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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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• Play master
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a man who coordinated and staged the cycles in Europe during the Middle Ages; a precursor of the modern director. Also called prompter and ordinary
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• Cycle plays
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a series of religious plays (mystery plays) popular throughout Europe during the Middle Ages, Based on biblical stories ranging from the creation of the world to the last judgment and were performed outdoors in the vernacular (local language)
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• Actor-manager
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an actor who served as leader of a theatrical company in Europe during the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. Actor managers made financial decisions, selected the repertory; literally, “the distant of art”
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• “auteur”
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is sometimes used for directors who operate with almost total control, 20th century
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When did prompt books appear
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1547-1583 then reappeared in the nineteenth century
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What is included in a modern promptbook
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Prompt books appeared from the play master including drawings of sets, ground plans, stage directions, and various production notes,
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• Cues
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a signal for a timed change in a technical element(light, set, sound), a signal for the actor to speak or move
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• Staging
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combining all elements of production to bring the text alive in three dimensions. Staging is ultimately the responsibility of the director
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• Blocking
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planned actor movement usually recorded in a promptbook
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• casting director
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a specialists in finding actors for specific roles who assists the director in some professional productions
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• call backs
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a secondary or later round of auditions to which specific actors are invited
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• dramaturg
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a specialist in dramatic literature and theatre history who serves as a consultant for production. For revival, the dramaturg conducts researches on the play, author, or hysterical period. When collaborating on an original play (a script produced for the first time), a dramaturg reads the script, attends readings, attends rehearsals, and offers suggestions to the playwright and director. Such a specialist who coordinates a season of plays is often referred to as a literary manager
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• stage manager
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staff manager who esures that things run smoothly on and backstage, they coordinate a show during rehearsal and performance and keep the director’s artistic choices intact during its run
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• run crews
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workers who maintain and execute cues for props, costumes, set, lighting, and sound during the run of the show
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• production manager
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usually employed by a theatre company with multiple performance spaces who is in charge of scheduling (space, rehearsals, and production meetings)and coordinating state managers for the productions, espically when two or more productions are running and or rehearsing simultaneously, also called a production stage manager
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What are technical rehearsals
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Rehearsal in which light, sound, and set changes are added to show. The term is also used for the specific rehearsal in which the stage manager, actors, and run crew practice putting all elements (except costumes) together in a complete run of the show. Also called tech run
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What is meant by “antiquarianism” and how does it relate to the development of the role of the director in the 19th-20th century?
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In 19th century Europe, the practice of researching and recreating authentic styles of dress, architecture, and interior design when producing plays written or set in the past. This term was later replaced by historical accuracy.
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What is “fourth wall staging”?
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An approach to staging in which actors move and behave in the set as if it were actually the room represented and do not acknowledge the presence of an audience, the proscenium arch, if present is often treated as the fourth wall of an enclosed room.
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Why is David Belasco important?
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Not only wrote his own plays but rewrote those of others, but also also cast and rehearsed the actors, created scenic details, and oversaw all staging. Belasco gave so much attention to lighting on stage he is considered an innovator in lighting techniques. Usually melodramas.
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What was the Arthur Miller-Wooster Group controversy about
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The Wooster Group tried to integrate The Crucible into a performance collage, they wanted permission to use excerpts from the script, Miller saw the performance and refused and said it was a parody, because he didn’t want his play to negatively influence future Crucible productions.
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What political events during the 1950s led to Arthur Miller’s writing of The Crucible?
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McCarthyism because in the 1950’s the US government had blacklisted all the communists and the people were questioned for carrying out ‘un American’ activities, Arthur was himself affected by this. The US government questioned many citizens because it suspected them to have sympathies with the communists and these people suffered loss of employment and at times imprisonment. So to represent this, he wrote about this in his play and compared it to the ‘Salem witch trials’ that targeted a certain class of people without proper evidence, just based on suspicions.
