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98 Cards in this Set

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Aaron
Moses’s brother and spoke person
Abraham
Husband to Sarah. Father to Isaac (Sarah) and Ishmael (Hagar). 1st in patriarch and covenant.
Anthropomorphism
Giving non-humans human characteristics
Apocalyptic
To “reveal”, revelations of the heavenly realm.
David
King of Israel. Killed Goliath. 3rd covenant.
Pharisees
“Separated ones”. Came to become the traditional Judaism. “Liberals”. Know to be pious. Separated from sin.
Sadducees
A Jewish religious group. Follow the teaching of the High Priest Zadok. “Conservative”. Priestly.
Samuel
Raised by Eli. Judge and prophet in Israel. Last of the judges and the first of the prophets who anointed King Saul and King David.
Period of the judges
a. 1250 to 1020 BCE. The judges were interpreting Gods law. A loose confederation of tribes.
b. The judges interpreted the law, were political leaders in times of war, gather the tribes. God was king. However, they decided they wanted an official, human king. Eli and Samuel were good judges but their sons were corrupt. Samuel is directed to name a king –Saul. However, Saul disobeys God. David is anointed. David’s son, Solomon, is anointed next king—wise king who built the temple but worshiped other gods, had 800 some wives, and oppressed the people.
How the kingdom of Canaan split
a. Split when Rehoboam (Solomon’s son) is told he has to lighten the burden of Solomon’s reign but he refuses so Israel refuses him. (Israel in the North and Judah in the South.) . Rehoboam is king of Judah and Jeroboam is king of Israel.
Major wars/conquests in Israel's history
a. Assyria destroys Israel in 8th century (Isaiah prophesizes that Jerusalem will not fall and it does not).
b. Babylonia destroys Judah in 6th century (Jeremiah prophesizes that Judah should give up their fight against Babylonia. Babylonia ends up destroying the whole country, including Jerusalem).
c. Persia becomes a power in 6th century (Free the Jews to go back to Judah. Jews outside of Judah are the Diaspora. Many Jews stayed in Babylonia).
d. Maccabean revolt in 2nd century (against Greece. Restoration of the Holy Land to the Jews).
e. Roman control in 1st century
f. Zealot uprising in 1st century CE.
Understand the role and/or theology of priests, sacrifices, heaven, hell, God’s control over history, polytheism, and law in ancient Israel.
a. Handout: Major Themes in Ancient Israel
b. Priests served as a connection to God. Interprets Gods will and offers the sacrifices. Also instruct people in the law.
c. Sacrifices were used for the people to show God that they understood that God had given them everything, and wanted to give Him something in return.
d. Heaven & Hell not believed by Jews, until 5th century BCE. Everyone went to Sheol.
e. God controls everything.`
f. The belief that there are many Gods, yet they only worship YHWH.
g. The Torah/law/way of teaching.
Apostate
One who falls away from the church under threat of prosecution.
Arius
1st century CE priest from Alexandria. Taught that only God the Father could be called God in the full sense of the word (because only the Father is without beginning). The Son was a “second-class” God created by the Father as a link to the human world.
Athanasius
Bishop of Alexandria and opponent of Arianism. Believed the Father and the Son were co-eternal. First to write down the 27 books of the New Testament.
Canon
The collection of authoritative writings of a particular religious group, the “rule” or norm of religious truth in the Christian tradition, or church law as defined by councils or other church authorities.
Constantinople
A major city in Turkey, formerly the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. Founded on the city of Byzantium. One of the five patriarchal sees that govern Christianity.
Constantine
First Christian emperor of the Roman Empire. Began the practice of calling ecumenical councils.
Creed
Short summary of belief; the earliest creeds originated as teaching instruments to prepare catechumens for Baptism; they later became formal instruments by which churches defined themselves.
Decius
Emperor of Rome from 249-251. Suppressed Christianity.
Docetism
“To seem” or “appear to be.” The belief of some early Christians that Jesus Christ did not really become flesh but only seemed to have a body. In reality he was a spiritual being who could not suffer or die.
