Theories (Ancc Ch. 2)

Front 1

Trust vs. Mistrust
(Erik Erikson)

Back 1

AGE: infancy, 0-1
MASTERY: ability to form meaningful relationships, hope about the future, trust in others.
FAILURE: poor relationships, lack of future hope, suspicious of others.

Front 2

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(Erik Erikson)

Back 2

AGE: early childhood, 1-3
MASTERY: self-control, self-esteem, willpower.
FAILURE: poor self-control, low self-esteem, self-doubt, lack of independence

Front 3

Initiative vs. Guilt
(Erik Erikson)

Back 3

AGE: late childhood, 3-6
MASTERY: self-directed behavior, goal formation, sense of purpose
FAILURE: lack of self-initiated behavior, lack of goal orientation

Front 4

Industry vs. Inferiority
(Erik Erikson)

Back 4

AGE: school age, 6-12
MASTERY: ability to work, sense of competency and achievement
FAILURE: sense of inferiority, difficulty with working and learning.

Front 5

Identity vs. Role Confusion
(Erik Erikson)

Back 5

AGE: adolescence, 12-20
MASTERY: personal sense of identity
FAILURE: identity confusion, poor self-identification in group settings.

Front 6

Intimacy vs. Isolation
(Erik Erikson)

Back 6

AGE: early adulthood, 20-35
MASTERY: committed relationships, capacity to love
FAILURE: emotional isolation, egocentrism

Front 7

Generativity vs. Self-Absorption or Stagnation
(Erik Erikson)

Back 7

AGE: middle adulthood, 35-65
MASTERY: ability to give time and talents to others, ability to care for others
FAILURE: self-absorption, inability to grow and change as a person, inability to care for others

Front 8

Integrity vs. Despair
(Erik Erikson)

Back 8

AGE: late adulthood, >65
MASTERY: fulfillment and comfort with life, willingness to face death, insight and balanced perspective on life's events.
FAILURE: bitterness, sense of dissatisfaction with life, despair over impending death.

Front 9

Oral Stage
(Freud)

Back 9

AGE: 0-18 mo
DRIVE/SATISFACTION: sucking, chewing, feeding, crying
FAILURE R/T: Schizophrenia, substance abuse, paranoia

Front 10

Anal Stage
(Freud)

Back 10

AGE: 18mo - 3yrs
DRIVE/SATISFACTION: Sphincter control, activities of expulsion and retention
FAILURE R/T: depressive disorders

Front 11

Phallic Stage
(Freud)

Back 11

AGE: 3-6 yrs
DRIVE/SATISFACTION: exhibitionism, masturbation with focus on oedipal conflict, castration anxiety, and female fear of lost maternal love.
FAILURE R/T: sexual identity disorders

Front 12

Latency Stage
(Freud)

Back 12

AGE: 6 yrs - puberty
DRIVE/SATISFACTION: peer relationships, learning, motor skills development, socialization
FAILURE R/T: inability to form social relationships

Front 13

Genital Stage
(Freud)

Back 13

AGE: puberty and beyond
DRIVE/SATISFACTION: integration and synthesis of behaviors from early stages, primary genital-based sexuality
FAILURE R/T: sexual perversion disorders

Front 14

Sensorimotor
(Piaget)

Back 14

AGE: birth - 2 yrs
TASK: object permanence

Front 15

Preoperational
(Piaget)

Back 15

AGE: 2-7 yrs
TASK: more extensive use of language and symbolism; magical thinking

Front 16

Concrete Operations
(Piaget)

Back 16

AGE: 7-12 yrs
TASK: begins to use logic, develops concept of reversibility (ice/water) and conservation (clay)

Front 17

Formal Operations
(Piaget)

Back 17

AGE: 12 yrs - adult
TASK: abstract thought; thinks/operates in a formal, logical manner.

Front 18

Interpersonal Theory

Back 18

-Harry Stack Sullivan
-Interpersonal relationships and experiences influence self-esteem.
-Understanding behavior = understanding relationships
-Drives: satisfaction & security
-Relief of anxiety => interpersonal security

Front 19

Sullivan's Stages of Interpersonal Development

Back 19

INFANCY: birth-18mo, oral gratification; anxiety occurs for the first time.
CHILDHOOD: 18mo-6yrs, delayed gratification.
JUVENILE: 6-9yrs, forming of peer relationships.
PREADOLESCENCE: 9-12yrs, same-sex relationships.
EARLY ADOLESCENCE: 12-14yrs, opposite-sex relationships.
LATE ADOLESCENCE: 14-21yrs, self-identity developed.

Front 20

Health Belief Model
(Marshall Becker)

Back 20

Healthy people do not always take advantage of screening or preventative programs because of certain variables:
*Perception of susceptibility
*Seriousness of illness
*Perceived benefits of treatment
*Perceived barriers to change
*Expectations of efficacy

Front 21

Trans-Theoretical Model of Change

Back 21

6 Stages of Change:
Pre-contemplation (no intention to change)
Contemplation (not yet committed to changing, but sees problem)
Preparation (made the decision to change, ready for action)
Action (behavior changes occur)
Maintenance (prevention of relapse)

Front 22

Theory of Cultural Care
(Madeline Leininger)

Back 22

(Madeline Leininger)
-Regardless of the culture, care is the unifying focus and the essence of nursing.
-Health and well-being can be predicted through cultural care.

Front 23

Theory of Self-Care
(Dorothy Orem)

Back 23

(Dorothy Orem)
self care = activities that maintain life, health, and well-being

Front 24

Human Becoming Theory
(Rosemarie Parse)

Back 24

(Rosemarie Parse)
Individuals freely choose personal meaning in situations

Front 25

Health Promotion Theory
(Nola Pender)

Back 25

(Nola Pender)
explains behavior that enhances health and prevents disease.

Front 26

Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationship Theory /
Interpersonal Theory (Peplau)

Back 26

(Hildegard Peplau)
-First significant psychiatric nursing theory
-Nursing as an interpersonal process in which all interventions occur within the context of the nurse-client relationship, which is the core of nursing
-Phases of nurse-client relationship:
*orientation *working *termination

Front 27

Theory of Adaptation
(Sister Callista Roy)

Back 27

(Sister Callista Roy)
-Promotion of adaptive responses is goal or nursing.
-Behavior = attempt at adaptation to internal or external environmental forces.

Front 28

Caring Theory
(Jean Watson)

Back 28

(Jean Watson)
-Caring is nursing core
-"Carative factors" potentiate therapeutic healing and relationships.