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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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incarnation
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The term derives from the Latin word
“caro” or flesh, and literally means enfleshing. It commonly means that in the person of Jesus, Christ, God became flesh, that is, became a human being. A more refined definition is that the logos, the eternal Word, assumed our human nature in Jesus Christ. |
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incarnation avoids two extremes
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avoid the extreme of suggesting that Jesus was divine and only appeared to assume a human body, almost as a kind of masquerade. This approach is sometimes called Docetism.
idea that Jesus was simply a human being who simply appeared divine. The dogma of the incarnation affirms that Jesus Christ was truly and fully human and truly and fully divine. |
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incarnation is applied in two ways
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to refer to the moment when god became human at the moment of the conception of jeabiding union of the divine nature and the human nature in Jesus Christ.
sus in the womb of mary |
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dogma of incarnation has yielded important questions
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What is the relationship of the incarnation to the redemption that has been accomplished in and through Christ? Suffice it here to suggest that Catholic and Orthodox theologies have tended to emphasize different approaches.
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The Latin Catholic tradition has tended to emphasize
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the death of Christ as salvific and, hence, highlights redemption
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The Orthodox tendency has been to emphasize
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incarnation and and glorification. Thus, the divinization of human beings is of central significance
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In a sense, the incarnation and the death of Jesus are considered two sides of the same coin. Of course, this issue takes different shapes in the different traditions
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The Eastern Orthodox tradition appreciates the cross of Christ in a way different from the Western Catholic and Protestant approaches.
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jesus as redeemer
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soteriology:
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the traditional christin approach
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The fundamental human predicament involves alienation, or estrangement from God, from each other, and even from creation itself. This alienation is rooted in some primeval event and , in a sense, is built into creation in a structural or systematic way. This is narrated in the biblical story of “the fall” where Adam and Eve sin, and thus disharmony and estrangement mark their relationship with God as well as with creation.
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jesus was nailed to the cross
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to redeem humanity
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fall
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forgiveness of sin
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enstrangment or alienation
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reconciliation
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captivity or bondage to sin
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reparation
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closing the gates of heaven
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justification
purification liberation |
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Traditional Christian soteriology has been heavily influenced by a theology of “atonement
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Christ’s death, it is said, brought about reconciliation or an “at-one-ment” between humanity and God. Additional terms used are Expiation, redemption, and justification. It is then said that through his death Jesus made “satisfaction” for us.
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St. Anselm’s (c. 1033-1109 CE.) and Christian Soteriology.
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Anslem wishes to offer to Christians, Jews and Muslims a reasonable explanation as to the why of the incarnation and the death of God’s son.
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st. anselms 4 reasons for incarnation
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God’s honor was deeply marred as a result of human disobedience in the “fall”.
Only a human being should achieve satisfaction since the “fall” was the fault of humanity. Only God could achieve satisfaction since only the divine is worthy of the divine. Therefore, only a person who was both fully human and fully divine (a “God-man”) could make satisfaction; hence, Christ. criticized as relying too heavily on both the punitive and legalistic image of God. This may be the case in some interpretations of the theory, but Anselm’s ultimate goal was to highlight Christ’s free and loving initiative in the act of accepting death. |
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judaism and islam do not accept that
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incarnation.as it seems that the radical transcendence of God would circumscribe such a movement.
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Human beings are denied of the knowledge of the mystery of the Trinity through the use
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natural reason alone in christian theology
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Christianity generally expressed this understand of God as the Trinity in this formula
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In the one God there are three divine “persons”- Father, Son, and Holy Spirit – equal yet distinct.
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Tritheism
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The belief that there are actually three Gods: the Father, the Soon, and the Holy Spirit. Here the oneness of God is denied
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Subordiantionism
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the belief that either the Son or the Holy Spirit (or both) are somehow subordinate to the Father. Here the equality of the persons of the Trinity is denied.
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Modalism
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the belief that there is one God who has three modes (or masks) by which God is manifested in and to the world. Here the three-ness and distinction of the Trinitarian persons is denied.
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In Western Christianity it is asserted that the Holy Spirit proceeds (or is “spirated”) from
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the father and the son
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In Eastern Christianity, the Holy Spirit proceeds
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from the father
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filioque controversy
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controvery of the eatern christianity and western christianity
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Council of Nicaea 325 CE
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This council dealt with certain difficult issues regarding Christ. One of the basic questions here was: Is Jesus truly and fully God, or is he a created being and therefore subordinate to the Father?
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Council of Constantinople 381 CE
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This council dealt with issues concerning both Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit. The question here was: Is the Holy Spirit God?
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Liberation Theology
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The liberation theologians have infused a new life into the Christian dogma of the Trinity highlighting the Trinity as a model of both Christian and secular life in community, that is, a community of persons, equal yet distinct.
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Feminist Theology
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Feminist theology has tended to raise some questions regarding the Trinity especially the masculinization of God that takes place through the traditional imaging of the various persons of the Trinity. Different Christian feminists have different approaches, for example, Abba-Jesus- Spirit and Creator- Redeemer- Sustainer.
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mystery
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has to do with the data of revelation, more explicitly some kind of supernatural or extrinsic revelation.
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Christianity recognizes and celebrates God as mystery
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two of the most important are its teaching on the Tri-unity of God, or as we often say, Trinity, and the doctrine of the incarnation in which the mystery of God took on our humanity in Jesus Christ.
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Apophatic
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attributes are unnamed or denied in order to recognize the illimitability of God being.
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Cataphatic
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names are positively attributed of the mystery of God, or the divine. Here reference is made to praises given to God.
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2 issues of god in the modern era
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First is the rise of modernity and its implications for recent discourse about God. It is no secret that God has not fared well among many modern intellectuals, and it is important to note that we refer largely to the intellectual community. Sometimes these views are expressed with some measure of arrogance.
The second issue to be addressed concerns the various “proofs” for the existence of God. Many philosophers have spent a great deal of time proving the existence of God. Of course, The official Catholic Church stand is that we can know God from reason-(Natural Theology-cosmology). |
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human reason (rationality)
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The so called “hard” or “positive sciences” tended to be given pride of places. A number of modern thinkers suggested that with the further maturation and evolution of humanity, religion as pre-modern and pre-critical would simply disappear. Champions of this view are Marx and Freud.
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the modern era was steeped in a humanistic ideology
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The human person, rather than God, was the center and heart of all reality. Man became the measure of all.
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Ludwig Feuerbach´s teaching
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In a nutshell, he claimed that God was basically a projection of humanity. In a sense God was humanity written with capital letters
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Sigmund Freud-
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He had not much time for religion. His image of religion suggested that humanity’s belief in God is a matter of psychological defeatism
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Karl Marx-
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He took the critique of religion to a more economic direction. For Marx religion is itself the “opium (or opiate) of the people-* something that sedates people. Religion is a kind of balm that soothes the wounds of poverty and oppression. Marx’s philosophy is one devoid of any idea of divine providence. He presumed that with the advent of the classless society, religion would simply disappear. It would no longer be necessary.
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Friedrich Nietzsche is noted as
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the greatest prophet of God’s death. God’s death meant a world devoid of heaven, devoid of charm, devoid of the voices of angels, it is rather a depressing place.
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