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185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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historical-critical method
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scientific study of the meaning of ancient texts (i.e. the Bible)
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exegesis
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critical and objective explanations and interpretations of text
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diachronic
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deals with a texts development and traditions across time
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synchronic
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deals with a texts language, composition, narrative structure, and capacity for persuasion
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a priori
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(?)
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rhetorical analysis
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composing communication for persuasion- is carried out critically
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narrative analysis
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method of understanding and communicating the biblical message
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semiotic analysis
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structrualism-- how the reader sees it->immanence, meaning, and grammar of the text
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contextual approaches
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readers notice some aspects and neglect others (pay attention to some parts only)
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Five points of fundamentalism
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1) Verbal inerrancy of Scripture
2) divinity of Christ 3) his virginal birth 4) doctrine of vicarious expiation 5) The bodily resurrection at the time of the second coming of Christ |
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Canonical Reading
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accepted and recognized works
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Critical Reading
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Skillfully reading, understanding, and applying texts
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YHWH
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Yahweh--name for God most commonly used in the Hebrew Bible.
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monotheism
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doctrine that there is only one God
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Three varieties of Israelite Religion
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(?)
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Oral tradition
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traditions of a culture passed on by word of mouth
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Textual tradition
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traditions of a culture passed on in texts and documents
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Koine
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Greek dialect - flourished under the roman Empire
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3 main forms of Greek religion
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(?)
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Orthopraxy
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correctness of actions or practices
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Orthodoxy
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a belief agreeing with conventional standards
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Scriptures
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sacred writings or texts
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canon
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a list of books that are authhoritative for a given religious community
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testament
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"covenant"-- 2 major collections of books in the Bible
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Tanakh
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The Jewish scriptures; Is only the Old Testament
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Torah
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First 5 books of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). "the Law" revealed by God to Moses
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Nevi'im
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"the Prophets"
second book of the Tanakh |
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Khetubim
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"the Writings"
third book of the Tanakh |
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Septuagint
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Greek version of the Hebrew scriptures--differs in the order and includes the apocrypha (deuterocanonical books)
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Apocrypha
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7 books included in the Old Testament by Catholics and Orthodox Christians, but excluded fom the Protestant and Jewish scriptures
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biblical inerrancy
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"without error." Everything the Bible says must be theologically, historically, and scientifically accurate.
*Conservative/Fundamentalist position* |
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Pentateuch
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also know as the Torah/Law. first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible
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Documentary Hypothesis
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theory that the Pentateuch/Torah was produced by combining 4 sources: the Yahwist, the Elohist, the Deuteronomist, and the Priestly tradition over a long period of time
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myth
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stories told by people about themselves and their origins so that they can teach the truths in their culture
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covenant
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a sacred orr formal agreement between two parties
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Ishmael
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Son of Abraham by his wife's maid, Hagar, who was sent away into the desert but rescued by God.
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Isaac
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Child promised to Abram and Sarai by God. Through him, God's covenant with Abram would be fulfilled
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Israel
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Name given to Jacob by God, from which the Israelites take their name
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Jew (Judah)
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originated when the people of Judah (Southern kingdom of the Israelites) returned form the Babylonian Exile.
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10 plagues
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1. water into blood
2. frogs 3. Gnats 4. flies 5. plague 6. boils 7. hail/thunder 8. locusts 9. darkness 10. death of the first born |
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passover
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comes from the 10th plague of YHWH. Israelites sacrificed a lamb and used the blood to mark their doorways so that the angel of death would pass over their homes and spare the first born son. Marks the beginning of the exodus from Egypt and the journey to the Promise Land.
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Abrahamic Covenant
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oral promises made by YHWH to Abram -- will have many decendants, God will make him a great nation, all nations on Earth will be blessed through him, and he will be given land for his decendants to live in.
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Mosaic Covenant
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Written, describes what God has done, gives the people laws and penalties.
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Sacrifice
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considered to be a gift given to God or other spiritual beings, with the understanding that valuable things could be transferred form this world to the spirit world.
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Amos
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Native of the Southern Kingdom of Judah, came to the Northern Kingdom to proclaim the word of God.
Before a prophet, he was a "herdsman and dresser of sycamore trees." |
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Were Amos's prophecies fulfilled?
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yes and no: over time additions were made to the scrolls, applying the old prophetic messages to new circumstances
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Prophet
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speaks God's mind, made known his will, delivered his judgement.
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In Amos, why does it begin with talking about other countries, when it is against Israel?
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Tells them about others to scare the Israelites. If they keep doing what they were doing, they would end up like their neighbors.
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Israelites of Exodus monotheistic?