Dogma
Doctrines or teachings that have been proclaimed authoritatively by a given religion or church.
Donatism
Religion opposed by Augustine. Believed that clergy needed to be free from any serious sin to administer the sacraments validly
Eschatology
The study of the last day/end of the world.
Grace
Free, unmerited assistance given to human beings by God for their salvation. It is participation in the life of God.
Incarnation
Christian doctrine that asserts that God became human, specifically, that the divinity called the Word (or the Son) became human , or took on the flesh, in the person of Jesus of Nazareth.
Jerusalem Conference
A meeting of Christian leaders held in Jerusalem in 48 or 49 CE. According to the Acts, it was attended by Paul and Barnabas and the leaders of the Jerusalem church, and its purpose was to determine whether Gentile converts to Christianity needed to follow the law.
Patriarchal see
The head or leading seats of early Christianity, originally five in number. The word comes via the Latin word for “chair” because the bishop’s chair symbolized his authority to teach.
Pelagius
A Christian monk (4-5th centuries CE) who introduced the notion that original sin did not seriously damage the human capacity to do good, that human nature remained essentially good, and that human beings could lead holy lives if they exerted sufficient effort; these notions were opposed by Augustine and eventually condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church.
Synoptic
“Seeing together.” Usually referred to the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. The synoptic problem is the question concerning the literary relationship between the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke.
2. Understand the Last Supper: what Jesus did and its connections to Israel’s covenantal and sacrificial history.
a. The last supper took place the night before Christ’s crucifixion. It was a cross between a peace offering/sacrificial atonement and ratification of the covenant Christ created that night. Three major prophets—Ezekial, Jeremiah, and Isaiah—all anticipated this new covenant.
What are we saved from in the Incarnation? Crucifixion? Resurrection?
a. In the incarnation Jesus unites Being and beings, Absolute Spirit with the created universe, Creator with creation, ultimacy with relativity, God with humanity. By crucifixion, he has effected a sacrificial atonement for our sins, and by Jesus’ resurrection he has provided a means for our rising to immortality. The bonds of death are broken.
Offer three distinct, central criteria for canonicity of the New Testament.
a. Tradition
b. Widespread acceptance
c. If it feels like Chrisitanity
d. Imagined to come from the Apostles
Christianity's break with Judaism
a. Christians believe that Jesus of Nazareth is the Messiah.
b. Also, the “Jesus Movement” broke off from the Torah (the thing that makes Jews Jews).
c. Within this movement, Gentiles outnumbered Jews. Felt less Jewish.
d. Jesus Movement gathered on Sundays, Jews gathered on Saturdays.
e. Roman Empire thought of Christians as “atheists” because they didn’t believe in Roman gods/goddesses and didn’t adhere to Jewish traditions.
Major role of the bishops in the early church
a. The bishops decide which scripture should be included in religious text based off of the traditions they portray and if those traditions are constant with current traditions.
Jerusalem Conference
a. Gentiles do not have to follow the law. The law is no longer the major focus of Christianity because people who have complete faith in Jesus Christ and God find salvation through that aspect.
9. From the handouts, be accountable to the Church’s basic positions on the natures of Christ (human and divine) and how this relates to salvation.
a. Church believes that Christ is completely human and completely divine.
b. If Christ didn’t have a human body or soul our human bodies and souls would not be saved.
c. Two natures in one person.
Boniface VIII
The pope who published Unam Sanctam, perhaps the most famous medieval statement on church and state, which asserts the authority of the papacy over the emerging nation kingdoms of that time.
Codex Juris Civilis
Roman code of Civil Law produced by Justinian instituted in the East. Combined the legal wisdom of Roman civilization, the moral principles of Christianity, and the heritage of Greek philosophy. Made the civil law conform to the moral principles of Christianity.
Conciliarism
A theory of church authorit advanced by certain theologians and bishops of the Roman Catholic Chruch inteded to resovle the Great Schism of the papacy.
