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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Dates of the Middle Ages
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500-1400 CE
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When the Renaissance started
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1300-1400 CE
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Reasons for the rise of the Renaissance
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1. Discovery of the ancient world
2. Rise of humanism 3. Invention of movable type 4. Exploration & merchant trade 5. Decline of church & feudalism |
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Discovery of the ancient world
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- Rome & Greece
- Byzantium fell, libraries moved west |
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Rise of humanism
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- Emphasis on study of mankind
- Concern for worth or value in this life |
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Protagorus said...
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Man is the measure of all things.
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Invention of movable type
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- Already invented, Gutenburg just popularized it
- Quicker printing |
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Exploration & merchant trade
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- Columbus
- Copernicus - Galileo |
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Columbus
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- 1492
- Didn't discover, just opened trade |
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Copernicus
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- Earth revolves around sun
- Earth rotates once every 24 hours - We are not the center of the universe |
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Galileo
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Reasserted Copernicus' beliefs
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Decline of the church & feudalism
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- Rise in nationalism
- Martin Luther |
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Rise in nationalism
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Formed city-states or pre-nations
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Martin Luther
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- Lutherans/Protestants
- Wrote about Catholic abuses (greed, indulgences to forgive sins) - Three Grievances |
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Three Grievances
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- The individual may know God through faith
- A direct relationship with God is the only source of grace - Salvation is entirely in the hands of God, not the church |
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Italian Renaissance
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1300 CE
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Why in Italy?
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1. Italy was the first center of cultural activity in Europe
2. City-states brought wealth to the region 3. Roman-Catholic church and its struggle for power helped the arts |
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Italy as a cultural center
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Big families
- Sforza - Medici - Doge - Esta City-states all over the country - Verona - Venice - Milan |
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City-states' wealth and its impact on arts
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Art is a sign of the wealthy and of power
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Italy's 3 Gifts to Theatre
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1. Italianate Scenery (technology)
2. Neo-classical Rules 3. Commedia Dell'arte |
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Geniuses who sparked the Renaissance
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- Dante
- Giatto - Petrarch - Boccaccio |
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Dante
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- Father of Renaissance
- "Divine Comedy" was 1st major literary work in the vernacular: accessible - Still influenced by religion |
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Giatto
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- Introduced perspective into art
- Drop point perspective - Humanized iconic figures of the Catholic church |
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Petrarch
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- Also considered the father of the Renaissance
- Collected & studied ancient manuscripts - Championed human issues over theological ones - Influenced by Seneca & urged scholars to study Greek culture |
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Boccaccio
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- Humanist
- "On Famous Woman": 106 snippets about women - Celebrates corporeal bodies, sex, lust for life - "The Decameron" written in the vernacular |
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2 Noteworthy Plays of the Italian Renaissance
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- Earliest in the vernacular and most popular
1. Mandragola (1518) by Machiavelli 2. Sofonisba by Trissinio |
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Machiavelli
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- Author, statesman, philosopher
- Roots of commedia dell'arte - "The Prince" about how to maintain power and destroy enemies |
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Sofonisba
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- Tragedy, based on Seneca
- Highly popular |
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Neo-classical Rules
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1. Verisimilitude
2. Two forms of drama 3. Decorum 4. Function of drama 5. 3 Unities 6. 5-act Structure |
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Verisimilitude
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- Having the appearance of truth
- Reality - Morality - Universality |
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Reality
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- What could happen in real life
- Removal of soliloquy - Elimination of chorus - Fewer battles, violence, death & crowd scenes |
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Morality
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- Must teach a moral lesson
- God's grand design revealed - Wicked are punished, good are rewarded - Melodrama (summer action movies) |
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Universality
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- Truth is discovered through your senses
- Examination of the phenomenon on stage |
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Two Regular Forms of Drama
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- Comedy
- Tragedy |
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Comedy
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- Middle or Lower classes
- Domestic issues - Everyday speech - Happy ending - Lesson learned at the end |
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Tragedy
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- Nobility or ruling class
- History and sometimes mythology - Lofty poetic rhetoric (highly stylized) - Unhappy endings - Lesson learned at the end |
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Decorum
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- Appropriateness
- Strictly observed - Know your place |
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Function of Drama
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- Teach & please
- Comedy: looks at behavior to be avoided, nothing to excess - Tragedy: horrifying consequences of mistakes or misdeeds |
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3 Unities
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- Time
- Place - Action |
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Unity of Time
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Action of the play occurs in 12- to 24-hour period
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Unity of Place
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Action of the play occurs in one location (sometimes outside)
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Unity of Action
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Action of the play follows a single plotline
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5-Act Structure
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- Educated playwrights
- Got this from Horace |
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Commedia Dell'arte