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NO-believed YHWH was just the best God there was for them
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Magic vs. Miracle
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Same thing on the surface, however: Magic is done for one's own reasons, where as miracles are done by God for the people
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Shabbat
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Jewish sabbath - devote self to higher pursuits. A ritual instituted in the Ten Commandments - day of rest and spiritual enrichment.
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Shemoneh Esrei
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"18" - 18 blessings originally contained within the basic prayer. Cornerstone of Jewish services
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Ashkenaic Jews
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Jews from France, Germany, and Eastern eurpoe
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Sephardic Jews
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Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa, Midde East, and their decendants
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Joshua
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Moses's successor, led Israelites into Canaan.
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Ark of the Covenant
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Israel's most sacred object, was a container for objects. Also viewed as a throne on which YHWH sat.
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Judge (shofet)
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A military and political leader who was chosn by God to rescue the Israelites from oppression
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Samuel
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A prophet - last of the judges, who appointed Saul as king
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Saul
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Appointed king by Samuel - proved unworthy
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David
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Secretly Annointed by Samuel to be king of Israel. Established Jerusalem as capital
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Solomon
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Son of David, successor to father as the king. Known for wisdom, wealth, and building of the temple in Jerusalem
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Hosea
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sought to remind Israelites of their own memories in an effort to try and get them to change their ways.
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Amos
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Condemned the social injustice of the northern kingdom of Israel - foresaw its destruction by the Assyrians
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Babylonian Exile
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Deportation of Israelites (Jews) to Babylon - the ultimate punishment from God for Israel's failure to uphold the covenant
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Temple
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Built by Solomon, became the center of religious life in Jerusalem.
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diaspora
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jews who were dispersed outside the traditional Jewish homeland in Palestine
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Synagogue
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Jewish place of worship where the Torah is read and interpreted.
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Second Temple
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Temple in Jerusalem that was built after the destruction of Solomon's. Resulted in increased obedience in the Torah.
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Yom Kippur
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"Day of Atonement" - holiday when people reflect on their sins.
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Kosher
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dietary restrictions where some foods are prohibited and others must be prepared by guidelines
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messiah
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"anointed one" - the one "anointed" by God to rescue or save people
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Hellenization
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Attempt to impose Greek culture on peoples conquered by the Greeks
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Maccabees
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Family who led the revolt by the Jews against the Greeks
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Hanukkah
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Celebrates the consecration of the Temple following the victory over the Greeks in the Maccabean revolt.
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Sadducees
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Jewish group, consisting of the priests who ran the Jerusalem temple. Believed sacrifice was the most important part of temple, limited influence of the Torah, and did not believe in the Messiah
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Pharisees
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Jewish group, consisting of scholars who emphasized study of the Torah and observing laws strictly in daily life - Temple was not as important, accepted all 3 parts of the Torah, and believed in a royal messiah who would lead them to victory over oppressors
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Essenes
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Jewish group who withdrew into the desert to await the end of the world - Temple was crucially important, Accepted all 3 parts of the Torah and adhhered strictly to it, believed the messiah was the most important part of Judaism because of the corruption of the Temple (2 messiahs, royal and priestly
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Scribes
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class who could read/write and made a living from those skills
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People of the land
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peasant farmers not associated with the sadducees, pharisees, or essenes. Were left behind when majority of Jewish ppl. were in exile.
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Development of a monarchy in Israel?
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Israelites demanded a king from Samuel after being defeated by the Philistines
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Relationship between prophet and king?
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King was appointed by the prophet - the prophet was a counter balance to the king because he could challenge the king's power
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Hellenization/How did the Jews react?
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Imposing Greek culture on Jewish culture / Some were enthusiastic about it, ohers thought it would bring God's wrath down upon them.
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Who is a Jew?
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any person whose mother was a Jew or any person who has gone through process of conversion to Judaism
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Synoptic Gospels
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"seeing together"/"seeing the whole together" - used in reference to the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke which tell the same general story of the life and teaching of Jesus.
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3 stages of New Testament Canon formation
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1) Status and authority in Christian communities
2) Reliability/ appropriateness of individual documents 3) any text with Jewish overtones was edited or excluded |
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Muratorion Canon
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an official list of books developed in Rome - most famous canon/list of approved books.
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3 Criteria for Canonicity
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1) Apostolic origin - can be attributed to an apostle or a disciple
2) Authority - contains sound teachings, appropriate readings 3) Widespread acceptance in the churches |
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Q
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German word "Quelle"-->"Source" - a hypothetical written document containing parables and sayings of Jesus. Source for the gospels of Matthew and Luke.