Curia
The pope’s court staffed by the College of Cardinals, a papal advisory team of bishops and clergy.
Erasmus
A scholar of the Renaissance period, learned in the writings of both the Latin and Greek early church writers. His reconstruction of the New Testament text became the basis for many subsequent translations into the vernacular.
Gregory I (The Great)
A statesmen, theologian, and writer, sponsored a mission to convert Anglo-Saxons in England.
Gregory VII
A reform-pope. Attacked abuses like simony,nepotism, alienation of property, and lay investiture. Declared the pope to be the supreme judge under God, holding the absolute powers of absolution and excommunication.
Hus
A reformer of the late medieval period. Like his contemporary, John Wycliffe, he preached against abuses in the church and challenged some of the church’s doctrines. He was eventually executed as a heretic.
Innocent III
(A.D. 1198-1216) Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, perhaps best known for his political involvements. The Fourth Latin Council took place during his reign. Put all of England under interdict.
Lay Investiture
During the early medieval period, secular rulers (emperors, kings, nobility) took upon themselves the right to appoint bishops, abbots, and other church officials; the right of appointment was expressed ritually in the ceremony in which the secular ruler “invested” the official with the spiritual symbols of his office.
Nepotism
The practice of allowing dispensations from church law for the advancement of one’s relatives
Nominalism
A late medieval philosophical movement that addresses issues of human knowledge. It argues that knowledge can be derived only from the experience of individual things. Universals such as humanity or truth do not really exist.
Renaissance
Meaning “rebirth,” a cultural movement that began in Italy approximately A.D. 1350 and spread to other European countries by the time it came to close in 1600. It involved a renewed interest in the Latin and Greek classics, a focus on the individual person and the natural world, and a more scientific approach to history and literature. It was accompanied by a burst of creative activity in art and architecture.
Simony
The buying and selling of spiritual things, including church leadership positions
Unam Sanctum
1302, the most famous medieval statement on church and state. The church and her power are two “swords”…a spiritual and temporal one. The salvation for every human creature is subject to the Roman pontiff.
Wycliffe
A reformer of the late medieval period. He preached against abuses in the church and challenged some of the church’s doctrines. He also advocated the translation of the Bible into English, the language of the people.
Patristic church's beliefs on sexuality and the body
a. Lust is a big passion
b. Physical pleasure was suspect
c. Thought that the truest self was expressed through virginity.
d. Connection between contemplative life (reaching God) and being free from passion.
e. Sex is the opposite of holiness. “Heat of passion, coolness of contemplation)
Thomas Aquinas' method and major themes
a. Beieved the supernatural and the natural belong together.
b. God cannot contradict logic.
c. Aristotle was his favorite philosopher.
d. God’s essence is absolute unknowability.
e. We participate in God’s Being as created beings.
f. Aquinas was a 13th century Dominican.
How indulgences relate to purgatory
Indulgences lessen the time in Purgatory (according to the church).
Shift in the Renaissance, North and South
a. Anthropocentric. The glory of God in a flourishing human being. Reassessment of Greek literature and philosophy.
b. During the Renaissance many people studied ancient Latin and Greek texts.
c. North studied the Bible (Martin Luther, Erasmus), South studied Latin and Greek art and architecture (Michelangelo)
Acculturation
Taking on another culture.
Aggiornamento
“A bringing up to date.” This term describes the spirit of Vatican II as it attempted to reinterpret the church’s doctrine and reform its practice in a way that was suitable for the present.
Augsburg Confession
A statement of faith drafted by Melanchthon, representing the Lutheran position, at the Diet of Augsburg (1530). Called to resolve differences between Protestants and Catholics. Failed, but Lutherans signed Melanchthon’s statement, making it one of the most important documents of Lutheran doctrine even today.
Calvin
French reformer/theologian who led the Swiss city of Geneva through the Reformation. Known especially for the doctrines of election nd double predestination and for grappling with the problem of church authority after the Protestant rejection of the authority of Rome.
