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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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actual impediments
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impediments that come & go
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actus humanus
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person had knowledge and freedom in their action
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canons of distributions
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justice; ways of deciding who gets what
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categorical imperative
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norms that set the standard (doesn't say how to act or what to do)
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casuistry
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argument by analogy; has three steps
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3 steps of casuistry
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1. setting out the facts
2. look for & choose a precedent a. raises some basic moral problem b. more ethically certan than our cost 3. tentative resolution on the basis of the precedent |
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common good
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what's best for the overall population (justice)
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competent authority
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can declare war; if properly know/uses power
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conscience
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a judgment of reason by which persons recognize the moral quality of concrete actions
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Divine
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conscience as capacity (synderesis)
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Synderesis
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recognize distinction between right & wrong & makes a difference as to whether an action is right or wrong
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conscience as a process
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practical reasoning (shaped by background; if bad background, conscience can be erroneous
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conscience as a decision
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follow judgment that you have mode as to rightness/wrongess of situation
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self & other
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conscience as something else (head, heart, gut)
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relation between conscience & feeling of guilt
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feeling guilty vs. being guilty
feeling of guilt when it is inappropriate |
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binding force of conscience
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moral obligation oto follow conscience
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deductive argument
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applies to particular case (syllogism)
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syllogism
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has universal premise, minor premise, general conclusion
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direct action
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action chosen as end or means to an end
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divine command ethics
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voluntarist ethical system; right or wrong based on whether we fail to confirm to God's will
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end (3-font theory)
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goal; purpose/motive for action
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evaluative knowledge
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appreciation of figures & values
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forgoing aggressive medical treatment
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appropriate only if it does offer proportionate benefit & doesn't impose excessive burden
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habitual impediments
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happens constantly
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Immanuel Kant
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Deotological; humans are rational by nature
1. reason is to make the will good 2. god will if only thing that is good in of itself 3. motivation: to do one's duty Law (not civil or biblical) but what humans think of |
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indirect action
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consequences of an action
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invincible ignorance
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(acutal impediment) ignorance when one could not have known
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John Stuart Mill
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teleological--utilitarianism
-goal of life is happiness -happiness- pleasure & the absence of pain -not a hedonist- not one who lives for physical pleasure -self-sacrifices if the greater good is for the greatest # -look at consequences |
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just cause
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jus ad bellum; defense of self & neighbor; last resort
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Lloyd LeBlanc
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father murdered daughter; prays for killer; forgives; was distrubed by public execution
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marginalized persons
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people whose noise is hard to hear in society (poor, homeless)
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materially unjust aggressor
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one who aggreses; can defend against material
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Millard Farmer
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lawyer who helped Prejean
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Mr. Phelps
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supports death penalty but refuses to watch them
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object (3-font theory)
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what one did; the action
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pacifism
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christian witness pacificsm--deonotoligcal because we're not following Jesus teachings
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Practical pacifism
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teleological because of destructiveness of war
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PAS (Physician Assisted Suicide)
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gives person means & prescriptions to take one's own life
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Patrick Sonnier
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put to death; didn't kill people; lost wasn't given a fair trial
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principle of double effect
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discerning between direct/indirect
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direct action
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chosen as end or means to an end
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indirect action
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if side effect of some other goal can't do anything morally evil even for good motive
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4 steps of principle of double-effect
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1. not intrinsically evil
2. agent's end or goal is for good effect. 3. undesirable effect must not be means to the good effect 4. must have proportionate reason to permit the bad effect |
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proportionality
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level of response must equal level of aggression
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reasonable hope for success
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can't go into war w/ no chance; too many live lost
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right intention
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overall goal is to restore peace
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Sister Helen Prejean
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became spiritual advisor & advocate against capital punishment
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slippery slope argument
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allowing X could lead to Y
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absolute norms
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negative material norms w/ no exceptions (protestant ethics)
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Actus hominis
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person did not have knowledge or freedom of responsibility
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autonomy
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something is drive by itself. (the right to make decisions by oneself)
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Cartesian ideal agent
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who is in best position to make moral decision
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categorical freedom
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freedom of choice
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cognitive dissonance
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changing our beliefs to affirm our action
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comparative justice
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abuses on both sides; must be on better moral side
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confirmation bias
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when looking at disconfirming evidence, people will find a way to criticize, distort, or dismay it so they can maintain or strengthen existing beliefs
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Debbie Morris
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disobedience to law; failure to do duty
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discrimination (non combatantimmunity)
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must respect non-combatents (jus in bello)
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Eddie Soonier
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brother of P. Sonnier & murderer of Pat's convicted crime
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euthanasia
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the "mercy killing" of one who has no chance of survival; 2nd party performs an act to take one's life
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extraordinary means
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offers no proportionate benefit (based on person) imposes excessive burden
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formal norms
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express value
doesn't specifically tell one what to do |
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Harveys
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people whose son was victimized & killed;pro-capital punishemnt
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impediments
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factors taht gen in the way of moral responsibility because they limit knowledge or freedom or both. Acutal & habitual
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intrinically ex objecto
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always wrong
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jus ad bellum
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conduct before war; just cause, dencse of self & neighbor
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A in bello
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conduct in war; discrimination & proportionality
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last resort
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war is last resort
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Eddie Soonier
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brother of P. Sonnier & murderer of Pat's convicted crime
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euthanasia
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the "mercy killing" of one who has no chance of survival; 2nd party performs an act to take one's life
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extraordinary means
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offers no proportionate benefit (based on person) imposes excessive burden
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formal norms
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express value
doesn't specifically tell one what to do |
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Harveys
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people whose son was victimized & killed;pro-capital punishemnt
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impediments
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factors taht gen in the way of moral responsibility because they limit knowledge or freedom or both. Acutal & habitual
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intrinically ex objecto
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always wrong
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jus ad bellum
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conduct before war; just cause, dencse of self & neighbor
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A in bello
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conduct in war; discrimination & proportionality
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last resort
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war is last resort
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Major Coody
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knew & talkked to people on death row; had a moral issue w/ capital punishemnt; didn't want to kill theose peopel
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material norms
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give specific indicator of what ot do/ not to do
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mike varnado
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found, got Robert lee Willie to confess
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mortal Sin
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grave matter (seriouisly wrong)
full knowledge deliberate consent (must be all 3 rules of sin is venial) |
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Nozick's theory of justice
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justice protects property rights
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ordinary means
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means to preserve life
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paradigm case
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learn rule & what goes under that rule
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passions (Aquinas)
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a movement in the soul as a response to another human or thing
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precedent
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praises some basis moral problem; more ethically certain than a present case
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proof-texting
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using something just because it sounds good
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PSDA (patient self-determination Act)
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statest have to make compiletion of laws on death
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Rene Descartes
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person best able to make moral decision is one w/ no emotional involvement
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Robert Lee Willie
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death row inmate, executed
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situation ethics
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how ethics apply in different cirumstances
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social sin
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the way society is set up that promotes sin on a large scale
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speculative knowledge
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knowledge of facts & figures
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3-font theory
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object--what one did
end--goal; puropose for action circumstances--events surrounding action |
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utilitarianism
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John Stuart Mill--goal of human life is happiness
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telelogical
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going toward a goal
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Toulmin & Jonsen
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wrote book revivng interest in casuistry
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vincible ignorance
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choose to ignore
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