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Messianic Secret
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describes the apparent commands to silence concerning the identity of Jesus in Mark
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Christology
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"Words or teachings about the Christ" - study concerned with who Jesus is as the Messiah and what his role is in God's relationship with humanity
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Incarnation
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"enfleshment" - doctrine that asserts that God became human and/or "the Word" became human in Jesus
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Pseudonymity
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Practice of writing a document with a false name attached to it
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Apostle
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"To send out" - refers to one who is sent out by Jesus to preach the word about him
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Disciple
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a learner/follower
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Justification
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Being in a right relationship with God - making straight which is crooked
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Grace
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Free, unmerited assistance given to human beings by God for their salvation - participation in life of God
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Sacrificial atonement
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making up for sins with a sacrificial offering - sins are forgiven through death of Christ
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5 Patriarchal Sees
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most important christian centers - Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople
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Jerusalem Conference
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meeting of christian leaders at Jerusalem in 48/49 CE - to determine whether Gentile converts to Christianity needed to follow all of the requirements of Judaism
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Apologists
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defenders of Christ and Catholic faith - explained what Christians believed and how they lived their lives in terms with which they could relate.
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Orthodoxy
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Correct doctrine ("right teaching"). Teaching that is declared by any religious authority to be correct and binding for believers.
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Trinity
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describes the relationship of the three persons of Father, Son, and holy Spirit in one God head
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Martyr
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"witness" - someone who dies rather than give up their faith when under persecution
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Catholic
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"universal" - Tradition within Christianity; describes the churches claim that a continuity of leadership that goes back for early Christian churches
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Heresy
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False teaching that goes against orthodoxy
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Gnosticism
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"knowledge" - Claimed to have access to a special kind of knowledge known to them alone and by which they could be saved (2 gods, good/evil)
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Docetism
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"to seem" - belief by early Christians that Jesus Christ did not really become flesh but only seemed to have a body
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Rule of Faith
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the oral tradition of apostolic teaching stressed by Irenaeus
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Irenaeus of Lyons
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Wrote "Against Heresies" as a response to gnosticism - opponent of gnosticism
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Origen of Alexandria
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Early Christian theologian, wrote works that were responses to a non-Christian critique of Christianity and an exposition of Christian doctrine.
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Who is Paul?
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An apostle, founded churches of Galatia, converted pagans (Gentile), was a persecutor but converted.
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Who are the Galatians?
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People of celtic origin who migrated into central Asia minor and settled arond Ancyra (Ankara) - were the subjects of the Jerusalem Council; should they take on jewish traditions? Letter of Paul is addressing them
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Purpose for the law, according to Paul?
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Righteousness depends on God's promise and its fufillment through the death of Christ
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Why were Jews circumcised?
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it was a sign of their inclusion in God's covenant
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Primary issue of Paul's letter - Why written?
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Galatians had been listening to Christian-Jews who were telling them that they had to be circumcised and had to follow Jewish Laws and rituals. Paul wrote to them saying not to listen to them and was reprimanding them for thinking about doing it.
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Didache
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"teaching" - early church documents, the teachings of the twelve Apostles; describes how Christians should live and celebrate the sacraments.
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Who wrote the Didache?
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It is the teachings of the Twelve Apostles - author(s) are unknown
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Who is the Didache written for?
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the "heathens" - teachings to the pagans (gentiles) and those who are converting
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What type of literature is the Didache?
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Church order - governs the life of the church
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In the Didache, what are 'the two ways'?
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Life and Death; Life-love God, your neighbor, treat others how you want to be treated, pray for enemies, bless those who curse you
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Constantine
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first Christian emperor of Rome; ended persecutiion of Christians- paved the way for Christianity as a legal religion in Roman empire. Called the ecumenical councils to resolve issues affecting the church.
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Ecumenical council
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A universal gathering of Christian bishops, called to resolve urgent issues affecting the whole church.
