: therapist attentive, providing security & support |
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Gestalt Therapy (Perls)
--Philosophy-- |
It is more important to experience the problem than to explain it.
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Gestalt Therapy (Perls)
--Goals-- |
• Assist clients in gaining awareness
• Help clients expand capacity to make choices • Integration is objective, not analysis |
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Gestalt Therapy (Perls)
--Key Concepts-- |
• Energy, blocks to energy
• Figure and ground • Contact • Disturbances of Contact • Unfinished business • Awareness |
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Gestalt Therapy (Perls)
--Techniques-- |
• fully functioning I-thou relationship
• creative experiments/exercises (i.e., empty chair, enactments) |
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Thorndike's Law of Effect
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consequences that follow behavior will facilitate learning process; behavior is altered by systematically changing consequences
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Aspects of Observational Learning and Personality Formation (Bandura)
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• Attentional Processes
• Retention Processes • Motor Reproduction Processes • Motivational Processes |
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Individual perception of ability to deal with a variety of situations
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Self-Efficacy (Bandura)
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Sources of Self-Efficacy (Bandura)
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• Performance Accomplishments
• Vicarious Experiences • Verbal Permission |
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Goals of Behavior Therapy
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• Early in treatment: change specific target behaviors
• 'Functional Analysis' to set further goals |
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Assessment in Behavior Therapy
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• Interviews: specific Bx info (i.e., antecedents/consequences/etc)
• Reports & Ratings: self-report inventories, ratings by others • Behavioral Observations • Physiological Measurements |
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Naturalistic Observations
(Behavior Tx) |
observer is seen by subject
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Simulated Observations
(Behavior Tx) |
observer is NOT seen by subject
(i.e., one-way mirror, microphone, etc) |
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Physiological Measurements used in Behavioral Assessments
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• blood pressure
• heart rate • respiration • skin conductivity |
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Systematic Desensitization
(Behavior Tx) |
'relaxation paired with thoughts of events that had previously evoked anxiety'
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Goals of Systematic Desensitization
|
• Learn & reinforce relaxation techniques
• Identify 'Anxiety Hierarchies' • Desensitization |
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Desensitization
(Behavior Tx) |
• learned ability to confront anxiety with relaxation
• self-reinforcing through Performance Accomplishment • can be generalized |
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Imaginal Flooding Therapy
--Techniques-- (Behavior Tx) |
• In Vivo
• Virtual Reality • Modeling Techniques • Self-Instruction • Stress Inoculation Training |
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Modeling Techniques
(Imaginal Flooding Tx) |
• Live Modeling
• Symbolic Modeling • Role Play • Participant Modeling • Covert Modeling |
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Cognitive Behavioral Tx
--Philosophy-- |
• Psych. distress is combo of bio/env/social factors
• These factors interact, leading to cognitive distortions • Distortions cause maladaptive beliefs and behaviors |
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Cognitive Behavioral Tx
--Goals-- |
• Determined by client
• modify and change cognition by removing distortions • improve regulation of affect • alter behavioral patterns |
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
|
• Sensorimotor (birth - 2)
• Preoperations (2-7) • Concrete Operations (7-11) • Formal Operations (11+) |
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spontaneous cognitions that can be organized to describe & articulate an individual's cognitive schemas
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Automatic Thoughts (CBT)
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Cognitive Model of Schema Development
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• Early childhood experience shapes beliefs re: self/world
• Beliefs organized into cognitive schemas, solidified by Critical Incidents • Schemas become manifest in Automatic Thoughts, and emotional, behavioral, physio responses |
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Early Maladaptive Schemas
(CBT) |
Resistant to change, activated by change & negative emotions
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Disconnection/Rejection
(CBT) |
Early Maladaptive Schema:
a belief that the need for security, caring, love, empathy, is NOT predictably met |
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Impaired Autonomy/Performance
(CBT) |
Early Maladaptive Schema:
belief that one cannot function independently |
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Impaired Limits
(CBT) |
Early Maladaptive Schema:
belief that one has difficulty respecting rights of other, is less cooperative |
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Overvigilance & Inhibition
(CBT) |
Early Maladaptive Schema:
belief that one must suppress emotion to meet high expectations |
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Qualities of Schemas in CBT
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• Adaptive vs. Maladaptive
• Active vs. Inactive/Periodic • Compelling/Learned vs. Noncompelling • Easily changeable vs. unchangeable |
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Types of Schemas in CBT
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• Cognitive-conceptual
• Affective • Physiological • Behavioral • Motivational |
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Cognitive-conceptual Schemas
(CBT) |
• means of storing, interpreting, & making meaning
• 'core beliefs' |
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Affective Schemas
(CBT) |
qualitative evaluation of positive vs. negative feelings
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Physiological Schemas
(CBT) |
perception of physiological functions
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Behavioral Schemas
(CBT) |
actions taken in response to particular stimuli
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Motivational Schemas
(CBT) |
necessary conditions to initiate an action
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Cognitive Distortions
(CBT) |
• All or Nothing thinking
• Selective Abstraction • Mind Reading • Negative Prediction • Catastrophizing • Overgeneralization • Labeling/Mislabeling • Magnification/Minimization • Personalization |
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Methods of Altering Schemas
(CBT) |
• Reinterpretation
• Modification • Restructuring |
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Assessment in CBT
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• Intake Interview
• Self-Monitoring (client record) • Thought Sampling • Scales and Questionnaires |
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assessment technique in which clients record (write) thoughts at random intervals as prompted by audible tone
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Thought Sampling
(CBT) |
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Cognitive Behavioral Tx
--Therapeutic Relationship-- |
'joint scientific exploration in which both therapist and client test new assumptions'
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Cognitive Behavioral Tx
--Techniques-- |
• Understanding Idiosyncratic Meaning of Client Word Choice
• Challenging Absolutes • Reattribution • Labeling Cognitive Distortions • Decatastrophizing • Challenge All-or-Nothing Think. • Listing Advantages & Disadvantages of beliefs • Cognitive Rehearsal |
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Reattribution (CBT)
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helping client to fairly distribute responsibility for an event
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Developer of REBT
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Albert Ellis
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REBT Acronym
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
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ABC Theory of Personality (Ellis)
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• Ppl exposed to ACTIVATING EVENTS
• develop unconscious BELIEF SYSTEM • experience emo/bx CONSEQUENCES |
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Theory of personality in which emotional/behavioral Consequences result from pairing of rational/irrational Beliefs with pleasant/unpleasant Activating Events
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ABC Theory of Personality (Ellis)
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Musterbation (Ellis)
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cyclical development of irrational beliefs that lead to emotional disturbance
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Types of 'Musts' (Ellis)
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• demands of self
• demands of others • demands of the world |
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Types of Anxiety in REBT/ABC
(Ellis) |
• Discomfort Anxiety
• Ego Anxiety |
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Discomfort Anxiety (Ellis)
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threat to one's comfort level, need to meet a desire/expectation
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Ego Anxiety (Ellis)
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• threat to sense of self-worth
• must perform well • belief in catastrophic results of failed wish fulfillment |
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REBT -- Goals
(Ellis) |
• minimize emotional disturbance
• change self-defeating Bx • increase self-actualization • improve happiness |
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REBT -- Assessment Techniques
(Ellis) |
• BDI
• REBT Self-Help Form • ABC-focused interviewing |
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REBT -- Clinical Approach
(Ellis) |
• build rapport, focus on ABC
• mentor-protege relationship • ABCDE Approach |
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ABCDE Approach
(Ellis) |
• Specify Activating Event
• Differentiate Rational/Irrational Beliefs • Identify Consequences • Disputing • Effect (tx outcome) |
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Levels of Disputing in REBT
(ABCDE Approach) |
• Detecting Irrational Beliefs
• Discriminating rational/irrational • Debating Irrational Beliefs |
