Theology Final

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1) When does church history begin

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40 AD

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2) BCE/CE

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Before Common Era/ Common Era

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3) languages of the Bible

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Hebrew = old
Greek = new

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4) Jesus’ mission

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establish a Kingdom of God where all people are loving, kind and fair

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5) why Paul wrote letters

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to encourage them to keep them going with the faith

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6) what Acts is all about

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what the Apostles did to start the early church

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7) what Acts goes along w/

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Luke

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8) faith of the earliest followers of Jesus (for 20 years after his death)

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Judaism (followers of the Way were a branch of Judaism)

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9) essential criterion for Christians

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Jesus died and rose from the dead

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10) issue causing Jewish/Christian break (70 AD)

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Paul did not believe in customs like kosher food and circumcision and wondered if new converts would have to follow these customs

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11) why Gentiles accept the Christian message – 2 reasons

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a) accepting of all people so it makes people equal
b) philosophically appealed to people (wanted one loving God, not many)

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12) what was life like for Christians in the 100’s

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persecuted and start of martyrs

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13) 2 earliest orders in the church

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deacons and bishops

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14) Why Rome is the center of the church

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a) where Peter and Paul were killed so the Pope follows the tradition of Peter
b) also the imperial capital so it was centrally located and important

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15) why Roman Empire so intolerant of Christianity

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a) would not worship the Roman Gods (against polytheism)
b) Refused to fight in wars
c) Wanted people to be unified
d) Thought that the Christians were cannibals

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16) Identify: Arius, Diocletian, Constantine, Theodosius

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a) One of the first heretics: a priest who believed that Jesus was only human, not divine
b) Diocletian: Holy Roman Empire; 295 AD; who is known for persecutions (burn churches and Bibles; kills many Christians)
c) Constantine: HRE; legalizes Christianity
d) Theodosius: HRE; 381 AD who makes Christian the official religion of the Emperor; outlawed

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17) define apostate

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one to denies their faith in the face of death

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18) why does Constantine convert to Christianity

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a) has dream where he puts the Christian sign on his shields and banners and he wins
b) also influenced by his mother, Helena

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19) Constantine’s belief re: church/state

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a) Wanted them to be together

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20) define Edict of Milan

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the document that legalizes Christianity

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21) Define heresy

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a) teaching against a central belief of the Church

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22) how heresies helped the Church

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a) Church affirm their beliefs and how to say them
b) Made the Creeds

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23) basic belief stated in Nicene Creed

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Jesus is both human and devine

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24) where find Church’s beliefs in a nutshell

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the Niceen Creed

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25) why monasteries arise

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a) to get away from corruption of the world and focus on what is important

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26) what monasticism focused on

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a) on your heart, rather than being book smart

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27) who translated Bible into Latin

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St. Jerome

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28) Augustine’s mother and teacher

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a) Mother = St. Monica
b) Teacher = Ambrose

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29) what doctrine Augustine particularly influenced

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a) Saved by faith along; cannot earn way to heaven

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30) name and point of Augustine’s great book

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a) City of God
b) At end of time we are separated into the city of God and the city of man
c) Explains why Rome fell

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31) how Augustine believed one deals w/ sin

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through God's grace

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32) who made papacy strong

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a) Pope Leo the Great (400’s)

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33) Pope Leo the Great’s view of the papacy

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a) Should be a powerful position, like a government

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34) an example of Pope Leo’s power

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a) convinced Attila the Hun to turn around and not attack

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35) # of popes

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266

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36) how church is organized (hierarchy)

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a) pope
b) cardinals
c) bishops
d) priests
e) deacons

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37) contribution of St. Basil

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a) father of monasticism in the East
b) first to make a rule: own what is necessary, eat what is necessary, obey the abbot

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38) how is Roman Empire ruled after its collapse in 476

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a) barbarian kingdoms (Visigoths, Lombards, etc.)

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39) who leads Franks and converts all

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Clovis

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40) why does Clovis convert to Christianity

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a) if he wins the war he and all soldiers will convert to Christianity
b) influenced by his wife, Clothilda

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41) St. Patrick’s great contribution

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a) Christianizes Ireland by setting up monasteries

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42) 2 contributions of Brigid

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a) Established first dual monastery
b) Illuminated monastary

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43) title for St. Benedict

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a) father of western monasticism

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44) central belief of Islam

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a) there is one God, Allah is his name, and Muhammad is his prophet

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45) how Muslims converted others

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taxed if they were not Muslims

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46) who stopped spread of Islam

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Charles Martel (The Hammer)

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47) what was Christian calendar based on

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a) made in 500’s
b) Jesus’ birth

