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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is bias?
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Systematic error in the collection or analysis of information.
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What is confounding?
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When both factors aren't directly associated but are linked by a third factor.
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What factors need to be taken into account when assessing whether an observed association is causal?
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Bradford Hill criteria.
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What are the nine parts of the Bradford Hill criteria?
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Strength of association
Temporal association Experimental evidence Analogy Dose response relationship Specificity Theoretical plausibility Coherence Consistency |
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What is strength of association?
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The greater the risk the more likely the causation.
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What is consistency?
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Seeing if the same outcome is observed in different places, or by using different research methods.
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What is theoretical plausibility?
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If a biological pathway is seen.
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What is coherence?
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If the association makes sense with our existing knowledge.
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What is experimental evidence?
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Is there an animal model that exists and what does it show?
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What is an analogy?
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Looking to see if there are similar causal explanations seen eg rubella in pregnant mum can cause deafness, then link to other infections in pregnancy.
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What does is the regression equation?
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y=a+bx
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What does the regression equation do?
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Finds the best mathematical model to describe y, the outcome, with respect to x, the exposure.
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What do the letters stand for in the regression equation?
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y=outcome
x=exposure a=intercept b=slope |
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What is the most common form of regression?
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Linear.
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What does a steeper line show on a regression graph?
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x has more effect on y.
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What is the correlation coefficient?
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A measure of association that indicates the degree to which variables change together.
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What is the number closer to when the relationship is stronger?
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one.
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What does NICE stand for?
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National Institute for Clinical Effectiveness.
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What is NICE?
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Produces guidelines and provides advice to clinicians about best practice.
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Give three things that NICE does.
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Signs topics off by politicians, make guidelines for the management of specific conditions, and interventional procedures programme.
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What is the Cochrane Collaboration?
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Makes up-to-date, accurate information about the effects of healthcare readily available worldwide.
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What dose the Cochrane Collaboration produce?
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Reviews healthcare interventions.
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What does the Cochrane Collaboration promote?
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Search for evidence in the form of clinical trials and other studies of interventions.
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When was the Cochrane Collaboration founded?
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1993.
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Who founded the Cochrane Collaboration?
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Archie Cochrane.
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What is the major product of the Collaboration?
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Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
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How often is the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published?
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Quarterly, as part of The Cochrane Library.
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Give the seven parts of a systemic review.
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Question
Data search Selection Appraisal Synthesis of data Interpret findings Report |
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What is a systematic review?
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Comprehensive identification and synthesis of all relevant studies on a given topic eg RCTs.
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What is a meta-analysis?
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A statistical technique to combine the results of several suitably similar studies into a single numerical estimate.
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