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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 4 criteria for being alive.
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All forms of life:
Contain DNA Have a method by which they extract energy from the surroundings and convert it into energy that sustains them. Can sense changes in their surroundings and respond to those changes. Reproduce |
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
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What is DNA?
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DNA provides the information necessary to take a bunch of lifeless chemicals and turn them into an ordered, living system.
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Explain METABOLISM.
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The sum total of all processes in an organism
- which convert energy and matter from outside sources - and use that energy and matter - to sustain the organism's life functions. |
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Explain ANABOLISM
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The sum total of all processes in an organism
- which use energy and simple chemical building blocks - to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life. |
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Explain CATABOLISM.
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The sum total of all processes in an organism
- which break down chemicals - to produce - energy and simple chemical building blocks |
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Define herbivores.
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Organisms that eat only plants.
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Define carnivores.
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Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants.
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Define omnivores.
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Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms.
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Explain photosynthesis.
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-process by which green plants
- and some other organisms - use the energy of simple sunlight and simple chemicals - to produce their own food |
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What are producers?
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Organisms that produce their own food.
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What are consumers?
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Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.
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What are decomposers?
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Organisms that break down the dead remain of other organisms.
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What are autotrophs?
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Organisms that are able to make their own food.
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What are heterotrophs?
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Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.
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Explain the criterion for life that involves being able to sense and respond to changes in surroundings.
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Living organisms are all equipped with some method of receiving information about their surroundings.
They accomplish this feat with receptors. |
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What are receptors?
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- Special structures
- that allow living organisms - to sense the conditions - of their internal or external environment. |
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Define asexual reproduction.
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Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.
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Define sexual reproduction.
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Reproduction that requires two organisms.
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Explain inheritance.
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The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring.
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Mutation
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An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents.
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Hypothesis
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An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question.
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Theory
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A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.
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Scientific law
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A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data.
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Microorganisms
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Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye.
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Abiogenesis
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The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions.
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Prokaryotic cell
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A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
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Eukaryotic cell
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A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
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Species
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A unit of one or more populations of individuals
- that can reproduce under normal conditions, - produce fertile offspring, and are - reproductively isolated from other such units. |
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Taxonomy
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The science of classifying organisms.
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Binomial nomenclature
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Naming an organism with its genus and species name.
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An organism is classified as a carnivore. Is it a heterotroph or an autotroph? Is it a producer, consumer, or decomposer?
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Carnivores eat non-plants.
This means they depend on other organisms for food, making them heterotrophs, which are also known as consumers. |
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An organism has receptors on tentacles that come out of its head. If those tentacles were cut off in an accident, what life function would be most hampered?
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If the tentacles are cut off, then the organism has no receptors, which sense the conditions of the environment. Thus, sensing changes in the surroundings and responding to those changes will be hard for this wounded creature.
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A parent and two offspring are studied. Although there are many similarities between the parent and the offspring, there are also some differences. Do these organisms reproduce sexually or asexually?
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These organisms reproduce sexually. In sexual reproduction, the offspring's traits are a blend of the parents, their parents, and so on. This would account for the differences between parent and offspring.
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What is wrong with the following statement:
"Science has proven that energy must always be conserved." |
Science cannot prove anything.
Since it is based on experiments that may be flawed, its conclusions are always tentative. |
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Briefly explain the scientific method.
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A person starts by making observations. He then develops a hypothesis to explain those observations or to answer a question. The person(often with help of others) then designs experiments to test the hypothesis. After the hypothesis has been tested by a significant amount of data and is consistent wit all of it, then it becomes theory. After more testing with generations of data, the theory could become a scientific law.
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Why does the story of spontaneous generation illustrate the limitations of science?
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It shows how almost 2,000 years of executing the scientific method resulted in a law that was clearly wrong. Thus, you can't put much faith in scientific laws.
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Why is the theory of abiogenesis just another example of the idea of spontaneous generation?
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Abiogenesis is a theory that states that life sprang from non-living chemicals eons ago. This is an example of spontaneous generation, a former law that said life could arise from non-life. We now know that this law is wrong.
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Name the classification groups in our hierarchical classification scheme in order.
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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An organism is a multicellular consumer made of eukaryotic cells. To what kingdom does it belong?
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Animalia
Since it is multicellular, it is not Monera or Protista. In addition, it is not Plantae because it is not an autotroph (consumers are heterotrophs), and it is not Fungi because it is not a decomposer. |
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If we were using the three-domain system of classification, in which domain would the organism in the previous question belong? (An organism is a multicellular consumer made...)
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Since it has eukaryotic cells, it would be in the Eukarya domain.
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An organism is a single-celled consumer made of prokaryotic cells. To what kingdom does it belong?
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Monera, because all organisms made of prokaryotic cells belong to this kingdom.
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If we were using the three-domain system of classsification, could you determine the domain of the organism in the previous question? If so, give the domain. If not, give the possible domains in which it could be placed. (An organism is a single-celled consumer made of prokaryotic cells...)