Millennialism
The dominant view is that the thousand years should be seen as a symbolic number. For Augustine and many others, the promised reign of Christ on earth was already fulfilled in the life of the church, the city of God, on pilgrimage in this world. “The promise of the millennial kingdom in the Book of Revelation.”
Cramner
(1489-1556) Archbishop of Canterbury for the early years of the English reformation. Set out the specific similarities and differences between the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church.
Diet of Augsburg
A meeting of German rulers summoned for the purpose of resolving the religious question during the Protestant reformation. At the conclusion, Charles V ordered all Protestant territories to return to traditional religious practices.
Edict of Worms
The statement issued by the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation that declared Martin Luther an outlaw and a heretic (1521).
Enlightenment
An intellectual movement from 1700-1789 which emphasized reason, science, the goodness and rights of humanity, religious toleration, progress, and human freedom.
Exclusivism
An attitude or disposition of exclusion; in theologies of world religions, the belief that truth resides only in Christianity and that there are no meaningful similarities between Christianity and other religions.
Frances Xavier
Cofounded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Missionary in the Orient that began the practice of dressing like the local leaders to convert more people.
Revivalism
American Christian movement sometimes described as born-again Christianity, which is based on the experience of a personal conversion to Jesus Christ as one’s Lord and savior.
Glossolia
“Speaking in tongues,” one of the gifts of the Holy Spirit.
Great Awakening
Religious renewal that swept the American colonies in the 1740s. Marked by powerful preaching and intense emotional experiences, the movement sought to awaken people whose faith was spiritually dead or who had no faith at all.
Henry VIII
1509-1547 king of England who led this country through the Reformation. At first a supporter of Catholicism against the reformers, Henry eventually broke with the pope and he Catholic Church and established the Church of England with himself as its head, at least in part in a dispute with Rome over Henry’s desire to divorce his wife.
Inclusivism
Attitude or disposition of inclusion; in theologies of world religions, the belief that Christ fulfills the longings and aspirations of other religions and that the good qualities in these religions are included within the scope of Christianity.
Inculturation
Having the faith brought into another culture.
Magisterium
The teaching office of the Roman Catholic Church. Pope and the bishops.
Manifest Destiny
Term described the Pilgrims’ belief that their call to come to the New World was a divinely granted second chance for the human race and that God was making a new covenant with them.
Marx
Philosopher and economist who advocated the socialist economic system and on whose ideas communism is built. Outspoken critic of religion, calling it the “opium of the people” because he believed that it was like a drug that kept the lower classes passive and resigned in their economic oppression.
Pluralism
he presence of different religious or cultural groups within a single society.
Radical Reformation
Wanted to radicalize the thought of the better-known Protestant Reformers.
1. Becoming a Christian always requires an active decision (voluntarist principle and Believer’s Baptism).
2. Restoration. Wanted a reconstitution of Christ’s original church.
3. Saw themselves as a chosen few to whom salvation had been granted.
4. Very pessimistic about the outside world, that is about those who stayed outside their own community.
Scientism
The claim that the only valid method of knowing is science and that what cannot be known by science does not exist. Philosophical materialism dressed up as a science.
Vatican II
1962-1964. Gathering of Catholic bishops, abbots, and theological experts called by Pope John XXIII to renew the religious life of the church and to bring it into the modern world. Reform of the liturgy, interreligious dialogue, dialogue with the secular world, theology of revelation.
Social Gospel
A Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially poverty, inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, weak labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. Above all they opposed rampant individualism and called for a socially aware religion. Theologically, the Social Gospel leaders were overwhelmingly post-millennialist. That is because they believed the Second Coming could not happen until humankind rid itself of social evils by human effort.
Spiritual Exercises
Tool of spiritual formation. Month-long examination and participation fo the individual in the drama of sin and salvation, leading to a turning over of everything, especially the will, to obedience to one’s religious superior and to the teachings of the church and its traditions.
Theocracy
“The rule of God.” A system of government that has as its worldview a common set of beliefs about God and God’s relationship with their community, whose civil laws are governed by its religious agenda and in which religious authorities have the ultimate power to govern.