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- 1540 - 1775
- Comedy of Professional Players (to please and make money) - origins unknown (may be Attelan farces, Plautus, Terence, Menander) - 2 Characteristics: -- Improvisation -- Stock Characters |
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Commedia Improvisation
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- actors worked from an outline and improvised, the actor worked his/her skill
- every actor plays same character - made of lazzi: many stock comic bits (one is lazzo) |
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Commedia Stock Characters: Unmasked
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Young lovers (innamorato/innamorata)
- stupid - naive - romantic - handsome/beautiful - well-educated - need help |
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Commedia Stock Characters:
Masked (Masters) |
- capitano: soldier, braggart, talks about sexual/military prowes but has none
- pantalone: middle-aged or elderly, merchant/lawyer/banker, fool, runs after young women - dottore: friend of pantalone, learned, discredited |
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Commedia Stock Characters: Masked (Servants)
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Servants
- one smart & one dumb - always drive the action - help or hinder their masters - fantesca: female servant, barmaid, sterotypical, falls in love with other servant, smart/witty, sharp tongue - arlecchino: harlequin, patchy clothes that evolved into diamonds, juggler, acrobat, smart and dumb, carried a slapstick (loud slapping sound) - brighella: like arlecchino, but very mean and cruel, sexual appetite, cunning, cynical - pulcinello: Punch (& Judy), dressed up to look like arlecchino, constantly beating on everyone |
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English Renaissance
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- 1485-1642
- Henry VIII to Puritans |
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Conditions that lead to the English Renaissance
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1. Queen Elizabeth
2. Isolated geographically 3. Nationalism & nation-building 4. Religious stability 5. Rise of economic power |
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Queen Elizabeth
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- 1558-1603
- Long and stable rule - Virgin Queen |
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Geographical isolation
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- The reason it took so long to get over from Italy
- Stability due to geography - Philip II sends Spanish Armada to destroy heretic Queen, limps back (3 times) in part due to the weather |
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Nationalism & nation-building
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- Unified government & policy
- Rise of chronicle play (history plays) to record and revere the current times |
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Religious stability
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- Rise of Protestantism
- Act of Supremacy: Elizabeth declares herself head of Church of England in her 2nd year of rule - Act of Uniformity: sets the order of prayer and prayerbook - Essentially freedom of religion as long as the affairs of state are not interfered with |
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Rise of economic power
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- Sank the Spanish Armada 3 times
- Colonial powerhouse: go into the New World and bring back what you find - Control over emerging markets (bankers, investors) - Literature, the arts, architecture - Merchant/middle class - Establishing trade - Press, coffeehouses, tobacco |
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Influences that led to the development of Elizabethan Theatre
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1. Inns of Court
2. Professional Theatre 3. Establishment of theatre buildings |
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Inns of Court
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Grad School + Internship + Finishing School
- Gray's Inn - Inner Temple Inn - Lincoln's Inn - Middle Temple Inn - No women - Rich, noble, aristocratic, educated - Taught dance, poetry, oration/declamation, etiquette - Theatre was a tool to demonstrate style and etiquette - Latin, Greek, Italian, translations of Classics into English - Next to brothels, links prostitution -> aristocracy -> theatre, theatre becomes political tug-of-war |
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People from the Inns of Court
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- Christopher Marlowe
- Thomas Kyd - Ben Jonson |
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Christopher Marlowe
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- 1564-1593
- Three plays -- Doctor Faustus -- The Jew of Malta -- Edward II - Episodic structure - Invented the chronicle play - Blank verse: Marlowe's Mighty Line (unrhymed iambic pentameter) |
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Thomas Kyd
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- 1558-1594
- The Spanish Tragedy -- Most popular of his day -- Revenge Tragedy -- Violence -- Scene within a scene -- Ghost |
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Ben Jonson
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- Circulated w/ aristocracy
- Stuck to Neo-classical Rules - "Volpone" or "The Fox" / "Every Man in His Humour" / "Bartholomew Fair" - Wrote court masques - Collaborated with Inigo Jones - Conscious artistry - Introduced Italianate ideals to England - Proscenium arch |
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Professional Theatre
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- Strolling players
- Elizabeth outlawed cycle plays & political plays to bring stability (1559) - Master of Revels: officer who ensures plays get OK from the crown - 1572 theatre legalized as long as there was a patron - Aristocracy came - Lord Chamberlain's Men |
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Lord Chamberlain's Men
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- After Elizabeth died, James (Jacobean) became patron of Lord Chamberlain's Men, they became The King's Men
- Shareholders kick in money - Hired Men (other jobs, such as cleaning and copying sides) - Apprentices (young boys assigned to master actors, played women) |
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Permanent theatre buildings
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- People came to you
- Needed a large turnover - Repertory in case the audience is against the new play - Audience is always right |
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Public theatre buildings
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- Exterior
- Larger - Yard/Pit where the groundlings stood - Gallery: lower - merchants, 2nd - students/aristocrats/literati, 3rd - upper nobility, politicians - Playwrights had to appeal to all strata of society |
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Private theatre buildings
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- Interior
- Smaller - Upper class/nobility |
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Emblematic/Iconic theatre
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- Demands that the audience listen and watch
- Emphasis on language - Minor set (lantern = night, cloak = cold) - Prompt imagination - To an active listening audience (40 years later, set design shifts audience from listening to seeing) |
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Theatre = Evil
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- "A Treatise on Dicing, Dancing, Plays & Interludes" by John Northbrook
- Stephen Gosson: "School of Abuse" - echoes Northbrook |
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Shakespeare
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- 1564-1616
- Greatest Playwright Who Ever Lived - Collaborated a lot - 1623: Folio edited & published (36 plays) - Lord Chamberlain's Men |
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Shakespeare's Plays
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- Henry VI, pt. 1, 2, 3
- Henry V - Richard III - Twelfth Night - Measure for Measure - Loves Labor's Lost - Taming of the Shrew - Othello - King Lear - Hamlet* - Macbeth* - Romeo & Juliet - The Tempest * = greatest play ever written (? - debate) |
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Shakespeare's Characteristics
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- Strong exposition/action starts immediately
- 2+ plots/same theme - Action takes days, weeks, years - Large & diverse cast - 3D characters treated w/ sympathy - Rich language (metaphor, mood, symbols, comedy) - 1st existential playwright |
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Ben Jonson said in the Folio...