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All members of kingdom Monera are either in the ARCHAEA DOMAIN or the BACTERIA DOMAIN.
You cannot tell which domain without knowing more about the organism. However, it is either in Archaea or Bacteria, depending on its characteristics. |
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Classify an owl.
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Macroscopic
Heterotrophic Consumer, which nmeans kingdom Anamalia Backbone, which means phylum Chordata Beak No scales Feathers, which means class Aves |
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Classify a fly
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Macroscopic
Heterotrophic Consumer, which means kingdom Animalia No backbone Right and left sides External plates, which means phylum Arthropoda 3 pairs of walking legs, which means class Insecta Wings All wings transparent Cannot sting, which means order Diptera |
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Definition of heterotrophs
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Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.
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Definition of mutation
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An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents.
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Definition of theory
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A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.
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Definition of photosynthesis
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The process by which green plants and some other organisms use energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.
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Definition of prokaryotic cell
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A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
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Definition of species
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A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produced fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units.
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An organism is classified as a decomposer. Is it an autotroph or a hetrotroph?
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Heterotroph, because autotrophs make their own food.
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A tiger develops lockjaw and can no longer open its mouth. Which of the four life functions will it not be able to perform?
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It will not be able to extract energy from the surroundings and convert it into energy that sustains life, because it will be unable to eat.
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In laboratory studies, organisms from group A produce offspring with subtle differences as compared to the parents. Organism from group B produce offspring that are identical to the parents, and organisms from group C produce offspring with marked differences as compared to the parents.
Which reproduces asexually,sexually and which group is experiencing mutations? |
Group A reproduced sexually, because in sexual reproduction, the offspring have slight differences from the parents.
Group B reproduces asexually, because asexual reproduction leads to offspring genetically identidcal to the parent. Group C is experiencing mutations, because mutations lead to abrupt and marked differences between offspring and parent or parents. |
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A biologist studies two organisms from the same family. She then studies two organisms from the same genus in that family. In which case do you expect the most similarity between organisms?
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The two organisms from the same genus will probably have the most similarity, as a genus contains fewer species than a family.
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A biologist wishes to study how two remarkably different plants react to the same changes in their surroundings. Should he choose organisms from different phyla or different orders within kingdom Plantae?
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He should choose organisms from different phyla, as the differences between organisms within a group are more pronounced the higher the group is in the classification scheme.
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Why did the law of spontaneous generation survive for so many years?
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It survived because flawed experiments seemed to confirm it.
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Classify a vine leaf, it is green.
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Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Anthophyta Class: Dicotyledoneae |
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Classify an eagle.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves |
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An organism is a multicellular decomposer with eukaryotic cells.
To what kingdom does it belong? |
Multicellular decomposers are mostly in kingdom FUNGI
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An organism is a multicellular autotroph with eukaryotic cells.
To what kingdom does it belong? |
Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that make their own food are in kingdom PLANTAE.
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An organism has a single, prokaryotic cell.
To what kingdom does it belong? |
Organisms with prokaryotic cells are in kingdom MONERA.
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If we were using the three-domain system of classification, in which domain would an organism made of a single, eukaryotic cell be classified?
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In the three-domain system, all eukaryotic organisms belong in domain EUKARYA
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Classify the following organisms as herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores:
a) tigers b) cows c) humans d) sheep |
Carnivores – Tigers eat only meat; thus, they are carnivores
Herbivores – Cows eat grass. This makes them herbivores Omnivores – Humans eat plants and meat. This makes us omnivores Herbivores – Sheep graze on grasses. This makes them herbivores. |
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Classify the following organisms as producers, consumers, or decomposers:
a) rose bushes b) yeast (a fungus) c) lions d) humans |
Producers – Rosebushes have green stems and leaves to produce food via photosynthesis.
Decomposers – Almost all fungi are decomposers. Consumers – Lions depend on other organisms for food Consumers – Humans depend on other organisms for food. |
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A biologist studies an organism and then two of its offspring. They are all identical in every possible way. Do these organisms reproduce sexually or asexually?
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These organisms reproduce asexually. If they reproduced sexually, the offsprings’ traits would be a blend of both parents’ traits. Since these offspring are identical to the organism that produced them, this must be asexual reproduction.
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When trying to convince you of something, people will often insert “Science has proven…” at the beginning of a statement. Can science actually prove something? Why or why not?
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Science cannot prove anything. The best science can say is that all known data support a given statement. However, since all data come from experiments which might be flawed, there is no way that science can prove anything. If the experiments that produced the data which support a particular statement are flawed, the statement might be quite wrong.
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A scientist makes a few observations and develops an explanation for the observations that she has made. At this point, is the explanation a hypothesis, theory or scientific fact?
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It is a hypothesis. The explanation will have to be tested with a significant amount of data before it can even be considered a theory.
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Suppose you chose two organisms at random out of a list of the members of kingdom Plantae, then you chose two organisms at random out of a list of the members of family Pinaceae. In which case would you expect the two organisms to be the most similar?