Theology of Religions
Branch of Christian theology that attempts to theologically and biblically evaluate the phenomena of religions. Three important schools within this field are pluralism, inclusivism, and exclusivism.
Vulgate
Latin translation of the Bible, containing also the books of the apocrypha, widely used in the West at least from the sixth century AD and declared by the Council of Trent to be the only authoritative translation of the Bible.
Wesley
English theologian and reformer, Wesley was originally a member of the Church of England. Broke away to form the Methodist Church. 1703-1791.
Zwingli
Swiss reformer in 1484-1531 known especially for his emphasis on justification by grace alone, his “spiritual” understanding of the Eucharist, exclusive reliance on the Bible rather than church traditions and proclamations, and his opposition to priestly celibacy and the use of images in worship.
1. Be able to describe the Reformation (both protestant and Catholic) in this order: A. What led up to it? B. How did the political climate contribute to it? In your answer, you will need to distinguish the different parts of the Reformation. Thus, for example, the political climate is different in each of the countries that contributed to it. Also, some of these movements have historical background for which you will be accountable as well.
a. Hus, Wycliffe. Protests against things like “can Popes and councils be challenged?” and indulgences. Arguing for a Bible in the vernacular, national church of England, religious authority aligned with holiness.
b. 95 Theses (about indulgences) sparked the Reformation. Also, German money was going to Italy through indulgences so their economy was declining. Weak Holy Roman Empire but strong German princes within the Empire. Swiss cantons in which each province was independent of the larger whole country. (A canton could freely choose to go Protestant but in France/Spain, etc. you had to stay Catholic. Ferdinand and Isabella join their kingdoms together into a uniformed Spain and underwent a political/religious reformation.
Luther's relationship to Nominalism
a. Luther rejected the nominalist theology with its call to do “what is within you” and responded that justification is by grace alone. However, he was deeply influenced by Nominalism in general.
How did Luther and Zwingli disagree and agree in the reform of the church
b. Luther- Denied transubstantiation as used in Catholicism but believed in the real presence in the Eucharist, against indulgences, 2 sacraments; Baptism and the Eucharist. Not iconoclastic.
c. Zwingli- (Agree w/ Luther) the bible should be the only focal point for Christians, no human interpretations. Faith is the 1st Christian virtue, without which no one could be saved. Baptism and the Eucharist. (Disagree w/ Luther) He spoke against image worship; there is no sacrifice during mass. Iconoclastic. Rejects transubstantiation completely.
Congregation for the Propegation of Faith
a. All mission work must be free from colonies.
b. All bishops will be appointed by Rome.
c. Diocesan priests are to balance missionary priests.
d. Get indigenous priests ASAP in order to make the church more local.
e. Following the example of Gregory the Great, they continued the principle of affirming every cultural impulse that is not contrary to the gospel.
6. Be responsible for the affect that the Enlightenment had on Christianity, both assets and liabilities.
a. During the enlightenment, Christianity was thought of as superstitious, ignorant, and repressed by authority. Enlightenment philosophers promoted a religion that was simple, rational, virtuous, and nonsupernatural in which Jesus was a great moral teacher but not the incarnate Son of God.
b. Many Enlightenment figures were Deists. Believed in a Creator God that had since left the world alone.
i. Believed that Christianity’s beliefs in the incarnation, resurrection, providence, miracles, and sacraments were irrational.
c. Lots of anticlericalism (Antagonism towards priests and clergy).
d. Disagreed on nature of humanity. Catholic/Protestant Christians believed in original sin but Enlightenment thinkers thought that humanity had no inherent propensity to sin but was naturally inclined to good.
e. Belief in the inherent goodness of humanity in the power of reason and in the advances of natural science led to an optimistic belief in progress.
f. Enlightenment thinkers were passionate advocates of liberty (freedom from political and religious authoritarianism)
i. Natural religion of humanity was a simple belief in God the creator, virtue, and he goodness and freedom of humanity
ii. Wars over religious differences were scandalous and irrational
g. Rationalism and skepticism of the Enlightenment thinkers led to the wholesale destruction of social tradition and values?