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REBT -- Therapist Strategies
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• lecture
• socratic dialogue • humor, metaphor, creativity • self-disclosure of therapist Irrational Beliefs |
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Developer of DBT
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Marsha Linehan
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DBT Acronym
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Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
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DBT -- Theoretical Roots
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• Bx-change
• psychodynamic relationship • Zen-acceptance & validation • dialectical philosophy • bio-social theory |
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DBT -- Goals
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• decrease life-threatening Bx
• decrease therapy interfering Bx • Decrease quality-of-life interfering Bx • Increase mindfulness Bx skills |
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Four Modules of DBT
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• Mindfulness
• Distress Tolerance • Emotional Regulation • Interpersonal Effectiveness |
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Mindfulness Skills (DBT)
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WHAT
• Observe • Describe • Participate HOW • Non-judgmentally • One-Mindfully • Effectively |
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Distress Tolerance Skills (DBT)
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• Distraction with ACCEPTS
• Self-Soothe • IMPROVE the moment • Pros & Cons • Radical Acceptance • Turning the Mind • Willingness vs. Willfulness |
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Emotional Regulation Skills (DBT)
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• Story of Emotion
• PLEASE MASTER • Opposite Action • Problem Solving • Letting go of Emo. Suffering |
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Interpersonal Effectiveness Skills
(DBT) |
• DEARMAN -- to get something
• GIVE -- giving something • FAST -- keeping self respect |
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Distract with ACCEPTS
(DBT) |
• Activities: do things you enjoy
• Contribute: to community • Comparisons: to ppl 'worse off' • Emotions (other): i.e., humor • Push away: change activities • Thoughts (other): change thoughts • Sensations: engage body/senses |
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IMPROVE the Moment
(DBT) |
• Imagery: imagine relaxing scenes
• Meaning: seek meaning in emotions • Prayer: pray, meditate, etc • Relaxation: muscles, breathing, body • One thing in the moment: focus attention • Vacation (brief): take a break • Encouragement: be own cheerleader |
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Story of Emotion (DBT)
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List used to understand present emotion:
• Prompting Event • Interpretation of Event • Body sensations • Body language • Action urge • Action • Emotion name, based on above |
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PLEASE MASTER
(DBT) |
• PhysicaL illness: seek treatment
• Eating: healthy diet • Avoid: non-prescribed meds/drugs • Sleep: about 8 hours/day • Exercise: for health and mood • MASTERy: activities to build sense of competence/control |
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DEARMAN
(DBT) |
• DESCRIBE situation
• EXPRESS feelings • ASSERT clear expectations • REINFORCE position w/positive results • MINDFUL of focus on goals • APPEAR confident no matter what • NEGOTIATE comfortable compromise |
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GIVE
(DBT) |
• GENTLE
• INTERESTED • VALIDATE • EASY manner |
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FAST
(DBT) |
• FAIR to self/other
• APOLOGIES (few) • STICK (to your values) • TRUTHFUL |
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Recovery Model
-- Philosophy -- |
• DSM as work of fiction
• focus on collective • problems in community, not indiv. • Pathology as problems in living • opposed to Medical Model • strengths-based • providing respect & hope • no condition is 'chronic' • integrated team vs. indiv. provider • case mgmt vs. 50 min. hour • community vs. clinic based • consumer-driven • person-centered, holistic |
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Empowerment
(Recovery Model) |
self-direction + self-determination
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Types of Goals
(Recovery Model) |
Living Goals
Treatment Goals Quality of Life Goals |
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Community treatment model focused on meeting each consumer where they are, helping them decide where they would like to be next
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Recovery Model
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Operant Conditioning
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A type of learning in which behavior is increased or decreased by systematically changing its consequences.
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The process of no longer presenting a reinforcement. It is used to decrease or eliminate certain behaviors.
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Extinction
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An evidence-based therapy designed for the treatment of suicidal clients and those with borderline disorder. Mindfulness values and meditation techniques have been incorporated into this treatment.
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DBT (Linehan)
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