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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do the UN define a victim as? what does Christie say a victim is? |
UN=Victims who have suffered harm (mental, physical, emotional suffering and economic loss) -Christie-victim is socially constructed 'ideal victim' favoured by the media-victims are useful at trials as witnesses |
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Explain Positivist victimology What does Mier argue? |
3 features 1-It aims to identify the factors that produce patterns in victimisation 2-focuses on interpersonal crimes of violence 3-aims to identify victims who have contributed to their own crime |
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Explain Positivist victimology What do Early Positivists argue? |
-Identify social and psychological characteristics of victims that make them different and more vulnerable than non victims |
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Explain Positivist victimology What did Hentig argue? |
13 characteristics of victims eg female/elderly and mentally subnormal are more likely to be victims. Some invite victimisation including lifestyle factors eg displaying their wealth.(Kim Kardashian) #omgygd
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Evaluate Positivist victimology |
-Matter of chance which party becomes the victim -ignores wider structural factors e.g poverty and patriarchy. -Ignores situations where victims are unaware of their victimisation |
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Explain Critical victimology Structural factors and give research |
-Based on Feminism and Marxism Structural factors=such as patriarchy and poverty. Powerless groups e.g. women and the poor are at greater risk of victimisation. Mawby=victimisation is a form of structural powerlessness |
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Explain Critical victimology, The state's power to apply or deny the label of victim. Give research |
'victim' is a social construct in the same way as 'crime' and the 'criminal'. The state applies the label of the victim to some but witholds it from others. -E.G. The police decide not to press charges on a man for assaulting his wife, denies her the victim status. -Tombs=ideological function, conceal the true extent of victimisation and its real causes, hides crimes of the powerful, the powerless=victims of crime. |
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Evaluate Critical victimology |
-Disregards the role victims play in bringing victimisation themselves through own choices. -It is valuable in drawing attention to the way that 'victim' status is constructed by the powerful at the expense of the powerless |
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Explain Patterns of victimisation 1. Age 2. Ethnicity 3. Gender 4. Repeat victimisation |
=unevenly distributed between social groups 1. Younger people are more at risk of victimisation, high murder risk in infants under one. Teenagers are more vulnerable than adults to offences eg assault, sexual harassment, theft and abuse at home. Old-abuse at a nursing home, victimisation is less visible 2. Ethnic minorities are at a greater risk than whites of being victims of crime in general, as well as racially motivated crimes. Police over control these groups and under protect them. 3. Gender= Males are at a greater risk than females of becoming victims of violent attacks, especially by strangers. Women are more likely to be victims of domestic violence, sexual violence, stalking and harassment and mass rape as a 'weapon of war' 4. Victim once, victim again. British Crime Survey 60% of population have not been victims. |
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Explain the impact of victimisation |
-may have serious physical and emotional impacts on its victims. Research has found a variety of effects including disrupted sleep, increased security consciousness and helplessness. -Indirect victims eg friends/relatives/witnessed. Pynoos found that child witnesses of a sniper attack continued to have grief related dreams/altered behaviour a year after the event. |
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What is secondary victimisation? |
-suffer further victimisation at the hands of the CJS -Feminists=rape victims are often poorly treated by police and courts=double violation |