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Dogma
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teaching based on divine revelation and defined by the church
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Arius (Arianism)
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(3rd century) Priest who taught that only God the Father was God in the true sense, and that Jesus Christ was less than God. Rejected at Council of Nicea (325) and Constanople(381) - was heretical
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Athanasius
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373- Anti-Arianism. taught that in Christ, humans could see the true God, not a subordinate
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Nestorius (Nestorianism)
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5th Century- taught that it was wrong to call Mary the Mother of God, since God could not have been born; Jesus had 2 natures. Rejected at Council of Ephesus in 431
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Apollinaris (Apollinarianism)
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4th C. - solved problem of dual nature of Christ (human and divine), by saying Christ had a human body but not a human sole - view regarded as heretical
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Council of Nicea
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325- Maintained the true divinity of the Son against the teachings of Arius - Arius vs. Athanasius. Approved the Nicene Creed, provoked controversy
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Council of Constantinople
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381- Affirmed the Nicene Creed and added clauses about the divinity of the Holy Spirit (3 "God heads" in one person)
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Council of Ephesus
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431- taught that Mary should be venerated as the Mother of God (Theotokos); safeguards unity of Christ as one human and divine person - Nestorius' views rejected
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Council of Chalcedon
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451- question of Christ's human and divine nature and taught that the incarnate Jesus Christ possessed a complete human nature and a complete divine nature united in one person
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School of Antioch
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protected the integrity of each aspect of the incarnation- divine and human. Said to respect both the human and divine side of Christ.
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School of Alexandria
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Jesus was both God and man at conception. did not distinguish between man and divinity - they were the same thing.
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Monophysites
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"of one nature" - holds that Jesus did not have human and divine nature, but only one.. Humanity of Christ had been absorbed into his single divine nature
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Asceticism
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training/discipline of the passions and the appetites (abstaining from food, denying the body comfort) done by hermits and monks for spiritual development
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Antony of Egypt
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251-356; father of Christian monasticism. Felt that Christ's teaching called him to sell all of his possessions and devote himself completely to following the gospel through a life of prayer in isolation from the world
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Cenobitic monasticism
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the form of monasticism in which monks live together ina community, rather than alone as hermits.
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What did Arius teach?
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that only God the Father could be called God in the true sense of the word, and Christ was a "second-class" god
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Why did Christians like Athanasius oppose the teachings of Arius?
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Teachings were rejected because it made Christ seem so much less than God. They believed that in Christ, humans could see the true God.
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Teaching of the Council Chalcedon on the union of divine and human in the incarnation, and why it was rejected...?
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Said Christ was to be acknowledged in 2 natures with out division or separation. Each nature is preserved separately, but come together in one person
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Historical circumstance in which monasticism arose?
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Antony of Egypt chose to change his life when he heard the gospel story of Christ's council to the rich young man ("sell all of your possessions")
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Manichees
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a quasi-Christian cult deriving its name from a 3rd C. prophet who believed in a dualism of evil matter and good spirit. Taught that people could liberate spirit from matter through strict practice of asceticism (living as a monk)
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Donatists
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Group of Christians that split from the main body of the church in a dispute over whether priests or bishops who collaborated with Roman persecutors of Christianity could retain their offices or administer the sacraments.
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Pelagius (Pelagianism)
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A christian monk (4/5th C)- taught that original sin did not seriously damage the human capacity to do good and that humans are essentially good and could lead holy lives if they exerted sufficient effort.
Was opposed by Augustine and condemned as heretical. |
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Predestination
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The idea that God has chosen in advance that certain events will come to pass.
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Main ideas of the Manichees, why were they attractive to Augustine?
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Believed in 2 realities: power of good spirit, power of evil matter in smoke; that were coeternal/coequal. Explained for Augustine why he felt torn between intellectual desire for the truth/wisdom and his craving of sexual delight and worldly success
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Augustine's primary arguments against the Donatists
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They separated tthemselves; said unity is a primary chharacteristic of the church and to violate that unity is to violate the essentials of Christian charity
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Augustine's primary arguments against Pelagianism
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They believed that the sins of Adam and Eve had no effect on anyone but themselves and that humans were undamaged by original sin
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Augustine's pear tree incident
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He stole pears from a tree, was aware that it was wrong, but did it even though there was no need. He only wanted the excitement of stealing and doing what was wrong; loved the self destruction.
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Augustine's younger views of sex
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did not know the difference between love and lust and would have been unable to contain his actions to procreation; came to view his actions as shameful, full of disease, disorder, and corruption
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What role does Auguustine's mother play in his life?
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When he was young, she was worried he was on the wrong path, but he later realized God was speaking to him through her.
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What book turned Augustine's attention to God-Why?
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Cicero's Hortensius. Changed his praying, values, and priorities; he was impressed by the book's content, not just its style.
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Augustine/Firminus and astrology
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Firminus had a story of his birth and his father's friend's slave girl's child. The two should have had the same horiscope because they were born extremely close together in time. They ended up completely different
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Impact of hearing the Life of Antony on Augustine
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Made him look closely at his own flaws- felt hatred for self and overcome by a fearful sense of shame. Changed his sexual lifestyle
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Why is Monica's death such an important part of Augustine's Confessions?