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Sir Peter Brook
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Midsummer Nights Dream, He made stages more environmentally cool, He added a catwalk around the top of the stage allowed performers who were not on state to watch the action below in full view of the audience, inspired by chinese acrobats, his show was like a circus
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Julie Taymor
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An “auterur”, The actors wore the puppets, designed masks and puppets, did lighting an African theme for Lion King
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Mary Zimmerman
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Brought back Metamorphoses- rectangular water tank filled most of the stage, She begins with an idea for developing piece from a particular text, works on sound and light and casts the actors before script is even written, Metamorphoses reflected actor images, interacted with light, and created and entirely new visual dimension on stage
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George Wolfe
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• Important director, also a playwright, Cultural collision-inclusion, means to spark not only controversy but also meaningful collaboration and interaction that results in theatrical events that cant be ignored- that demand response and descusion. Theater is not just a form of images and language but art form ideas. “the potency of language and your commitment can transform people.
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What is meant by the term “new stage craft”?
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Platforms, stairs, open spaces, and great even impossible heights, made its way into commercial theaters, sometimes such scenery was used even for plays that were written to be realistic.
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Why were plays written and how were playwrights regarded in ancient Greece?
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Playwrights was not a profession, people who wrote plays earned their living this way
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Do we know the names of early Greek playwrights?
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Thespis and Aeshylus were actors as well as playwrights
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What were cycle plays during the medieval period? Who wrote these plays?
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We don’t know most of the authors of the cycle plays. They were identified by the name of the community resurfaced in the Middle Ages, participation in religious and civic events was more important than individual identification.
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How were playwrights typically paid for their work during Elizabethan period?
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Elizabethan writers would sell their plays to competing theatrical troupes. They would get a flat fee and on occasional extra added for successful scripts
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What are royalties?
What country past the first legislation regarding royalties? |
fee for each performance to playwrites, The French National Assembly passed this law
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When was the first International Copyright Agreement created?
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By the English, 1886
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Henrik Ibsen’s importance as a realist playwright (“father of realism”)
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plays about social issues not generally discussed were often read first as literature before becoming widely known through performance
He thought his audience would be shocked by the idea of divorce, his work was praised, attacked, and discussed frequently before readers saw the production |
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What is significant about the year 1923 in copyright law?
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Work published before 1932 are considered in the public domain and can be produced freely, although to be ethical, it is important to acknowledge the author.
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What is meant by” public domain” with regard to copyright?
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Public domain means produced freely, those intellectual properties have expired.
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If a play was originally written in a foreign language before 1923 and is translated in 1990 to English, is the translation subject to copyright law?
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Permission must be obtained and a royalty paid to translator
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What inspired Stephen Sondheim’s and James Lapine’s Sunday in the Park with George?
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Georges Seurat paintings “Sunday Afternoon the Island of La Grande Jatte”
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What is the purpose of the Humana Festival held and what Theatre hosts it?
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ATL Actors Theatre of Louisville, 3,000 scripts are received annually, 75000 plays have been summited since 1976, Over ¾ have been published, allows a lot of scripts available for reading and studying and production.
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What is the process for developing a new pay in a professional theatre (workshops)?
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Workshop is process in which a director and actors work with writer to develop the script using reading, discussion, and improvisation. Then the playwright uses the discoveries from workshop in revising the script
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What legal issue pertaining to Rent erupted pertaining to the unexpected death of playwright Jonathon Larson while working with dramaturg Thompson
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Larson and dramaturg (Lynn Thomson) worked a lot with Larson to really change the play. Larson dies and Thomas claimed to have contributed a considerable amount of the writing and asked Larson heirs for 16 percent of authors share of royalties. She had no proof, she lost the case once it went to court
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“The designer’s job in the theatre is to control environment” (p. 203). How do they do this through set, costume, light, and sound?