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In a hierarchical classification scheme like ours, the further you go down the classification groups, the more similar the organisms within the groups become. This is because each group is made by splitting the previous group into smaller groups. Thus, since kingdoms are split into several phyla, we expect the organisms within the phyla to be more similar than those in the entire kingdom. Since family is several steps down from kingdom, THE ORGANISMS IN THE SAME FAMILY SHOULD BE MUCH MORE SIMILAR.
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You compare several organisms from different orders within a given class. You then compare organisms from different classes. In which case would you expect the differences to be greatest?
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Since going down the hierarchical scheme tells us that the organisms are getting more similar, going up the hierarchical should enhance the differences. Since class is one step higher than order, THE ORGANISMS IN THE SAME FAMILY SHOULD BE MUCH MORE SIMILAR.
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An organism is made up of one eukaryotic cell. To what kingdom does it belong?
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Protista –
This kingdom has the single-celled eukaryotes |
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An organism is multicellular and an autotroph. To what kingdom does it belong?
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Plantae –
Almost all autotrophs belong in this kingdom |
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An organism is multicellular with eukaryotic cells. It is also a decomposer. To what kingdom does it belong?
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Fungi –
Most decomposers are in this kingdom |
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All life forms contain ______, which is called_____.
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deo-xyri-bo-nucleic acid
DNA |
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All life forms have a method by which they ____ from their surroundings and convert it into ______
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extract energy
energy that sustains them |
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All life forms can _____ in their surroundings and ______.
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sense changes
respond to those changes |
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All life forms ____
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reproduce
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DNA provides the ____ necessary to take a bunch of lifeless chemicals and turn them into an_____
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information
ordered, living system |
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____ can be split into two categories: (1) _____, which involves using energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures and (2)_______, which ________________
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Metabolism
Anabolism Catabolism involves breaking down chemicals to reproduce energy and simple chemical building blocks. |
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The vast majority of energy that sustains life comes from _____. ___ use that energy to make food for themselves via a process called _____.
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the sun
Producers Photosynthesis |
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Consumers get energy from the producers by _____.
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eating them.
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Consumers can be split into 3 categories:
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Herbivores
Carnivores Omnivores |
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The energy of dead producers and consumers is recycled back into creation by the ____
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decomposers
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Producers are often called___, the Greek roots of which literally mean "self-feeder".
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autotrophs
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Consumers and decomposers are often called _____, which literally means "______"
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heterotrophs
"other- feeder" |
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Living organisms are equipped with structures called _____, which receive information about their surroundings. God's creation is always ____, which is why these structures are necessary for survival.
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receptors
changing |
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In asexual reproduction, the characteristics and traits inherited by the offspring are, under normal circumstances, the offspring's traits and characteristics are ________
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some mixture of each parent's traits and characteristics.
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When ____ occur, the offspring can possess traits that are incredibly different from those of the parent or parents.
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mutations
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In the scientific method, the scientist starts by ____ the world around him. He then forms a _____ to explain some aspect of how the world functions. He _____ in an attempt to test his _____
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observing
hypothesis collects data hypothesis |
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If a large amount of ___ confirms the ______, it becomes a ______, which is tested with even more _____.
If it continues to be confirmed over several generations, it might become a ___________. |
data
hypothesis theory data scientific law |
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Scientists once believed that life could spring from nonliving things. This was called ____ ____, and it was refuted in the mid 1800s by ______.
The story of how the scientific community believed in it for so long demonstrates that science has ______. |
spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur limitations |
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The newest version of spontaneous generation is called _____, and it claims that long ago, ____________________________
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abiogenesis
very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions. |
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The groups used in our classification scheme, from largest to smallest are:
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kingdom
phylum class order family genus species |
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The five kingdoms we use in this course are:
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Monera
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia |
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A cell with no membrane-bounded organelles is _______, while one with membrane-bounded organelles is a ______.
Members of kingdom Monera are composed of ___________. |
prokryatic
eukaryotic prokaryotic cells |
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A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units called a _____.
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species
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A series of questions that is designed to classify organisms is called a biological _____.
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key
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When we call wolves "Canis lupus," we are using ___________.
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binomial nomenclature.
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In the _____ system of classification, the three basic groups are _____ ______, and all of the other kingdoms are placed in __________.
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three-domain
Archaea Bacteria Eukarya |
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Members of kingdom Monera are placed in either ______ or ______, and all of the other kingdoms are placed in ______.
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Archaea
Bacteria Eukarya |
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A creationist taxonomy scheme that attempts to classify organisms based on the kind of organisms that God made during creation is called ______.
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baraminology
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Multicellular autotrophs are typically placed in kingdom ________.
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Plantae
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Single-celled creatures made of eukaryotic cells are placed in kingdom _______.
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Protista
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Multicellular consumers are typically placed in kingdom _____.
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Animalia
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Decomposers made of eukaryotic cells are mostly found in kingdom _____.
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Fungi
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Organisms made of prokaryotic cells are found in kingdom______.
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Monera
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