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"He's not of a time, he's of the ages."
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Blackfriar's
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- Boys' acting company, famous during James I (Jacobean), until offend him and get shut down
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Richard Tarleton
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Clown in Queen's Men
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William Kempe
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- Clown in Lord Chamberlain's Men
- Shakespeare was pissed at him frequently - Famous for "dancing across Europe" - Started theatre in Germany |
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Robert Arman
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- Replaced Kempe
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Edward Alleyn
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- Tragic actor
- Marlowe's plays - Originated Faustus |
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Richard Burbage
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- Originated Richard III, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear
- In King's Men |
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Inconveniences of Theatre
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1. Corrupts youth
2. Vagrants (actors are horse thieves, masterless men) 3. Idleness 4. Breeding ground for plague (and STDs) |
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Theatres in London
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- The Red Lion
- The Theatre - The Globe (built in 1597, burnt in 1613): Henry VIII, cannon caught roof on fire, burned in an hour, rebuilt in 1614, stayed up for 30 years - Swan Theatre: only interior sketch - Rose Theatre |
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Johannes De Witt
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- Drew interior of the Swan
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William Prynne
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- Wrote an attack on theatre and court masques
- called actresses "notorious whores" - fined, expelled from legal profession, stripped of degrees, prison for life, part of his ears removed |
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Inigo Jones
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- all about spectacle, special effects
- Italianate scenery - Perspective scenery - Proscenium arch - Hid set behind curtain - Groove and shutter |
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John Webb
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- Inigo Jones' apprentice & son-in-law
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William Davenant
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- Wrote many of the last masques Inigo designed
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Interregnum
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1642-1660
- Civil War - Theatre outlawed - 1649: Charles I beheaded - 1660: Restoration |
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Spanish Golden Age
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1580-1680
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Felix Lope de Vega Carpio
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1652-1635
- Greatest of all Spanish playwrights - episodic, large cast, ignored Neo-classical rules - Fuenta Ovejuna (The Sheep Well): most famous play |
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Calderon de la Barca
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1600-1681
- Life is a Dream: greatest play written in the Golden Age - Wrote Commedias and autosacrementales (ecclesiastical) |
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Corral
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- Theatre buildings
- Patio: area in front of stage - Lunetas: crescent chair layout - Cazuela - stew pot (all the ladies) - Gradas - side balconies |
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French Neo-classicism
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- influenced by Italy because Italian leaders move to France and hijack the culture
- Catherine de Medici (married Henry II, three sons: Francois II, Henry III, Henry IV) was her sons' regent and ran France - Cardinal Richelieu (regent to Louis XIII) - Cardinal Mazarin (regent to Louis XIV) - 80 years uninterrupted Spanish influence |
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Peace of Nantes
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Henry VI - no more religious fighting (Catholics & Protestants)
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French Academy
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- 40 geniuses of arts & letters
- Couldn't run counter to them or you couldn't be a courtier |
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Pierre Corneille
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- 1st great playwright of French Renaissance
- "The Cid" (The Lord/Prince/Hero) - doesn't follow Neo-classical rules |
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Jean Racine
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- "Phaedra": best Neo-classical play ever written
- failure until Louis XIV became his patron - Better it reflects Greek, better it makes society |
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Jean-Baptiste Poquelin
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- changed name to Moliere to avoid shame
- Upholsterer (like father) or lawyer - ran away to create L'Illustre Theatre w/ wife Madelein Bejart & her brother and sister - Louis XIV names them King's Men |
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Moliere's plays
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- Tartuffe - greatest
- The School for Wives - The Miser - The Misanthrope - Moderation in all things - All in rhyming couplets |
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Moliere's characteristics
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- Based on commedia
- Witty dialogue (maybe wittiest ever) - Moderation in all things |