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Sound creates effects audience hears, This effects their emotions, they help shape the audiences experience
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• Skene
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stage house
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• Orchestra
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circular performance area
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• Pinakes
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flat, painted scenery
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• Periaktoi
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prism-shaped, three sided scenic units
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• Wing
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flat painted panels on either side of the stage
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• Drop
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large expanse of painted fabric upstage
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• border scenery (p. 205)
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strips of cloth or panels hung horizontally across the tops o the wings
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• box set
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an enclosed set with walls and sometimes ceiling, became a standard for interior after 1830
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• ground rows (p. 207)
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low flat painted scenery at stage level that extended the line of the wing out toward center stage
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• antiquarianism (pp. 207-208)
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practice inspired many designers to research authentic styles of dress, architecture, and interior design from the past and incorporate or adapt accurate historical images when producing plays written or set in the past
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• fourth wall (p. 210)
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actors think of the audience as an imaginary fourth wall
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• metatheatre (pp. 213-214)
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productions that self-consciously comment on the play as taking place in a theatre
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Revolve
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opportunity for extraordinary scenic changes, can hold two entire settings at once or bring tableaux and actors into place while other elements remain stationary, they rotated the revolve a little each time full of trees Shakespear: Henry IV, Othello, Midsummer Nights Dream(central revolve)
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kabuki
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became a large revolve that was set permanently into the stage at the end of the 18th century, set at center stage and is 60 feet across
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• Representations
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scenecry, costume, lighting, and sound imitate precisely the kind of environment and details in which the action of the play would occur in real life.
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• Presentational
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approach to design offers many possibilies, scenery, costume, lighting can suggest, distort, and ever abstract reality
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• Unit set
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a single scenic unit used to represent many different locations
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• Ground plan
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shows where any scenic pieces or perhaps set props are to be placed.
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• Section
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drafting showing the vertical elements of the space and their relative positions (how high light should be hung)
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• Rendering
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a picture of the set drawn from the audiences point of view, usually in color
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• Model
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a 3-dimensionall miniature version of the set, built to scale (usually one-quarter or one-half inch to the foot) allows advantage for director to experiment with spatial possibilities
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• front elevation
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breaking the set into units to be built and showing each piece of scenery from the front
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• painter’s elevation
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in color, showing the plan for painting each piece of scenery
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• rear elevation
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showing each piece from the back, particularly important in constructing the scenery, since a rear view may show how each piece of scenery is to be built
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• technical director
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responsible for the safety of the theatre space, for scheduling, for construction and equipment installation, and for making sure designs are executed according to the designer
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• scene shop foreman
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oversees their construction by a crew of carpenters, scenic painters, and other craftspeople.
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• props manager
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organizes the collection or building of all properties in the show
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What are sight lines and the relationship of masking to sight lines?
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Sight lines determines what the audience can and cannot see, anything that should not be seen is hidden with masking (backstage space)
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• Renderings
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pictures of the costumes on the actors
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• Silhouette
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or line, the outer shape of the costume (costume like shadow on wall)
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• Color
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different colors create different emotional responses in humans, also colors sends message, white(purity), red(good luck)
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• Texture
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the feel of the fabric, Silk and satin ten to suggest sophistication, brocade and velvet suggest wealth, Rough fabric can suggest low status
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• Accent
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details to finish or set off a costume. Buttons, lace, piping along edges, embroidery, jewelry
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• costume plot
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chart that records items of clothing worn by each actor in each scene of the play
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• costume parade (pp. 229-230)
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actor wears customs and is put under stage light and director and designer make note of any changes
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Why do designers attend rehearsals
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They have to make decisions with director and light designer, They have to dress the right actor to fit the part
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How do actors get ready for performing in period costumes
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They practice to fit the part
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How is color choice in costume related to plot or character?
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different colors create different emotional responses in humans, also colors sends message, white(purity), red(good luck)
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What does the costume shop manager do?
