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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types of cells in the body |
Continuously Mitotic Post-mitotic Semi-mitotic |
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Continuously Mitotic cells |
- Cells that divide and produce new cells throughout the lifespan of the organism - Rates of division decrease with age - Examples: bone marrow cells, skin cells |
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Post-mitotic cells |
- Cells which divide during embyrogenesis then stop - These cells DO NOT divide during adult life - Examples: muscle, nerve, cardiac and brain cells |
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Semi-mitotic cells |
- Reverting post-mitotic cells - These cells normally divide, but when injured they will - Examples: liver cells |
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Validity of Biological Aging Themes (3 criteria) |
1) Universal - must occur in all members of a given species 2) Progressive - must become more obvious as a person gets older 3) Deleterious - must produce changes that lead to dysfunction at the cellular, tissue and organ system levels. |
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Base pairing (in DNA) |
A with T G with C |
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Macromolecules that make up humans |
1. Lipids 2. Carbohydrates 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids |
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4 Major Types of Lipids |
1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids 4. Lipoproteins |
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Fats are also called |
Triglycerides |
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Fatty acids can be... |
i) saturated (lard, solid, at room temperature), animal fats ii) unsaturated (oils, liquid at room temperature), plant fats (i.e. canola oil) |
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Phospholipids |
- part of Lipid group of macromolecules - form the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane - important component of biological membranes - water hating or water liking - non-polar or polar - hydrophobic or hydrophillic - polar head (hydrophobic) and non-polar tail (hydrophillic) |
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Steroids |
- part of Lipid group of macromolecules - cholesterol is one (found in cell membrane) - many are hormones (estrogen, testosterone, etc.) - many are vitamins (Vitamin D) |
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Lipoproteins |
- LDL and HDL (bad and good) - complex molecules of cholesterol + trigylcerides (envelope of phospholipids + protein) |
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LDL |
-low density lipoprotein -bad cholesterol -formed in liver, travelling away from liver -'stick' to artery walls (forms plaques) |
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HDL |
- high density lipoprotein - good (h=happy) cholesterol - takes cholesterol from blood to liver (breaks down) - the more HDL, the less risk of forming plaques |
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Theories of aging (2 categories) |
Random (stochastic) Programmed (controlled by our genes) |
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Random Theories of Aging |
Genetic - gene mutation theory (DNA damage results in errors in proteins) or accumulation of errors Chemical - free radical damage, waste accumulation Physiological - major organs wear out (wear and tear theory), systems fail, body shuts down, domino effect (i.e. refrigerator theory.. stops being cold, throw out) |
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Programmed Theories of Aging |
"Biological clock" - or intrinsic to every cell? - or one master clock in the body at centre (ie. the brain) -genes regulate the life span are 'on' or 'off' (death genes) - programmed decline (i.e. menopause) - life span is fixed for each species |
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Cell Cycle |
G1 Phase (growth of the cell) S Phase (period of DNA replicaton - synthesis) G2 Phase (cells prepare for mitosis) M Phase (mitosis) G0 Phase (non-dividing cell) |
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Apoptosis |
cell death Occurs naturally to remove unwanted or damaged cells - balances cell replication with cell removal (homeostatis) |
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Apo-1 receptor (a gene) |
-death gene (suicide gene) -it's a receptor -as soon as ligand binds to apo-1protein, the cell dies -(apoptosis is the result) |
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Programmed theories of aging include these items |
Telomeres Hayflicks limit Apoptosis Apo-1 Gene (ligand appears) |
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Telomeres |
pg 229 |
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Hayflicks limit |
see notes (human cells only replicate 50 times) |
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Fos Gene |
Pg 248 |
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BAX Protein |
pg 254 - another death gene |
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Random Theories of Aging Gene mutation theory |
-accumulation of mutations occur in DNA (genes) of cells -leads to cell death -repair mechanisms break down -replication process breaks down |
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DNA Mutation Causes |
-xrays/radioactivity - free radicals - toxins and chemicals - repair mechanisms break down -replication process breaks down |
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Common DNA Errors |
- Deletions - Translocations - Point mutation |
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Gerontology |
