Theatre Final

Front 1

a play is a representation of what?

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human beings in action

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Aristotle ' s 6 parts of drama

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plot, character, thought, diction, music and spectacle

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thespis

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first recorded actor, playwright and festival winner

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Greek tragedy often depicts

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human attempts to escape the fate and will of the Gods

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characteristics of a Greek theatre production

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a chorus made up of 15 men that treated as a group character and often expressed author's point of view
musicians - the primary source was a flute player
actors: there were only 3 speaking roles
all violent action happened off stage

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sophocles

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wrote Oedipus

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moliere

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wrote tartuffe

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shakesphere

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wrote Hamlet

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liturgical drama was performed during the first two phases of the middle ages

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primarily inside churches and monasteries
written in Latin was chanted and sung by clergymen or choir boys

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vernacular drama

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were elaborate productions performed outside the church performed by laymen and financed by the community

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cycle plays

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a number of short plays that dramatized the Bible from Creation to Doomsday

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Mansions

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medieval scenic units used to represent locals

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in order for professional theatres in elizabethan England to survive they had to

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play often
have a large selection of stock plays that varied in subject to keep audiences coming back
large space to accommodate a sizeable paying audience

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English public theatres varied in detail but all:

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combined medieval and Greek characteristics

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1558--1642 was conducive to playwrights because

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always 2 companies performing throughout London
there were 6 performances per week
new plays were in constant demand

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christopher marlow, Ben Johnson, Thomas kyd and John fletcher were all

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elizabethan playwrights

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Why was the discovery of Vitruvius' De Architectura so important to renaissance italy

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describes how theatre architecture is laid out and describes settings for Tragedy, Comedy, and Farce

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in 1545 sebastion Serlio publishes this which shows how to create a performance space in an existing room:

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Architettura

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What is Italy ' s most important contribution to theatrical production?

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perspective drawing and painting

Front 20

with the evolution of representational scenery, there was a need to develop new stage architecture that would not allow audiences to see around the scenery. the name of the new stage was:

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the proscenium or picture frame stage

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What is Italian intermezzi?

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interludes - elaborate compliments performed b/w the acts of a regular play- exploited spectacle and special effects

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What are English masques?

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similar to intermezzi in all important aspects accept they were independent productions

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What does commedia dell arte mean?

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comedy of professional artists

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at the heart of commedia lies:

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the actor, scenarios, and improvisation

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stock characters of commedia dell arte

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lovers
masters
servants

Front 26

two legitimate forms of drama - tragedy and comedy - never mixed, all plays written in 5 acts, unity of time - all action occurs in 24 hour period, all action in one place, there should be only one plot and endings should uphold poetic justice is what?

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the neo classical ideal

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the following is true of melodrama

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all important events happened on stage
at least one spectacular event such as an explosion, earthquake, flood or fire occured during the performance
productions included a strong musical element
good was always rewarded and evil always punished

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melodrama simply means

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music drama

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this group was grounded in the scientific outlook. they had the need to understand human behavior in terms of cause and effect. they felt the truth of pursuit to knowledge can be verified through the five senses

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realism

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often called the "Founder of Modern Drama" his plays stirred worldwide controversy because the endings of his plays did not reaffirm accepted values. wrote A Doll's House, Ghosts, and Hedda Gabbler

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Henrik Ibsen

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this group is a more extreme style of realism and emerged during the 1870s. premise based on "slice of life" thought the realists were too concerned with theatrical effectiveness too carefully building complications and resolutions. they had a more rigorous in demands for the truth

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naturalism

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wrote the "Theatre and It's Double", was the founder of the Theatre of Cruelty which was grounded in Surrealism which emphasized the importance of the unconscious. He thought that in order to expose truth, the subconscious mind must be subverted

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Antonin Artaud

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founded by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, this group thought the past stood in the way of future and art museums and libraries should be destroyed. they thought that the speed and energy of the machine age the key to an enlightened future. they sought to replace old art forms with new ones among them collage, kinetic sculpture and music based on everyday noise

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futurism

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these people sought to replace logic, reason, and unity with chance and illogic. favorite forms of expression included "chance poems" and "sound poems"

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Dadda

Front 35

richard wagner is known for which of the following?

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Opera compositions
new kind of Theatre architecture that opened up sight lines and improved hearing capabilities
darkened auditoriums so that the everyday world was separated from the world of the play

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considered the first director, this man is known for crowd scenes and worked out the "Total stage picture" moment per moment. designed sets, costumes and properties

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George II Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

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this group denied that ultimate truth can be discovered through the five senses. instead they thought truth could be hinted at through a network of symbols that evokes feelings and states of mind corresponding to our institutions

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symbolism

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this group charged that industrialism had turned human beings into machines with conditioned responses and souls shriveled by materialistic values. on stage they presented nightmarish visions of the human situation

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expressionism

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Adolph Appia introduced what to the modern stage?

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replaced 2 -D scenery with 3-D structures
advocated stairs and ramps to break up the flat floor
advocated the use of lighting from various directions and angles

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together founded the Moscow Art Theatre.

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Konstantin Stanislavski and Vladimir Nemerovich-Danchenko

Front 41

this talented yet controversial scenic designer once suggested that actors be replaced with large puppets so that they would not impose their own personalities on the production.

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Gordon Craig

Front 42

This German director was the first to treat each production as a new experience. he believed the production should serve the script. he established eclecticism as the dominant directorial approach.

