Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What makes up the urinary system organs?
|
the kidneys, the paired ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra
|
|
|
What transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
|
The paired ureters
|
|
|
What does the bladder do?
|
It provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine
|
|
|
The ________ transports urine from the bladder out of the body
|
urethra
|
|
|
How many liters of blood do the kidneys filter daily?
|
200 liters
|
|
|
What is filtered from the blood by the kidneys?
|
toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions are removed from the body via the urine
|
|
|
What do the kidneys regulate?
|
the volume and chemical make up of blood
|
|
|
What is maintained by the kidneys?
|
The proper balance between water and salts, and acids and bases
|
|
|
What do the kidneys produce and what does it do?
|
They produce renin to helop regulate blood pressure and erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production
|
|
|
Do the kidneys activate Vitamin D?
|
Yes, along with several other places in the body
|
|
|
What surrounds the kidneys?
|
adipose tissue for protection and to hold them in place
|
|
|
Where are the kidneys located?
|
retroperitoneal
Between T12 AND L3 |
|
|
What is the capsule called that is fibrous and prevents kidney infection?
|
the renal capsule
|
|
|
What is the light colored, granular superficial region of the kidney called that contains all the filters and nephrons?
|
The cortex
|
|
|
The _______ exhibits cone-shaped medullary (renal) pyramids seperated by columns?
|
medulla
The renal pyramids are made out of collecting ducts |
|
|
What are the large branches of the renal pelvis called?
|
(renal) columns
|
|
|
Urine flows through the _______ and ______ to the bladder.
|
pelvis
ureters |
|
|
How much of the systemic cardiac output flows through the kidneys per minute?
|
Approximately one-fourth (1200 mL)
|
|
|
________ flow and _______ flow out of the kidneys follow similar paths.
|
Arterial
venous |
|
|
What is the external structural layer of the glomerular capsule?
|
parietal layer
|
|
|
What does the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule consist of?
|
It consists of modified, branching epithelial podocytes
|
|
|
What the extensions of the octopus-like podocytes terminate in?
|
foot processes
|
|
|
What are the openings between the foot processes that allow filtrate to pass into the capsular space called?
|
filtration silts
|
|
|
What is the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) composed of?
|
It is composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria
|
|
|
What does the PCT do?
|
It reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it
|
|
|
What is a hairpin-shaped loop of the renal tubule called?
|
Loop of Henle or Henle's Loop
|
|
|
What is the proximal part of the Loop of Henle similar to?
|
the proximal convoluted tubule
|
|
|
What is the proximal part of the Loop of Henle followed by?
|
The thick segment and the thin segment
|
|
|
What is the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) made of and what does it do?
|
It is made of cuboidal cells WITHOUT microvilli that function more in secretion than reabsorption
|
|
|
Is the collecting duct a part of the nephron?
|
no
|
|
|
Do the cuboidal cells of the DCT have microvilli?
|
no
|
|
|
What kind of nephrons make up 85% of the total number of nephrons?
|
cortical nephrons located in the cortex
|
|
|
Juxtamedullary nephrons make up ____% of nephrons
|
15
|
|
|
What do Juxtamedullary nephrons do?
|
Focus on water reabsorption and maintaining blood pressure
|
|
|
Where are juxtamedullary nephrons located?
|
at the cortex medulla junction
|
|
|
Juxtamedullary nephrons have _______ ___ ________ that deeply invade the medulla
|
Loops of Henle
|
|
|
Which nephrons are involved in the production of concentrated urine?
|
Juxtamedullary nephrons
|
|
|
What do juxtamedullary nephrons have a high amount of?
|
capillary beds
|
|
|
How many capillary beds does each nephron have?
|
two
the glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Each glomerulus is:
Fed by an ________ _________ Drained by an ________ ________ |
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole |
|
|
Why is the blood pressure in the glomerulus high?
|
For force to filter blood
|
|
|
Arterioles are (high/low)-resistance vessels
|
high
|
|
|
Which has a larger diameter; afferent or efferent arterioles?
|
Afferent arterioles have a high diameter
|
|
|
Where are fluids and solutes forced out of the blood in the glomerulus?
|
The entire length
|
|
|
Peritubular beds are high-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption (true/false)
|
false
they are low-pressure |
|
|
Where do peritubular beds arise from?
|
efferent arterioles
|
|
|
What do peritubular bed cling to?
|
adjacent renal tubules
|
|
|
Where do peritubular beds empty into?
|
the renal venous system
|
|
|
What are the long, straight efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons called?
|
vasa recta
Just a particular name given to these specific capillaries |
|
|
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?