• Is a branch of Science • Deals directly with the study of the aging process • Usually is from the onset of maturity to death • Is a multidisciplinary field including the following aspects: Biological Socioeconomic Psychological |
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Geriatrics |
• Is a branch of medicine • Deals with medical care and treatment of the elderly • Is primarily concerned with diseases associated with aging |
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Three Major Forces that May Directly Impact on the Aging Process |
Biological Social Psychological |
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Psychological Aging |
Elderly thinking and memory. Behaviour. (measured individually) |
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Social Aging |
Elderly interactions with others: grandparent, death of spouse, retirement, political and economical, religious. (measured on a group basis) |
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Biological Aging |
Biogerontology Solely on the biological aspects of the aging process. (this course - but still need to look at psychological and social aspects in combination) |
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Interaction of biological, psychological and social aspects of aging |
i.e. Hearing Loss Biological: loss of hearing Psychological: anger, withdrawn, depression Social: isolation, exclusion |
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Biogerontology - Biology of Aging |
Looks at physical changes in the body at: 1) anatomical (tissues, organs, systems) 2) cellular (Macromolecules: DNA, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, cells, organelles) Normal physical changes in: appearance, functional capacity Functional restrictions and impairments |
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Why study Biogerontology - two major groups |
1) Prolongevity group: premature death is result of disease. Eradicate disease, length of life will increase. Aging is 'curable', lifespan (120 years) is not fixed. 2) Basic Research group: Lifespan is fixed. Goal to live a healthy, vigorous lifespan. |
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Define aging |
chronological age (tremendous variation among how individuals age) biological age these two 'ages' to not equal |
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Arrangement of phospholipids |
Water = round polar head Hates water = non-polar tail |
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Carbohydrates |
monosaccharides (simple sugars) disaccharide polysaccharide - these supply energy and building materials for the cells and act as receptors for communication between cells |
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Proteins |
made up of amino acids 20 different amino acids enormous variation possible in proteins |
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Nucleic Acids |
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) (these things - adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine) A with T, G with C... RNA (Ribonucleic acid) (uracil instead of thymine) |
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Cell (3 parts) |
Plasma membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm and organelles |
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Cell (definition) |
Basic smallest unit of life - makes all the proteins for the body and supplies all energy - genetic material in nucleus contains all important info for producing all cellular components |
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Cell (parts) |
1) Plasma membrane 2) Centrioles 3) Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) 4) Ribosomes 5) Lyosome 6) Nucleus 7) Nucleolus 8) Nuclear membrane 9) Mitochondria 10) Chromatin threads 11) Cytoplasm 12) Golgi apparatus 13) Vacuole 10) |
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Plasma membrane (in the lipid bilayer) |
Sugar molecules Proteins Protein fibres Glycolipids |
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Cytoplasm |
gel like stuff - supports the organelles |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Smooth - no ribosomes attached, site of detoxification, lipid and steroid synthesis Rough - has ribosomes attached, site of protein synthesis |
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Ribosomes |
little spheres Factory of Cell - where amino acids become proteins |
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Mitochondria |
Powerplant of the cell |
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Lysosomes |
Garbage can of cell |
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Golgi apparatus |
Traffic director which modifies proteins from RER, attaches lipids and carbs to them and seds them off |
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Nucleus |
Directs protein synthesis: - nuclear membrane - nucleolus - chromosomes |
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Protein synthesis |
Bunch of amino acids form virtually infinite number of combinations |
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How are proteins produced? |
A gene will make a specific protein Instructions for building a specific protein are encode on DNA molecules within genes |
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Gene |
a segment of DNA nucleotides |
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RNA (3 types) |
mRNA = Messenger RNA (transcribes DNA) tRNA = Transfer RNA (dictionary) rRNA = Ribosomal RNA (work bench) |
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Mitosis |
- occurs in cells after chromosome duplication has occurred - copy of each duplicated chromosome (chromatid) is segregated into two daughter cells |