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Max Reinhardt

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Konstantin Stanislavski created a systematic approach to acting. he believed:

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an actor's body and voice must be trained to be flexible to respond to all demands
act truthfully - skilled observer of human behavior
understand character motivations and goals in each scene and in the whole play

Front 44

who wrote "My Life in Art", "Building a Character" "An Actor Prepares" and "Creating a Role"?

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Konstantin Stanislavski

Front 45

Which playwright wrote "The Cherry Orchard", "The Seagull", "Three Sisters" and "Uncle Vanya"?

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Anton Checkov

Front 46

In Post War United States the people prefer popular entertainment to High Art. Film introduced sound in 1929 and ticket prices were much lower than that of theatre. From 1929-1939 how many live entertainment theatres closed?

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two-thirds

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This playwright developed Epic Theatre and wrote plays such as "The Caucasian Chalk Circle", "Mother Courage", and "Three Penny Opera"

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Bertoldt Brecht

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Existentialist:

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denied the existence of God
Jean-Paul Sarte wrote "No Exit" and was a leading Existentialist
Albert Camus wrote "Caligula" and "The Just Assassins"

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This production won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1931. It was the first time a musical had won this prestigious drama award.

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"Of Thee I Sing"

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Formerly the Group Theatre, this group was formed in New York City in 1947 by Robert Lewis, Elia Kazan and Cheryl Crawford. This was not a school and did not charge fees. Instead the premise was that an actor's training never ends. After a rigorous audition process and acceptance the individual is a member for life.

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The Actors Studio

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Who wrote such plays as Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and A Streetcar Named Desire?

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Tennessee Williams

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Who wrote such plays as Death of a Salesman and All My Sons?

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Arthur Miller

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This artistic theatrical movement emerged in France in 1950 and accepted the views of Sarte and Camus. The plays written and produced abandoned cause and effect relationships for associated patterns reflecting illogic and chance.

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Absurdist

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He wrote Waiting for Godot and Happy Days.

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Samuel Beckett

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This group was founded in New York in 1946 by Julian Beck and Judith Malina. "Paradise Now" was one of its most extreme pieces. They introduced nudity and obscene language into the theatre for the first time since the fall of Rome.

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The Living Theatre

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Modernism-

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involved battles of absolute versus relative standards and values.

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Which statement best describes Postmodernism?

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melded categories by ignoring or deliberately violating differentiations and breaching boundaries b/w the arts, the actor and the audience

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In 1968 Richard Sheckler develops this specific theatre group that was concerned with the acting/performance space. His group performed in found spaces which they transformed into the playing space.

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Environmental Theatre

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The Open Theatre (1963-74) was headed by Joseph Chaikin and

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was above all concerned with "transformations" or constantly shifting reality as the same performer assumes and discards roles as the context changes
sought scrips that would reveal fundamental moral and social patterns buried beneath troubling contemporary events and preoccupations
Productions included The Serpent and Viet Rock

Front 60

He is the best known multimedia designer/scenographer. He was the first to combine filmed images with live actors.

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Joseph Svoboda

Front 61

The emergence of Off and Off - off Broadway came about because:

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financial conditions caused Broadway producers to appeal to the masses to cover production costs and make money
the development of union labor on Broadway
Theatre Groups were forced to find out of the way places where low cost productions could be produced

Front 62

What was the most important Off - off Broadway group?

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La Mama

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She was the first African American playwright to win critical acclaim in the postwar period. Her play A Raisin in The Sun won a New York Critics Circle award.

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Lorraine Hansberry

Front 64

This playwright vowed to write a play in each decade of the 20th century depicting the African American experience. He wrote award winning plays The Piano Lesson, Fences, Joe Turner's Come and Gone, and Ma Rainey ' s Black Bottom

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August Wilson

Front 65

His plays include The Birthday Party, The Homecoming, and The Dumb Waiter

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Harold Pinter

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his plays include Angels in America: The Millennium Approaches and Angels in America: Perestroika

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Tony Kushner

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Buried Child ( 1979 Pulitzer Prize ), True West, A Lie of the Mind were some of his plays.

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Sam Shepard

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The NEA (National Endowment of the Arts)

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dispenses federally appropriated funds to art groups throughout the United States

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Pillowman, The Cripple of Inishmaan, The Lieutenant of Inishmore and The Beauty Queen of Leenane are some of his plays

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Martin McDonagh

Front 70

This traditional form of Japanese theatre developed significantly in 1375 after dramatist and performer Kiyotsugu Kan'ami and his son Zeami Motokiyo were granted Samurai status. Each performance was made up of one play each of God plays, Warrior plays, woman plays, Madness plays, and Demon plays

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Noh

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This form of Japanese Theatre is also known as the "Doll Theatre"

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Bunraku

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This is the most favorable traditional form of Japanese Theatre. It emerged in the 17th century and is most open to change. This is also the form that most American and Europeans incorporate into productions.

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Kabuki

Front 73

The 4 controllable qualities of light are:

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intensity
Angle
color
movement

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The costume designer is concerned with:

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the visual appearance of the actor

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Scenic designers function is:

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defining and characterizing the acting space

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Which process follows the steps: Commitment, Analysis, Research, Incubation, Selection, Implementation, and evaluation?

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The Design process

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Spectacle

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encompasses all the visual elements of the production