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She said she only wanted to live to see him become a good Christian and that when he was, she did not have anything else to see in her life. She was an integral part of his life and spirituality
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Monasticism
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a rule and way of life for Christians dedicated to holiness
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John Cassian
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360-435 - "Father of Western monasticism" - wanted to establish a standardized form of monasticism for the Western Roman Empire based upon the ideals of Eastern monasticism
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Feudal system
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economic and political system that characterized the early medieval period in the eastern Roman Empire.
Where rich land owners deeded areas of land to vassals who agreed to provide certain services--vassals needed serfs/peasants to work the land |
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Simony
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the buying and selling of spiritual things; like church leadership positions
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Lay investiture
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Where secular leaders decided to appoint religious leaders for political/family reasons. Done not as spiritual decisions, but for power and money. Took powers away from the chruch
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Alienation of property
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practice of deeding chruch goods as the private inheritance of bishops' or priests' children
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Concubinage
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practice among some clergy of maintaining concubines in a relationship something like marriage
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Gregory 1
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"Gregory the Great" - Supporter of the reforms advocated by the monastery at Cluny, spoke out against the practices of simony, alienation of property, and lay investiture
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Gregory V11
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reform pope- attacked abuses such as simony, alienation of property and lay investiture. Declared the pope to be the supreme judge under God, holding the absolute powers of absolution and excommunication.
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Sacramentary
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a book containing the prayers needed by a priest to celebrate the Eucharist and sometimes other sacraments
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Roman Rite
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Ordered by Charlemagne to unify the empire and the Roman Catholic Church - Christian worship practices of the city of Rome should become the norm throughout his territories - composed by Pope Gregory 1
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Gregorian chant
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collection of music consisting of chants used in the city of Rome. Mandated by Charlemagne to be used as church music throughout the empire
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Mysticism
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spiritual phenomenon that expresses itself in direct, intense experiences of union and oneness with God. Includes: Purgation, illumination, and union
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Constantinople
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Where the emperor Constantine moved his capital to from Rome, in an attempt to bring the empire back together again
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Icon
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A visual representation of Christ, his mother, angels, or saints. Religious art form usually associated with Eastern Christianity
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Iconoclast
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one who is opposed to the veneration of icons
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Filioque
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"and the Son". Refers to a phrase which Western Christians added to the Nicene creed with out the approval of eastern Christians. Opposed by Orthodox Christians because they believed that the Father is the sole source of being in the Trinity
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Great Schism of 1054
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Time in the late Middle Ages when there was more than 1 reigning pope at once. Leaders backed the one they thought was the true pope, creating a schism/split in the church
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conciliar
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Theory in the church authority- bishops, when together, had the right to make binding decisions independent of the pope in a time of crisis
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What events led to the separation of Eastern orthodox and Roman Catholic Christians?
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cultural, spiritual, and worship styles were different.
Different doctrines on the relationship of the Holy Spirit and the Son. Eastern C. disagreed with the Filioque in the Nicene Creed ("and the son"). Papal Primacy |
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Ka'ba
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Pilgrimage site located at Mecca in the Grand Mosque. Where Muslims come to commemorate key events from the founding era of Islam and the time of Abraham
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Muhammad
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First leader/greates prophet of Islam. Allah sent the angel Gabriel to deliver messages to be recited aloud as guidance to followers. Writings make up the Qur'an
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Shi'ites
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Muslim group that arose after the death of Muhammad. Believe that the role of the Caliph should be directly decended/related to Muhammad.
Minority group in Islamic faith. |
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Sunnis
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Majority Muslim group who believe that the caliph should be someone who exemplifies Muhammad's thought and way of life, not someone related to him.
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Sunna
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sayings of the prophet Muhammad and reports of his deeds, as recorded in the hadith
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Hadith
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Reports concerning the sayings and deeds of Muhammad, 6 major collections of which were compiled during the first 300 years of Islamc history. 2nd to the Qur'an
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Shahada
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Islamic prime statement of belief: "I believe that there is no god but God and that Muhammad is the prophet of God."
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Wahdeh
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"Oneness" - "Say,'God is One, the Eternal God. He begot none, nor was he begotten. None is equal to him.'"
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Five Pillars
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1. Bearing witness (Shahada)
2. Prayer - five times a day 3. Fasting- During Ramadan, sunrise to sunset. 4. Almsgiving- %of net worth given to charity 5. Pilgrimage- to holy site in Mecca |
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Jihad
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considered by some to be the 6th pillar - it is an inner striving to purify oneself of the forces of evil and follow the way of Allah.
Corporate attempts to purify the Islamic community of anti-Islamic features or defend the Islamic land by warfare, or spread islamic territorial jurisdiction. |