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Works closely with the costume designer, Coordinates the efforts of cutters, stitches, and other costume personnel
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• Intensity
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how bright the light is
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• distribution
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how light is spread over the stage, angle and texture
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• orchestration (movement) (p. 223)
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changes in any of the first three elements
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Effect of shift of lighting from HOUSE lighting to STAGE lighting
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Usually house lighting is dark and stage lighting attracts our attention to that part of the stage, helps to create the mood
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• Spotlight
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(most common) glass lenses create a focus and controllable beam of light, and various shaped metal and glass reflectors affect the quality of light and the shape of the beam
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• Fresnel
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leans creates a beam of light with a soft edge and the beam from different instruments can be easily blended to create the appearance of an even area of light
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• ellipsoidal
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creates hard-edged beam and includes four shutters around the circular lens to further control its focus, shutter can be moved in to keep light away from a set wall
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What is a scrim and how might it be used?
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translucent piece of fabric, making an actor appear out of nowhere
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• Gobo
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called a pattern or template, simplest type of projection
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• Projection
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imagine thrown onto the stage using light
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• crossfades (p. 224)
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creation of dimmers and lighting consoles, can be rapid or slow
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• a “practical”
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visible light source onstage that is often enhanced by unseen lighting instruments
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• lighting plot (p. 225)
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designer creates this showing where each instrument is to be hung, along with the type of instrument and color filters to be used.
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• cue-to-cue
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only parts of the play that include cue are run in tech rehearsals
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• technical rehearsal
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stage manager, actors, and run crews practice putting all elements (except costumes) together in a compete run of show
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• dress rehearsals? (p. 227)
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The lighting designer continues to work with the director, stage manager, and technical staff, refining and perfecting the contributions of lighting to the total production
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Sound designer’s work
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sound mixing, creation and amplification of any sounds suggested by script (crickets chirping, guns firing, party noise, etc), mikes for performers, pre-show mood-setting music/sounds complementary to the production
Joseph Svoda as an important international designer (p. 208) who combines set, costumes, lights in his unified design concepts |
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• Joseph Syoda
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most dynamic designer, created remarkable experiments with space and lighting and work on an international stage, computer-generated
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Who “produced” theatre in classical Greece?
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Civic government and religious priests coordinated
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Who really functioned as the “producer” in Europe, and early American troupes?
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Manager who was sometimes an actor, financial manager, playwright,
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• the Shubert Brothers (p. 238)
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created their own monolopy through government action and internal reform cut our monolopies
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What are the chief responsibilities of the producer in commercial theatre? Who hires all personnel in commercial theatre?
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The director. He has to find a play, playwright or working director, raise money. The director needs to make sure he has enough talent to back up to make a profit
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• managing director (sometimes called the executive director)
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overseeing the business aspects of the organization, in a large theater this guy is an administrator. Works closly with artistic director to ensure that continuity and mission of the organization.
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• the artistic director
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those that have a theatre and season have this guy for artistic life of the theater, typically hires the season’s directors and desginers
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• company manager? (pp. 240-243)
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oversees business aspects of the organization
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What are major ways that a non-profit regional theatre differs from a commercial theatre?
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• Well non-profit is non-profit, any money goes back into the arts, and commercial brings in money hopefully for investors
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What is the difference between a“regional” (also called “resident”) and “community” theatre?
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• Regional- (resident) professional, nonprofit organization that maintains a constant presence in a community and produces an entire season of plays
• Community-amateur theatre in which shos are created by residents of a particular area who come together without being part of a professional or academic institution |
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What is Theatre Communication Group (www.tcg.org) and what kinds of information does it gather in Theatre Facts publication?
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improves ability to get along with others and important for business revenue. To strengthen, nurture and promote the professional not for profit American theater
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What is the National Endowment for the Arts and what does it provide?
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Is a public agency of the federal government created to support the arts and art education as well as widening the audience for the arts in the US.
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