The Stupid Important Bio Stuff

Front 1

George Cuvier

Back 1

Extinction, thought species died from floods

Front 2

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Back 2

Lamarckism, acquired traits can be inherited and lost through disuse, species change over time

Front 3

Thomas Malthus

Back 3

Principle of populations, population size will increase faster than food supply

Front 4

Charles Darwin's four postulates

Back 4

1. Individuals within a species vary

2. Variation must be heritable

3. More offspring are produced than can survive

4. Survival and reproduction is not random

Front 5

Mendel's two laws

Back 5

1. Law of segregation (half genetic material from one parents, other half from other parent)

2. Law of Independent assortment (placement of one allele does not affect placement of other alleles)

Front 6

Five things needed for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Back 6

1. No mutation or genetic drift

2. No Gene flow (migration)

3. Large population

4. Geno/phenotypes do not differ in fitness

5. Mating is random

Front 7

Two types of genetic drift

Back 7

1. Bottleneck effect (change in allele frequency due to temporary change in population size)

2. Founder effect (colonization, migration)

Front 8

Three types of Non-random mating

Back 8

1. Inbreeding

2. Outbreeding

3. Assortative breeding (very similar)

Front 9

Process of speciation

Back 9

1. Population splits into two

2. Accumulation of differences occurs (genetic drift, natural selection, mutation)

3. When the two populations come back into contact, they are no longer able to interbreed, or hybrids have reduced fitness

Front 10

Two types of allopatric speciation

Back 10

1. Vicariance (physical barrier, ex. River)

2. Dispersal (migration)

Front 11

Two types of sympatric speciation

Back 11

1. Divergent / disruptive selection (preference of extreme phenotype ex. No sticklebacks on stickleback fish)

2. Polyploidization (failure of meiosis causing 2n gamete, which can only be fertilized by other 2n gamete. Reproduction isolation)

Front 12

Five Prezygotic barriers / reproductive isolation

Back 12

1. Habitat isolation (different place)

2. Behavioral isolation (different seduction method)

3. Temporal isolation (different mating time)

4. Mechanical isolation (unable to mate ex. Wrong body parts)

5. Gametic isolation (egg and sperm do not form zygote)

Front 13

Four species concepts (how to tell apart species)

Back 13

1. Morphological (look alike)

2. Reproductive (method and ability to reproduce)

3. Phylogenetic / evolutionary (shared history)

4. Ecological (same niche)

Front 14

Three conditions to natural selection

Back 14

1. Individuals vary

2. Survival and reproduction is not random

3. Traits / variation is heritable

Front 15

Three natural selection patterns

Back 15

1. Directional selection (one phenotype is favored other other)

2. Stabilizing selection (average phenotype is favored)

3. Disruptive selection (extreme phenotypes favored)

Front 16

Bateman's principle

Back 16

1. Intrasexual (males competing for mates)

2. Intersexual (females choosy about mates)

Front 17

Three phylogenetic characteristics

Back 17

1. Morphological (shape and body parts)

2. Chromosomal (size and number of chromosomes)

3. Molecular (genetic sequence)

Front 18

Two Phylogenetic characters

Back 18

1. Homologous (similar structure)

2. Analogous (look similar but not similar structure)

Front 19

Three types of -phyletics

Back 19

1. Monophyletic (common ancestor and all descendants)

2. Paraphyletic (common ancestor and some descendants)

3. Polyphyletic (does not include common ancestor)

Front 20

Three macroevolution patterns

Back 20

1. Adaptive radiation (rapid evolution to fill new niches ex. Darwin's finches)

2. Anagenesis (ancestor replaced by newly evolved species, gradual)

3. Cladogenesis (parent species splitting, punctuated)