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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or false: A sensitive test has no false positive results.
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False. A sensitive test has no false negative results.
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True or false: A specific test has no false positive results.
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True.
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What kind of test would you use for large scale screening ?
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A sensitive test.
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What kind of test would you use for making treatment decisions with major impact ?
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A specific test.
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What techniques can be used to diagnose a bacterial infection ?
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1. Microscopy
2. Culture 3. Sensitivity |
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True or false: Applicable clinical data can influence incubation time of cultures when diagnosing bacterial infections.
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True.
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If the MIC of a specific bacteria is 4, how would you interpret the following values: 8 and 16.
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If the MIC is 4 it is the value for which the bacteria is sensitive. The value 8 might suggest a strain of the same bacteria that has an intermediate resistance against a certain antibiotic. Further, a value of 16 might suggest a resistant strain of the same bacteria.
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Name the different types of laboratory tests.
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1. Diagnostic tests
2. Quantitative tests 3. Prognostic tests |
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Describe a diagnostic test.
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It is a test where a patient is assigned to a diagnostic category and is done by using quantitative and subjective assessments.
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What is meant with the term 'Subjective Assessment' ?
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It refers to assessing a patients past experience.
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What are the two variables that express the effectiveness of a diagnostic test ?
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1. Accuracy
2. Sensitivity |
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Describe a quantitative test.
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A test where a patient is not assigned to a specific diagnostic category and quantitative results are interpreted in relation to a 'normal' value. This normal value must fall in a specific distribution (Gaussian) of what is classified as normal.
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Describe a prognostic test.
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A test where a patient is assigned to a diagnostic category. This test gives an indication of prognosis and staging is usually applied.
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What does each of the following letters represent during tumour staging: TNM ?
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T- Tumour size
N- Degree of lymph node involvement M- Extent of metastases |
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Define: Cytopathology.
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It is a branch of anatomical pathology whereby cells are acquired by methods of exfoliation or aspiration and consequently take to ***** dyspepsia, malignancy and invective pathologies.
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What are the main features used in cytopathological diagnosis ?
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1. Nuclear pleomorphism
2. Nuclear hyperchromatism 3. Nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio |
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Define: Histopathology.
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Diagnostic interpretation of tissue samples.
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Why are histopathological techniques apply during the diagnostic process ?
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1. It can possibly diagnose tumours
2. It can possibly diagnose infective or inflammatory conditions 3. Gives prognostic information |
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Describe the general technique applied to tissue samples in the histopathological laboratory.
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1. Tissue samples are first described in detail
2. They are then trimmed and embedded in wax blocks 3. Thereafter thin sections are cut and stained |
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Describe the technique of immunohistochemistry.
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1. Antibodies are raised artificially
2. Binding antibodies have a dye attached 3. Consequently the antigen which has an affinity to the antibody becomes clear when visualized |
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Into which categories can genetic abnormalities be divided into ?
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1. Numerical abnormalities
2. Structural abnormalities |
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What are the categories of autopsies ?
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1. Medicolegal
2. Clinical |
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What are the benefits of clinical autopsies ?
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1. Clinical audit
2. Education 3. National allocation of health resources |
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What red blood cell indices can a blood analyser give about red blood cells ?
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1. Erythrocite count
2. MCV (mean cell volume) 3. MCH (Mean cell haemoglobin) |
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How do you calculate MCV ?
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[Hct g/l] / [Red cell concentration/l]
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How do you calculate MCH ?
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Hb concentration / Red cell concentration
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What is the function of red blood cells ?
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1. Carry oxygen
2. Acid buffer 3. Carry carbon dioxide |
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Define: Erythropoiesis.
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The production of erythrocytes.
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What are the sites of erythropoiesis ?
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1. Intra-medullary (Bone marrow)
2. Extra-medullary (Liver and spleen) |
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What do the terms macro and microcytosis mean, with regards to red blood cells ?
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1. Macrocytosis- Larger than normal volume
2. Microcytosis- Smaller than normal volume |
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Define: Anaemia.
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Anaemia is defined as a haemoglobin concentration lower than normal for age and gender. Classified according to cell size.
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What are the causes of mycrocytic anaemia ?
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1. Iron deficiency
2. Anaemia of chronic disease |
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What are the causes of macrocytic anaemia ?
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Magaloblastic-
1. Vitamin B12 deficiency Non-magaloblastic- 1. Reticulocytosis (after acute blood loss) |
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Define: Reticulocytosis.
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A condition where there is an increase in immature red blood cells.
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What are the causes of normocytic anaemia ?
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1. Acute blood loss or hemolysis
2. Chronic renal failure 3. Anaemia of chronic disease |
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True or false: A highly sensitive test can rule people in with the disease.
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False. A highly specific test can rule someone in with the disease (spin) and a highly sensitive test can rule someone who does not have the disease out (snout).
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Which group of antibodies react to current and past exposure, respectively ?
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1. IgG - Past
2. IgM - Current |
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Define: Titre.
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Indication of level of antibody.
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Which samples are important when measuring the immune response ?
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1. Serum
2. CSF |
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What does the presence of inflammatory cells in a sample suggest ?
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It is a representative sample of the site of infection.
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What does the presence of epithelial cells in a sample suggest ?
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Possible contamination.
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In which samples would you expect to find antigens or toxins in an ill patient ?
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1. Urine
2. Blood 3. Vomitus 4. Stool 5. CSF |
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How would you collect a representative sputum sample ?
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1. Rinse patient mouth with water
2. Avoid taking a sample after a meal 3. Obtain sputum and not saliva |
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How would you collect a swab sample ?
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1. Clean the area with saline
2. Take swab from most inflamed area 3. Avoid swabbing slough from the center of an ulcer |
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If there is no clear site of infection, What tests would you consider ?
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Serological tests.
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