|
where the distal tubule lies against the afferent arteriole
|
|
|
What do arteriole walls have?
|
juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)
|
|
|
What does renin do?
|
measures stretch, senses increase in blood pressure, and ac ts as mechanoreceptors
|
|
|
Where is macula densa found?
|
in the walls of the DCT
|
|
|
What does macula densa do?
|
It fuctions as chemoreceptors and osmoreceptors
|
|
|
How do mesenglial cells influence blood pressure?
|
By vasoconstricting
|
|
|
What do mesenglial cells regulate?
|
systemic blood pressure for flow in kidneys
|
|
|
Where are mesenglial cells found in the JGA feedback mechanism?
|
In between two structures
|
|
|
What is the filtration membrane?
|
A filter that lies between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule
|
|
|
What are the three layers of the filtration membrane?
|
fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule (podocytes) basement membrane composed of fused basal laminae of the other layers |
|
|
How many times do the kidneys filter the body's entire plasma volume?
|
60 times per day
called filtrate |
|
|
The filtrate contains all plasma components except what?
|
protein and metabolic wastes
|
|
|
What must filtrate lose in order to become urine?
|
water, nutrients, and essential ions
|
|
|
What does urine contain that filtrate does not?
|
metabolic wastes and unneeded substances
|
|
|
What are plasma proteins used to maintain in glomerular filtration?
|
they are not filtered to maintain osmotic (oncotic) pressure of the blood
they creat osmotic draw for what can't be filtered |
|
|
What is Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)?
|
the pressure responsible for filtrate formation
|
|
|
What does NFP equal?
|
The glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus the osmotic pressure of glomerular blood combined with the capsular hydrostatic pressure
|
|
|
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
|
The total amount of filtrate formed per minute by BOTH kidneys
|
|
|
What is GFR directly proportional to?
|
The NFP (net filtration pressure)
|
|
|
What do changes in the GFR normally result from?
|
changes in the glomerular blood pressure
|
|
|
What is considered the "normal" net filtration pressure?
|
10 mm/Hg
|
|
|
If GFR is too ______; needed substances cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost in the urine
|
high
|
|
|
If GFR is too ______; everything is reabsorbed, including wastes that are normally exposed of
|
low
|
|
|
What are the three mechanisms that control the GFR?
|
1) renal autoregulation (intrinsic system)
2) neural controls 3) hormonal mechanism ( the renin-angiotensin system) |
|
|
What does the GFR regulate?
|
The amount of blood flow into versus out of the glomerulus
|
|
|
Under normal conditions, renal autoregulation maintains a nearly constant glomerular filtration rate (true/false)
|
true
|
|
|
What are the two types of control in autoregulation?
|
myogenic
flow-dependent tubuloglomerular feedback |
|
|
What does myogenic control do in autoregulation?
|
responds to changes in pressure in the renal blood vessels
|
|
|
The flow-dependent tubuloglomerular feedback senses changes in the __________ __________.
|
juxtaglomerular apparatus
|
|
|
What happens to the extrinsic controls when the sympathetic nervous system is at rest?
|
renal blood vessels are maximally dilated
autoregulation mechanisms prevail |
|
|
What happens when the extrinsic controls are under stress?
__________ is released by the sympathetic nervous system __________ is released byt the adrenal medulla __________ arterioles constrict and filtration in inhibited |
norepinephrine
epinephrine afferent |
|
|
What stimulates the renin-angitensin mechanism?
|
The sympathetic nervous system
|
|
|
What four things is renin release triggered by in the JGA?
|
reduced stretch of the granular JG cells
stimulation of the JG cells by activated macula densa cells direct stimulation of the JG cells via adrenergic receptors by renal nerves Angiotensin II |
|
|
The renin-angitensin mechanism is triggered when the JG cells release ________.
|
renin
|
|
|
What acts on angiontensinogen to release angiotensin I?
|
renin
|
|
|
What is Angiotensin I converted to?
|
Angiotensin II
|
|
|
Angiotensin II causes mean arterial pressure (MAP) to ______ and it stimulates the adrenal cortex to release _______
|
rise
aldosterone As a result, both systemic and glomerular hydrostatic pressure rise |
|
|
In tubular reabsorption, how many organic nutrients are reabsorbed?
|
All organic nutrients are reabsorbed
|
|
|
How is water and ion reabsorption controlled in tubular reabsorption?
|
hormonally controlled
|
|
|
What kind of process is tubular reabsorption, active or passive?
|
it may be passive or active (requiring ATP)
|
|
|
After passing through the Loop of Henle, all ________ are lost
|
nutrients
|