7. Understand Vatican II, what it meant and its central reforms.
a. Bringing the church up to date.
b. Mass now celebrated in the vernacular, the priest now faced the people, new music was composed, readers and lay ministers were allowed to take an active role in Mass, and Mass was now seen as a communal celebration.
c. Lumen Gentium introduced the notion of the church people as “the whole people of God.” The Holy Spirit speaks through all the members of the church. Now it is not just the Pope whose ideas are accepted without question. Parish councils created.
d. Protestants now called “separated brethren” not heretics. It was decided that Jews, Muslims, and Christians all worship the same God, and it condemns any form of discrimination based on race or religion. The Declaration on the Relationship of the Church to Non-Christian Religions also said that Jews are not to be regarded as having inherited guilt for the death of Jesus and are not accursed/rejected by God.
e. Dialogue with the secular world. Modern cultural and scientific advances should not be seen in a merely negative light but should be acknowledged as having important positive meanings as well.
f. Dei Verbum advanced the understanding of revelation by:
i. Written and oral revelation are intrinsically and mutually related and “flow from the same divine wellspring”
ii. Even though one revelation had not changed, the understanding of that revelation had indeed undergone deepening and change over the course of time.
iii. Recognized the role of human authorship in the biblical books but were divinely inspired. However, the books must be studied according to ancient literary forms to be rightly understood.
iv. Asserted that the teaching authority of the church has the exclusive task of authentically interpreting scripture and tradition but is not above the word of God.
8. Understand basic tenets in Ignatius of Loyola’s theory of spiritual discernment, including consolation and desolation, the three modes and what they appeal to, and what one looks for as evidence of the Holy Spirit moving one’s soul.
a. When we are caught up in a life of sin, evil spirits propos complacency/sensual pleasures/decisions that look good on the surface but betray an inclination away from a more fully authentic life. We will feel the sting of consciousness here. When we live for God, the evil spirits bring false sadness for things to be missed. We will feel the sting of the evil spirit.
b. Spiritual Consolation
i. When we love God, nothing competes with his love.
ii. When we are saddened for our infidelities.
iii. We find our faith/hope/love strengthened….joy of serving God is foremost in our life.
c. Spiritual Desolation
i. Weighed down by heavy darkness and experience a lack of faith/hope/love.
ii. We have a distaste for prayer/spiritual things/being God’s servant.
iii. We notice thoughts of rebelliousness/despair/selfishness.
d. We can discern God’s will in 3 ways:
i. God calls us like St. Paul—clearly, directly, unmistakably.
ii. When we experience consolation or desolation. Discernment of spirits. In consolation, your will and God’s are aligned but in desolation, be distrustful of your will.
iii. When you have to make a decision about a course of action and wish it to be under God’s guidance by spending time in mulling over the issue (way of reason). What are your weightiest motives? That’s where the spiritual energy will be. Where are your attachments?
Three meanings of the term evangelical
a. "Having to do with the gospel or the Bible.”
b. Also used as a synonym for Protestant.
c. Refers to Born Again Christianity.
10. Understand Postmodernism and its relevance to modern religion and theological methods
a. Cultural and intellectual movement.
b. Postmodern theology wanted to articulate a clear and coherent system of thinking about God and humanity’s relationship to God, taking into account people’s contemporary experience of the divine.
c. Postmodernism challenged the validity of “historical scientific methodologies” of taking the Bible into its social context by questioning whether it is possible to discover what the historical author intended to say when he wrote his biblical book and whether that information is relevant for understanding how the text makes meaning today. Also include various cultural and gender-based readings of biblical texts.
11. Know the two ways to interpret the first Amendment of the Constitution.
b. Strict separation (secularization).
i. The religion of no religion at all. The government should make no acknowledgment of religion, which must be completely confined to a totally private and voluntary sphere.
c. Accommodation
i. Government is free within certain limits to accommodate religious belief and practice so longa s one religion is not privileged over another.