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48) Significance of Boniface’s crowning Pepin (Charles Martel’s son) as king

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combination of church and state

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49) Monasteries = places of

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a) Prayer
b) Education
c) Help for the poor

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50) Donation of Pepin

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a) gives Papal States in Italy to the pope

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51) why the donation caused problems

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a) too hard for pope to protect because the pope was not normally a military oriented person

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52) Language of Mass in the East and West

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East: Greek
West: Latin

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53) issues that led to Eastern/Western Churches split

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a) different languages
b) views on celibacy
c) argument between pope’s messenger and patriarch

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54) how rich Roman families affected the Church

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would buy church positions

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55) how Cluny was different

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a) monastery that wanted to live simply like Jesus

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56) how it contributed

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a) had other monasteries follow their example

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57) largest landholder in Europe in feudal period

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the church

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58) what cathedrals were used for

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a) place of prayer
b) meeting place of guilds
c) place for poor to sleep

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59) name 2 types of cathedrals

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a) Romanesque – not open, not many windows, like a fort, domes
b) Gothic – large stained glass, high ceilings (point towards heavens)

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60) leader of Greek Orthodox Church

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Patriarch

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61) why Crusades started

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a) wanted the Holy Land back to Christianity for people to make pilgrimages there
b) begin in 1096 b/c Pope Urban gets a message to help the Emperor in Constantinople b/c he was being attacked by Turkish Muslims

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62) Truce of God

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no Fighting on Holy Days

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63) positive outcome of Crusades

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a) get knowledge from Muslim scholars from the East
b) better trade with the East

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64) what was Papal Inquisition and the Spanish Inquisition

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a) Papal Inquisition: to root out heretics in Europe
b) Spanish Inquisition: to get rid of Muslims and Jews in Spain

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65) what were mendicant orders

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a) rely on goodness of others and God’s grace and are beggars
b) voluntary poverty

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66) St. Francis’ emphasis

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a) Living extremely simply in a positive way (looking brightly at God’s creation)

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67) St. Thomas Aquinas’ contribution

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Summa Theologae

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68) what was Avignon Papacy

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a) Pope went to Avignon France

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69) who negotiated a deal for Pope to return to Rome

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St. Catherine of Sienna

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70) What was Great Papal Schism

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a) Aristocrats in France were getting powerful and so they got a pope in France, then there was another one in Rome, and eventually one in Pisa
b) Pope Martin V is elected, which ends the GPS

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71) what is an indulgence

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a) less time in purgatory, freedom from a sin

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72) what allowed Luther’s ideas to spread

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printing press

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73) name 2 fundamental teachings of Luther

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a) justification by faith alone
b) Bible is final authority, not Tradition

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74) Define theocracy

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a) Government run by religion

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75) define Calvin’s theory of predestination

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a) only an group of people called the “elect” are chosen by God to go to heaven
b) God decides if they are going to heaven or hell before even born

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76) What is Augsburg Confession

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a) List of Luther’s beliefs in hopes of bringing the churches back together again

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77) What is Peace of Augsburg

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a) Each prince of German state would chose Catholic or Lutheran for his land

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78) identify the Peasants Revolt

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a) peasants hear Luther’s beliefs and they decide to question their masters, but they are killed (100,000)
b) Luther agrees with nobles to squash the revolt

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79) 2 purposes of Council of Trent

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a) Reaffirms Catholic Church teachings
b) Try to reunite Lutherans and Catholics

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80) 2 clarifying teachings from Trent

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a) Bible and Church Tradition both count
b) 7 sacraments

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81) Name of the religious order known for preaching

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a) Dominicans (have o.p after their name)

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82) why was Thomas More beheaded

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a) he would not agree to King Henry VIII becoming the head of Church of England (would not sign Act of Supremacy)

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83) what order St. Ignatius founded

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a) Jesuits

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84) What is this order known for

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a) Starting schools (esp. universities)
b) Try to prove why Catholic church is right

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85) Galileo’s point of disagreement with the Church and how it was handled

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a) Heliocentric, rather than geocentric
b) He was excommunicated

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86) St. Angela known for
87) What St. Vincent de Paul and St. Louise de Marillac known for
89) who was St. Elizabeth Ann Seton
90) 3 differences between Catholics and Protestants
91) Who started Vatican II
92) 4 teachings from Vatican II

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a

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88) Effect of the Enlightenment upon faith

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a) Reason went against religion

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93) 5 major world religions + Christianity Umbrella + 6 Protestant denominations

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a) World Religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism
b) Christian Section: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant
c) 6 Protestant Denomination: Lutheran, Episcopal, Baptist, Quaker, Methodist, Presbyterian